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THE NATIONAL 

IN THE 

WORLD WAR 



April 6, 1917-November 11, 1918 



"^^Let us have faith that right 7nakes might; and 
in that faith let us, to the end, dare to do our 
duty as we understand it." 

—ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 









JUL -8 i920 



To the National men who died on the field of battle; 

To those who gave up their lives in camp, or in war service of any kind; 

To the National women who went overseas as nurses; 

To our soldiers, sailors, aviators and doctors; 

To all of our Red Cross workers; 

To the men and women of the Chemical Warfare Service; 

To those who helped develop and produce the X-Ray and Vacuum Tubes; 

To all who contributed, by research or special investigation, what they 
could towards the winning of the war; 

To all who worked and gave money for War Relief; 

To those who became "godparents" to French war-orphans and soldiers; 

To those who made or sent special "comforts" for soldiers; ' 

To our war gardeners; 

To those who "bought bonds till it hurt," those who bought their quota 
of War Savings Stamps, and those who gave time and energy to 
the conducting of these campaigns; 

To those who helped ferret out spies, sabotists, slackers and alien sympa- 
thizers; 

To those who used their legal or accounting talents in war service; 

To those who co-operated with the Fuel, Food and Railroad Administra- 
tions; 

To all of those who responded so splendidly and unreservedly when called 
upon for War Service of any kind, 

THIS VOLUME IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED 






Copyright, 1920, 

by 

Genera! Electric Company 

(First Edition — June, 1920) 



©CLA571633 



CONTENTS 



Page 
PREFACE 9 

Part I 

MILITARY SERVICE RECORDS ii 

The Army Forces 21 

The Naval Forces 105 

The Air Forces : 1 24 

Our Army and Red Cross Nurses 137 

Roll of Honor 14? 

Part II 

WAR ENGINEERING, DEVEL0PMP:NT AND RESEARCH 161 

The Story of the Chemical Warfare Service 167 

Chemical Warfare Service — Problems and Methods 185 

Activities of Glass Technology Department 227 

The Story of the X-Ray Tubes and Vacuum Tubes 229 

War Activities of Nela Research Laboratory 259 

War Work of the Engineering Department 279 

War Work of the Chemical Laboratory 296 

War Work of the Standardizing Department 297 

Part III 

WAR RELIEF AND EDUCATIONAL WORK 299 

War Study Clubs 301 

The Sock League 307 

Red Cross Centers within National 311 

Nela Fund 323 

Part IV 

MOBILIZING OUR DOLLARS 337 

The Liberty Loans ' 340 

War Savings Stamps 348 

The Red Cross and Y. M. C. A. Campaigns 350-35^ 

War Chests 353 

Nela Fund : . 358 

"Children of the Frontier" 359 

Miscellaneous and Summary 364 

Part V 

VARIED FORMS OF WAR SERVICE 365 

War Gardens at the National Properties 367 

Miscellaneous Forms of War Service 370 

INDEX 381 



PREFACE 

"■^The shouting and the tumult cease — 
The captains ayid the kings depart.''' 

— -Kipling. 

The World War has passed into history. 

While it lasted, and particularly during 19 17 and 19 18, 
when America was an active participant, it was the one 
subject uppermost in the minds of a hundred million Amer- 
icans. The vast industrial army of this country became a 
part of the war machine, and the incandescent lamp industry, 
until the war was won, subordinated the making of lamps to 
the performance of its share as a unit in the industrial army. 

In order to provide a permanent record of the part 
played by the National Lamp Works of General Electric 
Company, this volume has been compiled. 

Every effort has been made to insure accuracy in the 
text, and yet it may be that, owing to the wide scope of the 
subject-matter, an occasional error in name or date or an 
occasional omission in giving credit where credit is due, will 
be found to exist. If such is the case, the errata have crept 
in despite the most painstaking efforts to detect and eliminate 
them. Some of our war-heroes have been exceedingly reticent, 
or diffident, about telling their stories for publication. 

The record of war service along technical and develop- 
mental lines, contained in the following pages — such as the 
National's contribution to the development of the gas mask — 
would have been impossible without the extensive labora- 
tories and capacious industrial organization centered at 
Nela Park. There were, of course, thousands of large, well- 
organized enterprises throughout the country, rendering quick 
and specialized aid in America's emergency. What the National 
did, was typical of such organizations, in general. If the 
National excelled in any one respect, it was, perhaps, in having 
taught its people to co-operate and harmonize their efforts. 

No better statement of the value of this "pull-together" 
spirit can be given than is contained in the following para- 



The National in the World War 



graph from one of the war-letters issued by the Administration 
Department at Nela to all Departments and Divisions: 

"The allies will win this war, but how soon they will 
win will depend upon the amount of effort which is put into 
winning and that, in turn, depends upon the effort of each 
one of us. We are likely to think of the small amount which 
each one can accomplish and forget the great force which 
results from combined effort." 

May the same spirit of co-operation for the common 
good, which animated America in the world-struggle, be 
found in her homes and her industries forever! 





A Reduced Fac-simile of the Distinguished Service Award 
Conferred Upon the National Lamp Works 




PART I 



MILITARY SERVICE 
RECORDS 

The story of the part played by 

employees of the National Lamp Works 

who were directly associated with the 

Military or Naval establishments of 

the United States or her allies 

during the World War. 




The Partine of General Pershing and Marshal Foch 




American Doughbov Band Playing Yankee Airs in Paris 




Theodore Roosevelt Chas. E. Hughes Adjutant Gen. Sherril 
Rear Admiral Usher General Hovle Admiral Gleaves 




New York Bids Godspeed to the 71st Regiment 



MILITARY SERVICE RECORDS 

A Panorama of the National's Men and Women 
. IN Service. 

A complete history of the World War would have to 
do justice to the mightiest and most appalling efforts ever 
made by man in the organized destruction of life and property; 
it should also describe fully the unprecedented efforts at 
war-relief made by nurses, surgeons, and supporting organ- 
izations. No man, were he to live a million years, could write 
down every detail of heroism. We have here attempted merely 
to rough-sketch the part which the men and women of the 
National Lamp Works played in the gigantic struggle. 

Our personal conceptions of the war vary. To some of 
us it took on a sordid aspect, for we personally participated 
in battles and skirmishes and were eyewitnesses of much 
that was revolting and brutal. To other of us, it was merely 
a period of conscientious endeavor, for we were far from the 
scenes of death and devastation. Yet even we were a part 
of the vast war-machine that made a victorious culmination 
possible, and to every one of us it was a time fluctuating 
with moments of intense anxiety, outbursting waves of pa- 
triotism and solemn obligation to duty. 

The National's obligation was large, and in no finer 
way is the richness of her contribution manifested than in 
the fact that from her doors five hundred and ninety-seven 
men and women went out to offer themselves in the armed 
forces of the land, sea and air; in the service of the American 
Red Cross and in miscellaneous civilian branches of govern- 
ment war service. 

According to our best information, four hundred and 
sixty-six National men were directly associated with the 
military establishment of the United States, while eight 
enlisted in the armies of our allies. The Navy and Naval 
Reserves drew eighty-three, the "devil-dog" Marines enlisted 
seven, while twenty-eight showed their preference for the 
"ethereal regions" by serving the air forces. To help 
fill the need which their country had for relief workers, five 
women enlisted in the ranks of the American Red Cross, all 



i4 The National IN THE World War 

of them serving overseas. Mention should be made here, also, 
of those who enlisted in technical units of the army, doing 
experimental research and production work, such as was done 
in the Chemical Warfare Service (Development Division). 
The accomplishments of these men, together with a complete 
account of the various facilities placed at their disposal by 
the National organization, are separately treated in Part II, 
pages 167 to 227. 

At home, too, was radiated the spirit of service, for those 
employees to whom was denied the privilege of serving directly 
in the military establishment, gave themselves readily and 
unselfishly to auxiliary work. The story of the relief work 
is told in Part III, pages 301 to 336 of this volume, while the 
National's activities in Liberty Loan drives and other fund- 
raising campaigns are related in Part IV, pages 339 to 364. 

Figures are sometimes more interesting than words. 
It is pleasing to note that of the five hundred and ninety- 
seven National men and women in the service, fully 43% 
were detailed to overseas. The branches of the National 
which reported the largest number of men going overseas 
were the Ohio Division, Warren, Ohio, and the Engineering 
Department, Nela Park. Twenty-three men from Ohio 
Division sent in reports for this book, of whom fourteen, 
or 57%, had served overseas, one being in the American 
Army of Occupation. The Engineering Department, with 
thirty- three men reporting, had sixteen, or 48%, who had 
either been overseas or were stationed in foreign waters. 
Other divisions or departments which had several men 
across were the Niles Glass Works with twelve, the Lamp 
Equipment Division with eight and the Operating De- 
partment with eleven. Upon the signing of the armistice, 
twelve National boys marched with the Allied Armies of 
Occupation into Germany. 

Iwejity National To the weary soldier the sound of taps 
Lads Make the means the close of a day well spent and 

Supreme Sacrifice the approach of a promising tomorrow. 
But for twenty National men in service, 
taps marked the approach of their last day on earth. Seven 
of these lads made the supreme sacrifice on the field of battle, 
three died from the efi^ect of wounds, two met accidental death, 
while eight died from natural causes in the camp hospitals 



The National in the World War 15 

in this country or abroad. The National organization feels 
a solemn pride in the twenty gold stars in its service flag, for 
they were men who served their employers dependably in 
everyday life and their country faithfully in time of war. The 
list of those who gave their all while in the service follows. The 
service records of these men can be found by turning to the 
pages indicated. 

1. John Stewart Allen, from wounds, October 12th, 19 18. 
Returned Lamp Inspection Department. See page 25. 

2. Enoch Edward Brooks, pneumonia, April 3rd, 19 18, 
Camp Merritt, New Jersey. Niles Glass Division. Page 73. 

3. George Charles Clancy, in action, October 9th, 19 18. 
Euclid Glass Division. Page 76. 

4. Robert Temple Coughlin, accidental, October 17th, 1917, 
Camp Sheridan. Cleveland Wire Division. Page 76. 

5. James Wilbur Doll, pneumonia, November loth, 1918, 
in France. Loudon Glass Division. Page 63, 

6. Jesse Sales Gardner, bronchial pneumonia, October 7th, 
1918. Ohio Division. Page 58. 

7. Clarence Hammell, in action, September 26th, 1918. 
Oakland Mazda Lamp Division. Page 60. 

8. Edward Franklin Hartman, influenza, October 12th, 
19 18, at Belmont Road Military Hospital, Liverpool, 
England. St. Louis Mazda Lamp Division. Page 94. 

9. Datzel Frederick Hitchcock, accidental, December 7th, 
1918, at sea. Engineering Department. Page 112. 

10. Joseph Raymond Ingram, pneumonia, October 2nd, 
1918. Camp Sherman. Loudon Glass Division. Page 100. 

11. Francis Lee Judd, in French Hospital, December 17th, 
1918. Oakland Mazda Lamp Division. Page 60. 

12. Frank Joseph Kearney, in action, September 12th, 19 18. 
Niles Glass Division. Page 71. 

i2- Noble Calvin Lintz, in action, July 21st, 1918. Detroit 
Miniature Lamp Division. Page 75. 

14. Michael O'Donnell, in action, date unknown. Operating 
Department. Page 21. 

15. Leslie Willard Parker, influenza, November 29th, 19 18, 
at Cleveland Marine Hospital. Minnesota Mazda Lamp 
Division. Page 119. 

16. Harry Edward Peffer, in action, July 14th, 1918. Niles 
Glass Division. Page 68. 



i6 The National in the World War 

17. James Edward Sullivan, pneumonia, October 9th, 1918, 
Camp Sherman. Niles Glass Division. Page 62. 

18. Ray Leiand Swartz, in action, September 29th, 1918. 
Ohio Division. Page ^^. 

19. Harmon Edward Whiteman, from wounds, November 
8th, 1918. Niles Glass Division. Page 64. 

20. William A. Wilcox, pneumonia, December, 1918. Euclid 
Glass Division. Page 77. 

Another death which occurred among National's service 
men was that of Lewis Comiskey of the Ivanhoe-Regent 
Works. Although the end came after Mr. Comiskey was 
discharged from the army, we feel that since he had been 
out of military life such a short time mention should be made 
of him at this point. His service record will be found on page 52. 

" Though love repine, and reason chafe, 

There came a voice without reply, — 
' ' Tis man^s perdition to be saje 

When for the truth he ought to die.' " 

Battle The story of the National's heroes would not be 

Scarred complete without special mention of those who 
Veterans were wounded or gassed while exposed to enemy 
fire. More detailed information as to the degree 
of their injuries can be learned by referring to the pages 
indicated. This list would undoubtedly have been much 
longer had every man filed a complete record of his service. 

1. Harry E. Baldauf, Euclid Glass Division. Page 60. 

2. James Burns, Niles Glass Division. Page 73. 

3. Joseph Cardinale, Providence Base Works. Page 81. 

4. Fred Colcord, Oakland Mazda. Page 93. 

5. Leroy C. Doane, Ivanhoe-Regent W^orks. Page 41. . 

6. Nicholas V. Duff, Returned Lamp Inspection Depart- 
ment. Page 24. 

7. Roy H. Evans, Miniature Lamp Sales Department. 
Page 23. 

8. Carmelo Fotte, Providence Base Works. Page 72. 

9. Arthur D. Gibbs, Niles Glass Division. Page 71. 

10. Fred S. Gregory, Ohio Division. Page 56. 

11. Roger F. Hartman, Puritan Refilled Lamp Division. 
Page 86. 

12. George B. Hayman, Cleveland Miniature Lamp Divi- 
sion. Page 59. 



The National IN THE World War 17 

13. William G. Hilling, Cleveland Wire Division. Page 73. 

14. Herbert C. Masonbrink, Lamp Equipment Division. 
Page 74. 

15. Joseph S. Merrick, Loudon Glass Division. Page 69. 

16. George M. Nibeck, Euclid Glass Division. Page 61. 

17. William McLure Rosborough, Shelby Lamp Division. 
Page 47. 

18. William Ross, Credit Department. Page 27. 

19. T. Harold Sankey, Operating Department. Page 21. 

20. Francis J. Savage, Nela Press. Page 27. 

21. DavidStambler, Puritan Refilled Lamp Division. Page ^^. 

22. William F. Steinhurst, Loudon Glass Division. Page 69. 

23. Frank C. Williams, Youngstown Mazda Lamp Division. 
Page 99. 

There were among National's service men four on whose 
breasts were pinned medals awarded by the United States 
Government, or the governments of our allies, for heroism 
on the field of battle or exceptional services rendered in in- 
dustry during the Great War. These four include Nicholas V. 
Duff of the Returned Lamp Inspection Department (see 
page 24), who was awarded the French Distinguished Service 
Medal for bravery in the Argonne drive; David Stambler 
of the Puritan Refilled Division (mentioned further on page 
55), the Croix de Guerre for meritorious service at Chateau- 
Thierry; Horace W. Beck, Jr. of the Columbia Lamp Divi- 
sion, whose service record will be found on page 54, the Croix 
de Guerre, and Colonel F. M. Dorsey of the Lamp Develop- 
ment Laboratory, the Distinguished Service Cross for work 
done as Chief of the Development Division of the Chemical 
Warfare Service. Besides these men Walter Sturrock of the 
Engineering Department, referred to on page 126, was cited 
by General Pershing for "exceptionally meritorious and 
conspicuous services." 

Service In fulfilling their duties "National" men saw service 
in Many in many different countries and territories. From 
dimes within the borders of their own land they went 
to serve in the trenches along the frontiers of 
France, in ravished Belgium, along the shores of the Mediter- 
ranean and in the hills of sunny Italy. Some traveled among 
the foothills of the snow-peaked Alps, others journeyed to 



The National in the World War 



little Serbia or crossed the Pacific to the balmy islands of 
Hawaii. Many did duty in the North Sea, while in the Dardan- 
elles, too, were National representatives. Six listed themselves 
in the Canadian Army and served with the daring which was 
characteristic of that splendid body. One served with the 
British, while one allied himself with the plucky Serbians 
against the common foe. 

In going over the data available for this volume it was 
found that the National was represented in thirty-six Amer- 
ican Army Divisions, and in the American Lafayette Esca- 
drille (aviation). Among the overseas combatant divisions 
which contained lads from the National Lamp Works were 
the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 
31st, 32nd, 33rd, 35th, 37th, 42nd, 77th, 78th, 79th, 8ist, 
82nd, 84th, 86th, 87th, 88th, 89th, and 91st. The overseas 
depot divisions, 41st, 76th and 83rd, were well represented, 
as were also the nth, 12th, 14th, i6th, and 20th divisions, 
which were in training in the United States when the armistice 
was signed. 

Several of the above mentioned overseas combatant divi- 
sions were particularly active, the ist taking part in the Mont- 
didier-Noyon defensive and the offensives of Aisne-Marne, 
St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne; the 2nd Division partici- 
pated in the same three offensives and in the defense of Aisne. 
The 26th took a prominent part in the three major drives 
just mentioned; the 28th Division, besides being instrumental 
in the defense of Aisne was active at Aisne-Marne, Oise-x'\isne 
and Meuse-Argonne, while the 37th Division, which contained 
more National men than any other army division, aided 
in the offensives of Meuse-x'\rgonne, Ypres-Lys and St. Mihiel. 
The deeds of the other divisions are just as worthy of note, 
for it cannot be said that the men of any one division were 
more capable or more deserving of praise than the lads of 
any other. All played the part allotted to them nobly and had 
the opportunity presented itself the Yanks who never aimed 
a rifle at a Hun would have rendered an account just as 
brilliant as did those who were marched to the front lines. 

In narrating the experiences of National men we have 
deemed it advisable to separate the Army, Navy and Air 
Forces. Under each of these headings the National is taken 
up by the following sections: 



The National in the World War 



19 




The darkest 


areas 


are 


those 


most 


often 


fought 


over 


by 


the All 


tes. 



Principal 

Battle Areas 

ON THE 

Western- 
Front 



Published 
by Courtesy of 

The 
Independent 



20 The National in the World War 

1. General Offices and Laboratories. 

2. Sales Divisions. 

3. Manufacturing Divisions. 

The purpose of the Military Service Chapter of this vol- 
ume has been to describe the war service rendered by men 
and women who were in the employ of the National Lamp 
Works at the time of entering service. Information was solicited 
from these persons only. However, as a few men, who were 
not employed by the National organization until after their 
return to civilian life, voluntarily contributed the record 
of their experiences, we have been glad to interweave their 
stories among the rest. 

One naturally wishes that every fellow in khaki, blue 
or kilts had engaged an expert photographer to accompany 
him in the service, so that we might be well supplied with 
photos, both personal and landscape. But as Uncle Sam's 
Army Rules decreed that all photographic paraphernalia 
should be left at home we are consequently made to suffer. 
Many men were fortunate enough to secure casual snapshots 
of themselves but in some cases these pictures were not clear 
enough to be reproduced in an engraving. This will account 
for the omission of a few of the prints which our friends were 
kind enough to submit for this volume. 

Some of the photographs reproduced in this volume were, 
as will be noted by the captions, supplied by National Lamp 
men and women who were in service, or had relatives "over 
there." A majority of the remaining photographs of general 
interest are from Underwood and Underwood, New York. 




W. Carroll Keenan 


Horace M. Hitch 


Wilbur M. Johnson 


William Allsopp 


Crawford G. Nixon 


Frank J. Wishon 


Myron J. Bechhold 


George H. Smith 


Cormine Dipietro 




Carl C. Walker 


Bradford Whiting 


Charles E. Savage 


)<)hn Koniick 


Charles C. Linerode 


Phi'ip Cress 


Herschel R. Gilbert 


John S. Allen 


Louis B. Allen 


Roy H. Evans 


Walter L. Warren 


Nicholas \ . Duft 



THE ARMY FORCES 

GENERAL OFFICES AND LABORATORIES 

The Infantry 

The Infantry asserted itself among the General Offices 
and Laboratories as the greatest employer of men. Approxi- 
mately 19% of those entering service from this section of 
the National were in infantry regiments of the Regular or 
National Armies. Among these Robert F. Baker of the Engi- 
neering Department had a unique experience, for he informs 
us that he enlisted three times. We observe, however, that 
he was discharged but once. Bob's first duty was along the 
Mexican border in 1916, and when war broke out with Germany 
he re-enlisted as a private in the 145th Infantry of the 37th 
Division, stationed at Camp Sheridan. His overseas partici- 
pation consisted of nine months' service, engaged in holding 
sectors at Baccarat, St. Mihiel and Avocourt and in the 
Meuse-Argonne and the two Ypres-Lys offensives. He was 
discharged May 8th, 1919, with the rank of first lieutenant. 

The Operating Department was represented in the 
Infantry by several men, six of whom were across. Among 
them was W. Carroll Keenan, a member of Company C of 
the 331st Infantry, 83rd Division, which trained at Camp 
Sherman. "Cal" was overseas for eight months, stationed 
at Le Havre, Montargis, La Suze, Noyon, Chemire, Bourdons, 
Le Mans, Brest and several other places. He was discharged 
February 8th, 19 19, and returned to Nela. Walter R. Mattern 
was also with the 331st Regiment and had a similar service 
record, while T. Harold Sankey was drafted October 2nd, 
19 17, and sent to Camp Sherman. He was assigned to Company 
M of the 23rd Infantry and later transferred to Camp Pike, 
Arkansas. Sankey arrived in France July 7th and on October 
2nd, while participating in the action along the Champagne 
Front, between Rheims and Verdun, fell into a shell-hole and 
suffered injuries to his back and left knee. Upon discharge from 
service, Sankey returned to the Operating Department. 

Among those making the supreme sacrifice was Michael 
O'Donnell, who was employed by the Operating Department 
as a laborer. He was inducted September i8th, 1917, and 



The National in the World War 



assigned to Company K, 331st Infantry. After training at 
Camp Sherman he was sent overseas in December, 1917. We 
were unable to learn the details of his death, except that he 
died a soldier and a hero on the field of battle. 

Brothers Laurence Rossington of the Publicity Department, 
From hailing originally from Blighty, couldn't resist 

Blighty the call from across the Lake, and on August 26, 

1916, joined the 241st Battalion of the Canadian 
Scottish Borderers. He was later transferred to the 48th 
Highlanders. Laurence's army training was received at Wind- 
sor, Ontario, Canada, and West Sandling and Witley, England. 
He also saw service in France but, being sworn to secrecy 
by the Canadian Government, he refused to discuss any of 
his personal experiences. Rossington upon receiving his dis- 
charge July nth, 1919, was employed by the Engineering 
Department. 

Laurence's brother Wallace, of the Large Lamp Sales 
Department, who termed himself the "Pocket Hercules" 
with his 106 pounds avoirdupois, enlisted May 21st, 19 17, 
in the 4th Divisional Signal Company of the Canadian Army 
and was transferred to the 2nd Eastern Ontario Infantry 
Regiment, and still later to the Royal Canadian Engineers. 
Wallace was more talkative than his brother, and told the 
following story on himself. Going on sick call one day, he 
was asked by the medical officer, who Wallace admits was a 
fine veterinary surgeon, what his physical trouble was. Upon 
getting this information, the officer exclaimed, "But, my man, 
if you had this trivial ailment in civil life you wouldn't come 
to me, would you?" to which Rossington said he replied 
indignantly, "No, sir! I'd go to a real doctor!" 

Rossington ranked as regimental sergeant major and was 
discharged March 31st, 1919. 

William Allsopp of the Equipment Development Depart- 
ment, a Blighty by birth, a wood pattern maker by trade, 
and an infantryman by selective service, was inducted May 
24th, 1 91 8 and assigned to Company A, ist Infantry Replace- 
ment Regiment at Camp Gordon but was later transferred to 
Camp Sherman. He was discharged January 22nd, 19 19, 
ranking as sergeant. George E. Hathaway of the Nela Re- 
search Laboratory was inducted November 12th, 191 7, and 
ordered to Camp Sherman. He was placed on the roster of 



The Infantry — General Offices and Laboratories 23 

Company C of the 331st Infantry. George was afterwards 
transferred to Fort Leavenworth and from there to Camp 
Meade, meanwhile being assigned to a signal officers' training 
school where he ranked as sergeant. 

''Zero Hour'' — On the list of those wounded in action was 
Evans Describes Roy H. Evans of the Miniature Lamp 
// Sales Department. Entering service May 

25th, 19 1 8, he was sent to Camp Gordon 
where he was assigned to the 9th Company of the ist Replace- 
ment Regiment. He trained there until July 15th when his 
outfit was transferred to Camp Merritt and prepared for over- 
seas. Seven days later his regiment embarked for France, sailing 
on the English steamer Carmania, with a convoy of twenty- 
four ships. The Carmania docked at Liverpool, England, 
on August 3rd and August 9th, under cover of darkness, the 
regiment was transported to Le Havre, France. An eight-mile 
hike brought them to Camp Sinvic, where they remained 
overnight. The following day the men were loaded on those 
long-to-be-remembered French cars marked 8 CHEVAUX 
ET 40 HOMMES (8 horses and 40 men). After travelling 
three days and three nights, the boys arrived at St. x-^ignan, 
where a large classification camp was located. At this camp 
the 1st Replacement Regiment was divided, Roy being 
transferred to Company A of the 39th Regiment, 4th Division. 
On September 26th, 19 18, after many weeks of instruction 
in throwing bombs and hand-grenades and in bayonet and 
gas drill he had his first taste of trench life in the Argonne 
Forest. The following day he went over the top, and on the 
29th he was wounded in the left thigh by a machine-gun 
bullet. Due to bad roads and heavy traffic, it was eighteen 
hours before he reached an evacuation hospital. After three 
days in Base Hospital No. 53, twenty days in Base Hospital 
No 20 at Chatel-Guyon, and in hospitals at Savaney, he was 
declared unfit for further service, due to "drop foot," and 
was returned to the United States. On December i6th he 
landed at Newport News, Virginia, and was discharged from 
service at Columbus Barracks, Columbus, Ohio, February 
3rd, 1919. Evans describes a Yank onslaught in the following 
words : 

"The noise and the fury reached its crescendo, or most 
deafening climax, in the last few minutes before the 'zero hour.' 



24 The National IN THE World War 

Zero hour was 5:30 A. M., and we had been instructed that 
at this time we were to go over the top. At five o'clock the first 
faint signs of dawn began creeping through the mist and fog 
that hung low over the ground, and at 5:15 we were ordered 
to stand to. We lined up in the trench, made the straps on 
our light packs more secure, adjusted our equipment, pulled 
in our belts a couple of notches and waited for the zero hour. 
This is the period of most painful expectancy, and many- 
anxious eyes followed the minute hands on illuminated watches. 
The noise sounded as if the gates of hell had opened up. At 
last, 5:30! — the zero hour had come. At a given command 
we all scrambled up and out and over the top, yelling like 
madmen. Forward we went — it was a sight to carry with you 
to the grave— swarming like a multitude of bees from a 
great hive. Out and on and over the top we went." 

Continuing, he says: 

"We kept pushing ahead for the next two days over hills, 
through wee small towns and through woods and ravines. 
Day and night long lines of prisoners and of stretcher bearers 
carrying wounded filed to the rear. Airplanes fought overhead 
and crashed to earth. Observation balloons came down in 
flames. Machine-guns spit and artillery roared. At times we 
literally had to hack our way through the jungle of woods 
growths. At times it was like playing hide and seek, as very 
few Jerries could be seen. They were like will-o'-the-wisps, 
here, there and everywhere, concealed in underground dug- 
outs and trees, always with an eye on you — but you couldn't 
see them." 

France Awards Among the wounded and medal wearers 
D. S. Medal was Nicholas V. Duff of the Returned Lamp 

to Duff Inspection Department. Inducted May 

24th, 1918, assigned to the 59th Infantry 
of the 4th Division, securing his preliminary training at Camps 
Gordon and Merritt, Duff was sent overseas where he took part 
in the action at Chateau-Thierry, St. Mihiel and in the Ar- 
gonne. In the Argonne drive he was wounded in the right leg by 
shrapnel, but recovered sufficiently to resume his place with 
the regiment. Late in September he was again overtaken by 
misfortune, this time being so severely wounded by machine- 
gun fire that the vision of his right eye was affected. We are 
happy to record, however, that his services did not go un- 



^ 


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11 


L. 


'-:^ «--:■:£ Si; 




^MST"^ ' ^ ^ ' 


■B^^W 


1 ' ' i^';!"^" 


Esl ' -'^• 







Upper Photo — Nela Operating Building. 
Middle Photo — Administration Building. 
Lower Photo — Sales Building. 




John A. Walsh 




Theodore S. Jewell 


Altamont S. Barker 


Laurence Rossi 


igton 


Wallace Rossington 


William Rofs 


Thomas J. Cunningham 






Robr. F. Baker 


George F. Smith 




Charles L. Holm 


Herbert W. Ellis 


Thomas L. Weir 




George E. Hathaway 


Lincoln J. Tefft 



The Infantry — General Offices and Laboratories 25 

rewarded, for Duff was given the French Distinguished 
Service Medal for his valorous deeds in the Argonne. 

Louis B. Allen and John Stewart Allen, twin brothers, 
were born September 26th, 1893. On May 25th, 1918, both were 
inducted and sent to Camp Gordon, where Louis was attached 
to Company I of the 28th Infantry, ist Division, and John 
to the 29th Company of the 3rd Infantry Replacement Regi- 
ment, and later to Company M, the 1 8th Infantry, ist Division. 
On September 25th, 1919, Louis was discharged from the 
Army at Camp Meade; but John lies where he fought and died 
— in France. 

Embarking for overseas July 22nd, 191 8, Louis Allen 
of the Operating Department landed in Cherbourg, France. 
His part was taken in the defense of Saizerais sector, the 
St. Mihiel offensive and the Meuse-Argonne drive, October 
1st to October r2th, 1918. On December 13th, 1918 Louis 
marched with the Army of Occupation into Germany and 
remained in that country until August 15th, 1919. He landed 
at Hoboken September 4th and was discharged at Camp 
Meade September 25th, 1919. 

John x'\llen, who was employed as a lamp inspector by 
the Returned Lamp Inspection Department, went to France 
with the 1st Division. For a time he was located south of Toul 
and on August 4th, 1918, his Regiment was transferred to the 
Seizanes sector, subsequently moving to the Vaucouleurs area 
and Sevigny. From September 13th to September i6th he 
was in the St. Mihiel sector and proceeded from there to 
Bois-la-ville. It was in the Argonne drive, in which he took 
part from October ist to October nth, that Allen was wounded 
several times, and gassed. On October 12th, 19 18, he died 
from the effect of these wounds. He was buried in the American 
Cemetery at Froides, Chateau-de-Salvange, France. 

Harold C. Boulton of Company C, 329th Infantry, 83rd 
Division, saw overseas service with that body and was sta- 
tioned in the training area of Yvre La Polin, France. Boulton 
narrated the following conversation as taking place between 
an American negro who had just arrived overseas, and a 
coal-black Algerian. The American darkey, having addressed 
the Algerian and receiving no reply, could not understand 
why the latter did not answer, and believing him to be a 
newly-arrived American soldier exclaimed pitifully, "Partner, 



26 The National IN THE World War 

you don't mean to say you-all done lost yo' speech already?" 

Boulton upon returning from service was employed by 
the Glass Technology Department. 

George F. Smith of the Chemical Laboratory was drafted 
September 3rd, 1918, into the 34th Company, 9th Training 
Battalion of the 158th Depot Brigade at Camp Sherman, 
but was later given an indefinite furlough to teach chemistry 
in the Student Army Training Corps at the University of 
Michigan. John Komick of the Operating Department re- 
nounced his allegiance to the German Emperor that he might 
fight for his adopted country. Komick was drafted October 
3rd, 1917, and served at Camps Sherman and Lee. He was 
attached to the 25th Company, 7th Training Battalion, 
and later to the 9th Company, 3rd Battalion, being discharged 
December 31st, 1918. 

Drafted September 7th, 19 17, John L. Eddy of the 
Operating Department was sent to Camp Sherman and 
attached to a supply company of the 331st Infantry. He 
went overseas with the 83rd Division, saiHng from Montreal, 
Canada, June 6th, 191 8. Upon his arrival in France, Eddy 
was transferred to Company I of the 112th Infantry, 28th 
Division. He saw action at Thiaucourt, where he went over 
the top twice and brought back prisoners each time. After 
eleven months overseas he was ordered home, and was dis- 
charged May 17th, 1919. 

Another infantryman was Edward du Bois Stryker, Jr., 
who enhsted in July, 19 15, in the 7th New York National 
Guard. The 7th Regiment was later known as the 107th 
Infantry and Stryker was on its roster for three years. For 
a time he served along the Texas border and was then detailed 
to Camp Wadsworth, Spartanburg, South Carolina. Stryker 
was later employed by the Engineering Department. 

Others in the Infantry were Ira Talbott of the Equipment 
Development Department, who was drafted September 3rd, 
19 1 8 and served three months in the i6th Company, 4th 
Training Battalion, 158th Depot Brigade at Camp Sherman; 
Carmine Dipietro of the Operating Department who was 
inducted July 24th, 19 18, and attached to the 2nd Provincial 
Regiment, 156th Depot Brigade at Camp Jackson, South 
Carolina, and Fred C. Kathe who was transferred from the 
Student Army Training Corps detachment at Michigan 
Agricultural College to Company I, 2nd Battalion of the 



The Artillery — General Offices and Laboratories 27 

Central .Infantry Officers' Training School at Camp McArthur, 
Waco, Texas. He was in the service from October 2nd, 19 18 to 
December 2nd, 1918. Upon being released Kathe was employed 
by the Lamp Development Laboratory. 

Three Nela Press boys in the infantry were William E. 
Schroeder, Paul Catano and James F. Savage. Schroeder was 
drafted May 24th, 19 18, and sent to Camp Gordon where 
he was with the 23rd Company of the ist Replacement Regi- 
ment. Other camps at which he served were Upton, Merritt 
and Sherman. He was discharged as a private, ist class, 
May 13th, 1919. Catano, who was employed by Nela Press 
as a press feeder, was in an infantry regiment but information 
concerning his army service is not available. Savage was 
drafted September 29th, 1917, and assigned to the 5th Train- 
ing Battalion at Camp Sherman. He was transferred to the 
348th Lifantry, 87th Division, at Camp Pike but went over- 
seas as a replacement. He eventually entered the ranks of 
Company A, 23rd Infantry, 2nd Division, and participated 
with that outfit in several actions. Besides being wounded in 
the heel by a machine-gun bullet while taking part in the 
Argonne Drive, Savage suffered the elfects of a German 
gas attack. 

Artillery 

Field Artillery. — Curiously enough, some men wanted 
to look into something bigger and more destructive than an 
Army Springfield and consequently enlisted in the various 
branches of the artillery. Among this number were five Nela 
boys who enlisted in the 135th Field Artillery, namely Alta- 
mont S. Barker of the Engineering Department, Fred I. 
Sheppard of Statistical, William Ross of Credit, Lincoln 
J. Tefft of Administration and Rudolph T. Bard of Nela Press. 

Barker enlisted April 23rd, 19 17, and was stationed at 
Camp Sheridan, Alabama. x'\fter landing in France he was 
in the following engagements: 

Marbache sector, Lorraine, October 2nd to October 19th, 
1918. 

Troyon sector, St. Mihiel Front, October 20th to No- 
vember 8 th, 1918. 

Thiaucourt, November 9th to November nth, 1918. 

Rudolph Bard enlisted April 12th, 1917, and was attached 



28 The National in the World War 

to Battery C. He attained the rank of sergeant and was in 
these actions: 

Marbache sector, Lorraine, October 12th to October 
23rd, 1918. 

Troyon sector, St. Mihiel, October 28th to November 8th. 

Thiaucourt sector, November 9th to November iith. 

Sheppard, Ross and Tefft were in Battery F, 135th 
Artillery, and participated in the same engagements as Barker 
and Bard. Ross was the only unfortunate man, being slightly 
wounded while under enemy fire in the Marbache sector 
near Pont-a-Mousson. All five were discharged from the 
Army April nth, 1919, and returned to Nela. 

Lieutenant Sidney Caswell, whose service record is to 
be found on page 42, commanded the firing battery to which 
Ross was attached. Concerning Ross, Caswell wrote: 

"The night that Bill was wounded, our position near 
Pont-a-Mousson was being very heavily shelled by 210 m. m. 
guns. The Germans continued this shelling for seven hours, 
making the position quite uncomfortable. 

"Ross was telephone operator in the telephone dugout. 
Very early in the evening our communication was cut off and 
Bill endeavored on several different occasions to re-establish 
communication under heavy shell fire. Later we had a direct 
hit on the telephone dugout, the shell getting about fifteen 
men, among them being Ross. We had to pull him out and I 
ordered him to the rear. In spite of the fact that he was 
very badly wounded and could hardly talk, he wished to stay 
at the position. 

"On another occasion, when he was not in a fit condition, 
I visited him at the hospital and he begged me to take him 
back to the front, which of course was impossible at that time. 

"Ross displayed unusual heroism during the entire time 
he was at the front." 

Corwin T. Kirkpatrick enlisted May 28th, 1918, in the 
4th Field Artillery Regiment and was located at Camp Shelby, 
Mississippi; Camp Logan, Texas; Fort Sill, Oklahoma, and 
with the American Expeditionary Forces from October 28th, 
191 8 to January 28th, 1919. Before going overseas he was 
transferred to the 83rd Regiment and while in France was a 
member of the Guard of Honor to President Wilson when the 
latter landed in Brest for the first time. On being discharged 



The Artillery — General Offices and Laboratories 29 

from the Army February 19th, 19 19, Kirkpatrick was em- 
ployed by the Equipment Development Department. 

Inducted October 5th, 19 17 as a private, Charles L. 
Holm of the Engineering Department, after eleven months' 
Army training, was promoted to second lieutenant of artillery. 
He reported at Camp Taylor, Kentucky, early in October, 
1917, and was assigned to Company C of the 309th Field 
Signal Battalion. He was later transferred to Camp Jackson 
and after a period of training at that camp was detailed over- 
seas. Holm arrived in France July 5th, 19 18, and from 
July loth to September 15th was at the Saumur Artillery 
School, where he was commissioned and assigned to the 312th 
Field Artillery. 

Crawford G. Nixon of Standardizing Department, upon 
entering service July 8th, 1918, was attached to the 5th 
Company, 2nd Battalion, 154th Depot Brigade, at Camp 
Meade, Maryland. He had been on duty there but a short 
time, however, when he was transferred to the artillery station 
at Camp Taylor, Kentucky. At the time of his discharge from 
service Nixon had attained the rank of second lieutenant. 

A Task With a Real "Punch" To It 

Coast This branch was represented by Edward N. Horr 

Artillery of the Engineering Department, who enlisted as a 
second lieutenant, October 26th, 1917. He was 
detailed as an instructor in orientation and heavy artillery 
gunnery. Ed used to take keen delight in watching a brig- 
adier-general and four colonels hit the "punch" in a dry state, 
but does not say whether he was always an onlooker or at 
times may have been the sixth member of the party. At any 
rate Horr took great pride in the fact that he was not dis- 
charged from the Army. He "resigned" January 10th, 19 19, 
after attaining the rank of captain. 

Heavy Ray B. Griffing enlisted July 17th, 1918, and was 

Artillery assigned to Battery E of the 38th Regiment. He 
trained at Fort Hamilton, Camp Stuart and Camp 
Wadsworth where he was promoted to sergeant. On Nov- 
ember nth, 1 91 8, Ray was in mid-ocean on his way to France 
and was very disappointed that he could not at least have put 
foot on foreign soil. Upon his discharge from the Army, 
Griffing was employed by the Lamp Development Laboratory. 



30 The National IN THE World War 

Machine-Gun 

Enlisting February 2,1st, 191 8, in the Western Ontario 
Reserves, Joseph A. Molloy of the Operating Department 
received his preHminary training at Queens Park, London, 
Canada. He was then sent to England where he secured 
additional intensive training at Bramshott and Seaford. On 
August 17th, 19 1 8, he arrived in France. Meanwhile he 
had been transferred to the 3rd Canadian Machine-Gun 
Battalion, with which outfit he experienced all the thrills of 
his active service. On August 20th, Joe was marched to 
the front line and on the following day took part in the 
battle of Arras. Other engagements in which he saw action 
were the battles of Queant Drocourt, Bourlon Woods, 
Cambrai and Valenciennes. He returned to Nela upon 
being discharged from the Canadian Army March 29th, 1919. 

Engineer Corps 

Carl C. Walker and Charles Elmer Savage, being con- 
nected with the Engineering Department at Nela, thought 
it sound logic to join the Engineers. Elmer's "hunch" was a 
very good one, as will appear presently. Enlisting April 30th, 
1917, in the 112th Regiment of the 37th Division, he spent 
several months at Fort Sheridan, Illinois, and Camp Sheridan, 
Alabama; after which he went overseas, seeing action at 
Meuse-Argonne, St. Mihiel, Scheldt- Ypres, Ypres-Lys and 
in the Baccarat sector. Savage must have enjoyed his trip 
immensely, for his letters home always dealt with the humorous 
side of the life. For example, he gave us the following con- 
versation overheard between two negroes. They were dis- 
cussing the U. S. and U. S. N. A. buttons. Said the one, 
"What's the U. S. N. A. stand for anyway?" Retorted the 
other, "Say, Nigger, you mus' be ignorant. That means Uncle 
Sam's Nigger Army." Savage was discharged April i6th, 19 19. 

Carl Walker entered service May nth, 1917, with Com- 
pany B of the 1 1 2th Engineers and trained at Fort Sheridan, 
Illinois; Camp Sheridan", Alabama, and Camp Lee, Virginia. 
He was discharged February 12th, 1919, being at that date 
with the Central Records Office of General Headquarters. 

Monroe J. Fried of Nela Press also enlisted in the 112th 
Engineers and was assigned to Company B. His training 
was received at Camp Willis, Ohio; Fort Sheridan, Illinois; 




The First American Flag to fly over a German Fort across the Rhine 
Fort Ehrenbreitstein 

(Photograph furnished by Lieut. Wilber Johnson) 




There were Play Hours as Well as Work Hours 




U. S. Mail for the Army of Occupation arriving at 
Coblenz, Germany, in U. S. Mail Cars 

(Photograph furnished hy Lieut. Wilber Johnson) 




Doughboys of the ist Division cross the Moselle River 
into Germany 



The Signal Corps — General Offices and Laboratories 31 

Camp Sheridan, Alabama, and Camp Lee, Virginia. Fried 
had the distinction of being one of the first National men 
to enlist, entering service June 29th, 19 16, at the age of 
forty-three years. He was discharged April 19th, 19 19. 

Frank J. Wishon, an Operating Department patriot, 
enlisted February 13th, 1918, and was assigned to Company 
B of the 37th Regiment of Engineers which trained at Fort 
Myer, Virginia. Overseas, this regiment operated with the ist 
Army and took part in the following actions: 

Aisne-Marne offensive, July 26th to August 6th, 191 8. 

St. Mihiel offensive, September 12th to September i6th. 

Meuse-Argonne offensive, September 26th to November 
nth. 

Before coming back to us again, Wishon had the pleasure 
of crossing the Rhine with the Army of Occupation. He was 
in Germany from November 26th, 1918 to January 9th, 19 19. 
Part of this period was spent in Coblenz. 

Signal Corps 

Wilber M. Johnson, a cinematographic engineer with the 
Engineering Department, enlisted August 27th, 19 17, in the 
Second Officers' Training School at Fort Benjamin Harrison, 
Indiana, where upon completion of his course he was commis- 
sioned a second lieutenant in the Signal Corps. He was then 
assigned to the 308th Field Signal Battalion of the 83rd 
Division at Camp Sherman. Upon arriving overseas this 
battalion operated with the Third Army Corps and Wilber 
was detailed as radio officer. It was his duty to keep open the 
lines of communication between the field and general head- 
quarters, and in this capacity he participated in the offensives 
of Aisne-Marne, Oise-Aisne and Meuse-Argonne. From De- 
cember 14th, 1918 to July 9th, 1919, Johnson was with the 
American Army of Occupation. Incidentally, he celebrated 
the Fourth of July in Berlin. 

Sergeant, ist class, Herbert W. Ellis, an electrical en- 
gineer of the Engineering Department, was inducted January 
23rd, 191 8. He was ordered to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 
and assigned to Company G of the Second Depot Battalion. 
Ellis had one year's service in France, being located in 
Tours where he was doing equipment engineering work in 
the Telephone and Telegraph Division of the Office of the 



^2 The National in the World War 



Chief Signal Officer of the American Expeditionary Forces. 
He returned to the United States in June and was dis- 
charged July 3rd, 1 9 19. 

Ammunition Train 

The only Nela man attached to this service was Walter 
L. Warren of the Engineering Department. Inducted March 
29th, 191 8, he was sent to Camp Sherman and assigned to 
Company F of the 308th Ammunition Train, 83rd Division. 
A few months later Walter sailed for France, where he saw 
action with the 32nd Divisipn at: 

West Meuse, September 26th to October 2nd, 1918. 

Bois de la Grande Montaigne, October 4th to October 30th. 

East Meuse, November 9th to November nth. 

The 308th Regiment also operated for a short time 
with the 29th, 89th and 91st Divisions, but saw no action 
while working with these divisions. 

Motor Transport Corps 
Not all of the active military work was done overseas 
and it remained for a few Nela men to carry on their indis- 
pensable part in this country with Motor Transport units. 
Myron J. Bechhold of the Operating Department was in- 
ducted September 3rd, 1918, and sent to Camp Sherman. 
After a short stay with the 30th Company, 8th Training 
Battalion, 158th Depot Brigade, he was transferred to a 
transport unit at Camp Jessup, Georgia. Rudolph L. Nusker 
was also located at Camp Jessup, having been transferred 
from the Student Army Training Corps detachment at Toledo 
University. Upon being discharged from service April 5th, 
1919, he was employed by the Equipment Development 
Department. Henry Herrman of the Credit Department 
was the other Nela man in the motor transport service. He 
enlisted June 15th, 1918, and was discharged January ist, 1919. 

Chemical Warfare Service 
One of the important branches of the service which men 

from the General Offices of the National entered was the 

Chemical Warfare Service. Their work here was extremely 

essential and required unceasing effort. 

The pages of Part II (Chemical Warfare Service) are 

evidence of the sterling war record of Colonel Frank M. 



Chemical Warfare Service — General Offices and Laboratories 23 

Dorsey. At the time he was loaned to the government by 
the National Lamp Works, Mr. Dorsey was Chemical Engi- 
neer of the Lamp Development Laboratory. He was chosen 
by the government as one of the men best fitted for the task of 
perfecting materials needed in the manufacture of gas masks. 
He played his part well because he possessed, to quote a 
staff officer who worked side by side with Colonel Dorsey, 
"technical ability, courage and tremendous driving energy." 
Colonel Dorsey eventually became Chief of the Development 
Division of the Chemical Warfare Service. 

The first month of the United States' participation in 
the war, Mr. Dorsey's principal interest was concentrated 
on the then serious problem of developing a satisfactory 
absorbent for the gas mask. By November, 191 8, however, 
his duties as Chief not only consisted of the supervision 
of the work at the Defense Section of the Development 
Division at Nela Park but also placed him in charge of the 
manufacturing development division of the American Uni- 
versity, and the development work at Midland, Michigan, 
at Hastings-on-Hudson and at the 131st street Laboratory, 
Cleveland. He was also acting as technical advisor for the 
defense work at Astoria, Long Island. 

J. Fred Donovan, manager of the Equipment Develop- 
ment Department, concerning whom more detailed information 
is to be found on page 226, received a captaincy in the 
Development Division of the Chemical Warfare Service 
in October, 1918. His commission was the merited reward for 
the valuable service he had rendered the Government for 
many months as a civilian worker. 

On August loth, 191 8, Mr. J. Roy Duff, manager of 
the Chief Accounting Department, severed his connection 
with the National Lamp Works that he might accept a com- 
mission as captain in the Chemical Warfare Service. Further 
reference to Mr. Duff's service may be found on page 186. 

Edwin J. Haefeli, a glass worker with the Lamp Devel- 
opment Laboratory, was inducted as a government civilian 
employe August 24th, 191 7, and assigned to the Gas 
Defense Division. In September, 1917, while stationed at the 
government arsenal at Astoria, Long Island, N. Y., he per- 
formed a very commendable bit of work. Seeing the dire need 
for chemical apparatus at that plant, he voluntarily worked 
three days and three nights without sleep until he had pro- 



34 The National IN THE World War 

duced the equipment needed to test material used in gas 
masks. On December 8th, 19 17, he was transferred to Cleve- 
land, where he supervised the work of installing glass-working 
equipment in the Gas Defense Laboratory at Nela Park. 
He was released from government service February 17th, 1919. 

Ralph B. Thomas was drafted October 3rd, 1917, and 
assigned to Company G of the 353rd Infantry, 89th Division, 
at Camp Funston, Kansas, but was soon transferred to the 
Development Division of the Chemical Warfare Service. 
He was connected with the Cleveland branch of the Edgewood 
Arsenal and later with the Development Division Laboratory 
at Willoughby, Ohio. Upon being discharged February 5th, 
19 1 9, he was employed by the Lamp Development Laboratory. 
Marvin Pipkin took a position with the same Department 
upon returning from service. He had enlisted in Jacksonville, 
Florida, November 5th, 19 17, in the Gas Defense Department, 
as a private. He was posted at the Laboratories at Nela Park 
for some time, where he attained the rank of master engineer, 
senior grade. 

LTpon being discharged from the Chemical Warfare Ser- 
vice, May 23rd, 1 91 8, George E. Inman took employment with 
the Lamp Development Laboratory. 

Conrad Peterson enlisted in the Ordnance Department 
but was transferred to the Chemical Warfare Service, Cleve- 
land. He was located at the Defense Laboratory, East 131st 
and Taft Ave., at the Nela Park Defense Laboratory, and 
later the Development Division, Willoughby. He was em- 
ployed by the Lamp Development Laboratory upon being 
discharged from service. 

Joseph A. Wei ton of the Glass Technology Department 
was drafted September 5th, 1918, and sent to the Syracuse 
Recruit Camp where he was assigned to the 102nd Company, 
25th Battalion. He was later transferred to a casual company 
at the Edgewood Arsenal, Edgewood, Maryland, where he 
was posted until discharged from service December 27th, 
19 1 8. Herbert J. Morgenstern of Standardizing Department 
was inducted September 4th, 1918. After serving in the depot 
brigade at Camp Sherman for a few weeks he was transferred 
to the Chemical Warfare Service. Elmer H. Beckman of the 
Chemical Laboratory, in the performance of his duties as 
chemist, became thoroughly convinced that all the fighting 



Ordnance — General Offices and Laboratories 35 

was not done in the trenches, for he found his worlc to be 
arduous and not always free from danger. 

Dale C. Hughes of the Lamp Development Laboratory 
was engaged from May ist, 1917 to June i8th, 1918, as a 
civilian worker in the development of gas masks and was 
located in the chemical laboratories at Nela Park. On June 
i8th, 1918, he received a commission as first lieutenant in 
the Sanitary Corps, but being familiar with Chemical Warfare 
problems was transferred to the Gas Defense Division of the 
Chemical Warfare Service. Dale was ordered to the Astoria 
Cantonment at Astoria, Long Island, where he was located 
until discharged from the service February 21st, 1919. Upon 
returning to the National he became Secretary of the Manu- 
facturing Committee. 

Others in this service were Glen F. Boruff, Walker J. 
King and Kenneth G. Reider. Boruff was located at Fort 
Oglethorpe, Georgia, and later at the Astoria Arsenal, Long 
Island. He was employed by the Lamp Development Labo- 
ratory upon being discharged February 24th, 1919. King was 
stationed at the American University, Washington, D. C, 
being discharged April i6th, 1919; later accepting a position 
with the Chemical Laboratory. Kenneth Reider of the Glass 
Technology Department enlisted May 25th, 191 8, in the 
Medical Corps but after some time at Camp Greenleaf, 
Georgia, was transferred to the Chemical Warfare Service 
and located at the Edgewood x'\rsenal Laboratory, Cleveland, 
and later at the Development Division Laboratory at Wil- 
loughby, Ohio. He was discharged December 19th, 1918, 
ranking as sergeant. 

Ordnance Department 

Many men were connected with the Ordnance Depart- 
ment at Washington, D. C. and at various camps. George H. 
Smith of the Engineering Department was inducted January 
i6th, 1918, and assigned for active duty at the United States 
Arsenal at San Antonio, Texas. George also saw service in 
the office of the Chief of Ordnance, Washington, D. C. and 
at the Proving Grounds, Aberdeen, Maryland. He attained 
the rank of second lieutenant. 

Charles C. Linerode of the Auditing Department enlisted 
January 25th, 1918, in the Supply Division of the Ordnance 



36 The National in the World War 

Department and was commissioned a second lieutenant. 
Charley informs us that his most interesting experiences 
were "getting into the service, and being discharged." 

Thomas L. Wier of the Operating Department was 
detailed with an ordnance supply squadron which outfitted 
divisions for overseas duty. He enlisted July ist, 1918, and 
was stationed at Camps Gordon, Georgia; Sheridan, Alabama; 
Raritan, New Jersey, and Sherman, Ohio. Tom was discharged 
March ist, 1919. Horace M. Hitch of Statistical Department 
was in the Cost Accounting Branch from September 17th, 
1917 to June 25th, 1919, while Leslie P. Tyler was in the 
Ordnance Machine-Gun School at Camp Hancock, Georgia, 
and later the Light Mobile Repair Section. He was honorably 
discharged March 30th, 1919, and entered the employ of 
the Equipment Development Department. 

Irving J H. Gerlach of Bulb and Tubing Department 
enlisted in the Ordnance Department of the Army in August, 

1917, as a Cost Accountant. In 1918, he was promoted to 
the position of Accountant in Charge of the Government 
work at the Symington Bros. Machine Corporation, of Roch- 
ester, N. Y., which position he held until the first of 19 19, 
when he was made Assistant Supervisor of the Rochester 
district comprising the entire state of New York, excepting 
New York City. He held this latter position until March of 
1 9 19, when he was honorably discharged. 

Thomas J. Kavanagh was honorably discharged Septem- 
ber 15th, 19 19 from the Ordnance Department, Washington, 
D. C, with the rank of first lieutenant, and employed by 
Equipment Development Department. ; 

Medical Corps 

Only three men from Nela Park, Dr. Percy W. Cobb, 
Leroy F. Price and George D. Sligen, were in medical units. 
Dr. Cobb, a physiologist with Nela Research Laboratory, 
was commissioned a captain in the Medical Corps April 17th, 

19 18, and reported at Camp Hancock, Georgia, where he 
was on duty until July 13th, 1918. He was then detailed to 
the Medical Research Laboratory, Hazelhurst Field, Min- 
eola. Long Island. At the date our volume went to press Dr. j 
Cobb was located at Mitchell Field, Garden City, Long Island. 

LeRoy F. Price, who was in charge of photometry work 
in the Engineering Department, was inducted September 



Ambulance — General Offices and Laboratories 37 

5th, 19 1 8. He was assigned to the Medical Corps and spent 
his entire army period at Camp Greenleaf, Georgia, with the 
7th Battalion. 

George D. Sligen of the Auditing Department was with 
a medical supply detachment and spent considerable time at 
Debarkation Hospital Number 51 at Hampton, Virginia. 
He was also detailed during his Army career at Camp Zachary 
Taylor, Kentucky and Camp Stuart, Virginia. 

Ambulance Units 

John A. Walsh of Equipment Development Department 
enlisted /\ugust i6th, 19 17, in Section 548 of the Ambulance 
Service and was ordered to report at Camp Crane, Allentown, 
Pennsylvania. He was later transferred to the Ordnance De- 
partment and assigned to Camp Hancock, Georgia. He left 
the United States August 14th, 1918, as Sergeant, Third 
Heavy Mobile Ordnance Repair Shop. He arrived at Brest, 
France, August 26th and proceeded to Libourne, Gironde, the 
heavy artillery training center. On October 28th, Walsh was 
assigned to the First x^rmy xA.rtillery. The signing of the armis- 
tice prevented his reaching the front lines. He sailed from 
Bordeaux, France, April 24th, 19 19, arriving in New York 
May 6th. On May 23rd, he was discharged at Camp Sherman, 
and on June 2nd, received a belated commission as second 
lieutenant of Ordnance. 

William J. Kavanaugh of the Engineering Department 
entered Packard Ambulance Unit ^^, June i6th, 1917, and 
was located at Camp Persons, Allentown. 

S. A, T. C. 

Eleven boys were affiliated with the Army through the 
Student Army Training Corps. They were: 

1. Lowell M. Keister, Jr., Realty Department; Carnegie 

Institute of Technology, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. 

2. Coursen W. Sponsler, Bulb and Tubing Department; 

Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio. 

3. Gunner B. Nystrom, later of Equipment Development 
Department, Baldwin-Wallace College, Berea, Ohio. 

4. Wayne G. Henderson, Chemical Laboratory; Case 
School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio. 



38 The National IN THE World War 

5. Gerald H. Coleman, later of the Chemical Laboratory; 
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 

6. John Belford, Engineering Department; University 
of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. 

7. Donald Burdette, Engineering Department; Case 
School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio. 

8. Jos. Glasser, Engineering Department; Kenyon Col- 
lege, Gambier, Ohio. 

9. John Rice, Engineering Department; St. Ignatius 
College, Cleveland, Ohio. 

10. Ralph Curth, Nela Research Laboratory; Ohio 
State University, Columbus, Ohio. 

11. Erwin E. Lehmann, Standardizing Department; 
Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Other General Office and Laboratory Men 
IN Service 

Theodore S. Jewell of the Operating Department and 
Charles D. Spencer, who was later employed by the Glass 
Technology Department, were both in the service of the 
Quartermaster Corps. Jewell was located at Camp Sherman 
until discharged October 20th, 19 18, while Spencer served 
at Camps Jackson and Sevier, being discharged January 31st, 
1919. 

Lamp Inspector Bradford Whiting of the Returned Lamp 
Inspection Department, upon entering service became a 
fireman. He was inducted August 5th, 1918, and sent to Camp 
Hill, Newport News, Virginia, where he was attached to the 
326th Company, Fire and Guard Detachment. He was hon- 
orably discharged August 28th, 19 19. 

In December, 19 17, Eugene W. Commery left the employ 
of the Engineering Department to accept a position as assist- 
ant physicist with the Bureau of Standards at Washington, 
D. C. His task pertained to the testing and approving of 
military searchlights, trench signal lamps, signalling flares 
and acetylene generators for field work. Commery remained 
with the Bureau of Standards until April ist, 1919, resuming 
at that time his work with the Engineering Department. 




Sidney C. Caswell Horace W. Beck Douglass M. Wood 

William McLure Rosborough John H. Gage 

Robert C. Hennecke William H. Pindell Joseph J. Rick 




Raymond Perry 


Frank E. Kopecky 
Howard Sotzen 


Charles C. Doty 


Ralph Nash 


Lester W. Lyons 


Russell P. Askue 


Vndrew J. Brown 


Lance C. Ballou 


Perry M. Frear 



THE ARMY FORCES 

SALES DIVISIONS 

The service which the men in the Sales Divisions of 
the National rendered was varied and interesting. Every 
branch of the service was represented, ten men fancying the 
Infantry, four the Engineers, two the Chemical Warfare 
Service, seven the Artillery, and so on through the different 
branches. Forty-five men in all went from the Sales Divisions 
and about eighteen of these had crossed the sea before the 
Germans saw the folly of their efforts. 

The Infantry 

Lance C. Ballou, a salesman with the Bryan-Marsh 
Division, Central Falls, was a member of the distinguished 
26th Division. Being commissioned a second lieutenant in 
the 103rd Infantry at the time of his enlistment May 8th, 
1917, he trained with his regiment at Camp Bartlett, West- 
field, Massachusetts. He embarked with his outfit and upon 
arriving in France was soon marched to the front where he 
saw action at Chemin-des-Dames, Toul, Chateau-Thierry 
and St. Mihiel. From October, 1918 to January, 1919, Ballou 
was attached to the Aviation Section, where he received 
training as an aerial observer. 



At Ease, 
Men! 



Frank R. Kopecky, who in civil life was a southern 
representative for the Shelby Lamp Division, was 
a "rookie 



proper" when he reached 
Camp Pike, July 25th, 
1918. Outfitted in army 
shoes, size I4EE, and an 
olive drab uniform four 
sizes too large for his 
slender frame, he recalled 
the days he spent as a 
rookie at Nela Camp 
when he was initiated 
into the mystic waters 
of the swimming pool. 
Upon standing retreat he 



■rt!»^ 




40 The National IN THE World War 

had his first taste of army entertainment, for the bugler ran 
out of breath and Kopecky with the other newcomers consid- 
ered this a cause for much jollification. We must admit, 
however, that Frank was diplomatic, for rather than take a 
chance at being reproved for disrespect to a superior he saluted 
a Y. M. C. A. officer. As to his military service, Kopecky 
trained at Camp Pike, Arkansas, and Camp Dodge, Iowa, 
being discharged from the army January 8th, 19 19. 

The twelve General Orders were troublesome at times, 
as William C. McGrath of the Columbia Lamp Division 
can testify for a lad in his company. One night while resting 
in the guard house between reliefs, McGrath noticed the 
Officer of the Day approaching. The guard at the post, for- 
getting the proper way to recognize and advance the officer, 
exclaimed: "Halt! Who is thy?" McGrath was drafted 
September 4th, 1918, and discharged December 17th, 1918. 
He entered service in St. Louis and was sent to Camp Mac- 
Arthur, Texas, where he was placed with Company D of 
the 3rd Replacement Battalion. He was later transferred to 
Camp Funston, Kansas. 

Walter E. Trittipo of the Ivanhoe-Regent Works en- 
listed May 13th, 1 9 17, in the First Officers' Training Camp 
at Fort Benjamin Harrison and upon completing the course 
v/as commissioned a captain of Infantry. He was assigned to 
the 158th Depot Brigade at Camp Sherman, where his duties 
consisted of training and equipping raw recruits. He was dis- 
charged July 15th, 1 919, holding at that date the rank of major. 

Russell P. Askue, who prior to entering service was 
Advertising Manager of the Ivanhoe-Regent Works, was 
assigned to the 41st Company, nth Battalion, 159th Depot 
Brigade at Camp Taylor. During the influenza epidemic 
at that camp, Russell was detailed as stretcher bearer with 
an ambulance unit. He observes that the names of the other 
members of the crew were Oxley, Minks and Fox and that the 
job was a beastly one. He was soon transferred to the Central 
Officers' Training School at Camp Pike, Arkansas, where he 
was stationed at the close of hostilities. Upon leaving the 
army, he was employed by the Publicity Department. 

Ralph C. Nash of the Peerless Lamp Division was in- 
ducted April 1st, 1918, and assigned to the 331st Infantry 
of the 83rd Division at Camp Sherman. He was later trans- 
ferred to the officers' training school at Camp Taylor. Upon 




Doughboys Watching an Exciting Game — Can the Reader Guess: 



(Both photographs supplied by M. S. E., Hollis Townsend) 




Loading Bread for Soldiers' Rations 




Rheims in Ruins 




Ruins at Chateau-Thierry 



The Artillery — Sales Divisions 41 

the completion of his course he went overseas with the 321st 
Field Artillery as second lieutenant. 

Drafted in September, 19 17, William A. Wallace, a born 
Scot and a Yankee doughboy, was sent to Camp Grant where 
he was stationed for several months with Headquarters 
Company of the 343rd Infantry, 86th Division. Upon arriving 
in France, Sergeant Wallace was attached to Headquarters 
Company of the 4th Provisional Regiment and located at 
Le Mans. Prior to entering the Infantry, Wallace was chief 
clerk at the Sunbeam Incandescent Lamp Division. 

Captain William H. Pindell, Jr., a Sterling salesman, 
was commissioned upon completing the course at the First 
Officers' Training School at Camp Lee, Virginia. He was 
assigned to the yth Company, 5th Provisional Regiment, 
at Fort Myer, Virginia, and later commanded the 48th Ma- 
chine-Gun Battalion of the i6th Division. Pindell was dis- 
charged December 5th, 1918, after being on duty at Camp 
Gordon, Camp Perry and Camp Kearny. 

William F. Hanneman of the Bryan-Marsh Division, 
Chicago, was drafted September 5th, 19 18, and entrained for 
Camp Grant where he was attached to the 15th Company, 
2nd Regiment, i6ist Depot Brigade. He was discharged 
from the Army March 3rd, 1919, and accepted an appoint- 
ment as Army Field Clerk at Camp Grant. 

The Artillery 

Field To Lieutenant Leroy C. Doane, known among 

Artillery his friends as "Tiny," with his six feet, three 
inches of manhood, goes the honor of being in 
several major actions engaged in by the American troops. 
Enlisting May 15th, 19 17, he was commissioned a second 
lieutenant and assigned to Battery D of the 103rd Field 
Artillery, 26th Division. He went to France the first of Sep- 
tember, 1917, and on February ist, 1918, was along the front 
line trenches, where he was stationed for ten months. During 
this time he saw action in the following sectors: Chemin- 
des-Dames, Toul, Chateau-Thierry, St. Mihiel, Verdun and 
x-^rgonne. He was wounded in the leg by a high explosive 
shell and spent six weeks in the hospital. Regarding this 
experience. Tiny wrote from France: 

"At about four in the morning the Huns landed six 
shells near our Post of Command, which consisted of a piece 



42 The National IN THE World War 

of canvas stretched across a rope. These shells knocked out 
three of our telephone men, and myself. One man was rather 
seriously injured, but the rest only slightly shaken. My leg 
felt as if someone had hit me in the shin with a good sized 
club. It didn't bother me much, so I went along until after 
eight o'clock before the doctor caught me. The Doc shipped 
me off, much to my disgust but, as usual, he was right. At 
the first hospital they took an X-ray and found some splinters 
or something. Anyway, they found an excuse to slice me 
open along the shin-bone from the ankle to about half-way 
to the knee and I haven't walked since. They sewed me up 
yesterday and told me I ought to be out in a couple of weeks — 
that is — walking around. Wasn't it rotten luck to get knocked 
out of that pretty job of Hun-chasing? The fellows that got 
part way over before they stopped something, say that our 
artillery simply chewed the German's fortifications to pieces. 
I hope I am back again before it is too late to get a crack 
at Metz." Tiny's wish came true, for he returned to the front 
before the armistice was signed. 

It must be said that Tiny remained very faithful to 
his friends on this side of the water, sending them many 
interesting letters. For example, a few lines written before 
going to the front: 

"I wish you folks would write me some news about the 
war. We don't get much about it over here, except the little 
sham battles that we play at every day. We have been prom- 
ised a Christmas present of practice in the gas chambers and 
shooting gas shells at dogs, but that hasn't any thrilling 
appeal to me. The only thing that surprises me is that they 
don't call for volunteers to take the places of the dogs." 

After being at the front for some time, he writes: 

"When I am at headquarters I have a room in a wooden 
shack and it is very comfortable, but at the battery position 
we live in dugouts about twenty feet underground and the 
quarters are extremely cramped for one of my architecture 
(six feet, three inches). But I'd rather be bent double from 
living in a hole in the ground than get bent double by a Boche 
cannon — and then get put in a hole." Doane was discharged 
April 15th, 1919. 

The 135th Field Artillery drew Sydney C. Caswell of 
Nela Specialties Division. He enlisted July 30th, 19 17, 
and was assigned to Battery F. After training at Camp Sher- 



The Artillery — Sales Divisions 



43 



idan, Alabama, he went overseas, being located for some time 
at Camp De Souge, Bordeaux, France. Sid was promoted 
to first lieutenant and saw action at St. Mihiel, Marbache and 
Meuse-Argonne. 

Perry M. Frear, also of Nela Specialties, enlisted in the 
Second Reserve Officers' Training Camp at Fort Benjamin 
Harrison, August 27th, 1917, and received a commission as 
second lieutenant. He was assigned to the 19th Field Artillery, 
5th Division, and before going overseas was stationed at 
Leon Springs, Texas, and Camp Upton, Long Island. Upon 
reaching France, Frear spent six weeks on the Western Front 
during the months of July and August, 1918. 

What's in Lieutenant Andrew J. Brown of the New York 
a Name? Federal Miniature Lamp Division began service 
October 3rd, 1917, with the 318th Field Artillery, 
8 1st Division, at Camp Jackson, and was later transferred to 
the 35th Field Artillery, 12th Brigade, 12th Division, at 
Camp McClellan, where he was on duty as regimental sub- 
sistence officer, regimental exchange officer and in charge of 
the Officers' Mess and Officers' Club. "Joe" tells this one on 
himself. The second day in camp his name was confused 
with that of an illiterate's and he was transferred to a 
company of illiterates and put on duty driving four mules 
to a refuse wagon. Brown confesses that he soon proved 
his normal mentality and was again placed in good standing. 

Another artilleryman was Clyde W. Scharringhausen, 
who was employed as a stock clerk with the Columbia Lamp 
Division. He was drafted July 23rd, 1918, and attached to 
Headquarters Company, 29th Regiment, at Camp Funston, 
Kansas. He was discharged February 4th, 1919. 

John H. Gage of the Fostoria Incandescent Lamp Divi- 
sion enlisted August 24th, 1917, in the Second Officers' 
Training Camp at Fort Niagara, New York. He successfully 
completed the course and was commissioned a lieutenant of 
Field Artillery. His first assignment was at Camp Devens, 
Massachusetts, where he remained until called for overseas. 
In France "General" Gage was located at Camp Valdahon 
and Camp De Souge. 

Philip J. Bauman was called to the army August 21st, 
19 1 8. After some time at Camp Zachary Taylor with the 38th 
Company, 159th Depot Brigade, he was transferred to Camp 



44 The National in the World War 

Knox, Kentucky, where he was on the roster of Battery D, 
67th Field Artillery Regiment. When discharged December 
2ist, 1918, he was employed by the Ivanhoe-Regent Works. 
Howard J. Tait, also of the Ivanhoe-Regent Works, 
was inducted May 24th, 1918, and sent to Camp Gordon 
where he was with the 3rd Company, ist Infantry Replace- 
ment Regiment. He was transferred to Camp McClellan, 
Alabama, and still later to Camp Zachary Taylor, Kentucky, 
where he attended the Field Artillery Training School. At 
the -date of his discharge, December 6th, 19 18, he ranked as 
regimental sergeant-major. 

Coast Artillery 

Lamp Salesmen Two Chicago Bryan-Marsh boys, Walter 

Make Creditable Hall and Douglass Wood, had similar 
Records experiences. Both enlisted, and both 

were commissioned lieutenants in the 
Coast Artillery. Each was stationed for a time at Fort Monroe, 
later met overseas and participated in the same sectors. 

Hall enlisted May 15th, 1917, in the First Reserve 
Officers' Training Camp at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, and was 
transferred to the officers' training camp at Fort Monroe, 
Virginia. He was commissioned a first lieutenant August 15th, 
1 9 17, and on the 7th day of September embarked at Hoboken 
for France. Arriving at St. Nazaire, September 20th, he was 
assigned to the Heavy Artillery School at Camp de Mailly, 
where he was on duty until December. Hall was then trans- 
ferred for duty with the 51st Regiment of Coast Artillery until 
March, 1918. Subsequent points in Hall's service record were: 

(a) Army Artillery Headquarters, First Army, March, 
1918 to June, 1918. 

(b) 51st Coast Artillery, Toul Sector, June, 1918. 

(c) Duty L'Ecole de Telemetrie d'Artillerie, American 
Section, June to September, 1918. 

(d) Promoted to captain, September, 191 8. 

(e) Commanding Officer, ist Provisional High Burst 
Ranging Section, Verdun sector, October to No- 
vember, 191 8. 

(f) Duty Heavy Artillery School, November, 191 8. 

(g) With Battery F, 64th Coast Artillery Regiment, 
December, 1918 to March, 1919. 




Ready to Fire 

(Photograph turnished by Private William Ross) 




Near Verdun 

(^Photograph furnished by Lieut. Wiiber Johnson) 




Entrance to a Dugout 
(Photo furnished by Private William Ross) 




Near Chateau-Thierry — ^Hill 204 in the Background 
(Photo supplied by Miss Laura E. Moore, S. R. C.) 



The Artillery — Sales Divisions 45 

Walter sailed from France February loth, 19 19, and 
was discharged from service at Camp Grant, Illinois, April 
2nd, 1919. 

Douglass Wood entered the Second Reserve Officers' 
Training Camp, August 27th, 1917, and received his com- 
mission as second lieutenant at Fort Monroe, Virginia. He 
left for overseas immediately after being commissioned, 
and upon arriving in England was stationed at the American 
Rest Camp, Morn Hill, Winchester, from January ist to 
January nth, 19 18. On January 12th he crossed the Channel 
to Le Havre, France, and was assigned to the Heavy Artillery 
School at Camp de Mailly. The following month was taken 
up with a tour of observation and instruction along the French 
Fourth Army front, north of Chalons-sur-Marne. On March 
13th "Doug" was assigned to Battery "A," 53rd Regiment 
of Heavy Artillery, and was on duty with that outfit until 
April 6th, 19 18, when he was assigned to the 51st Field Artil- 
lery Brigade of the 26th Division as Intelligence Officer on the 
staff of Brigadier-General Lassiter and later Brigadier-General 
Dwight E. Aultman. From April 7th to November iith, 1918, 
Major Wood, as he later became, was occupied in the following 
operations: 

(a) defence of Toul sector, April 7th to June 28th, 

(b) defence of the Marne, from Hill 204 to west of 
Torcy, July loth to i8th. 

(c) offensive, "Second Battle of the Marne," July 
1 8th to August 4th. 

(d) reconnaissance and preparation for the St. Mihiel 
offensive, last week in August and first week in 
September. 

(e) Intelligence and Assistant Operations officer, Aisne 
Grouping, Army Artillery. 

(f) Meuse-Argonne offensive, October 17th, 19 18 to 
Nov. I ith, 1918; headquarters Fifth Army Corps 
under command Major-General Charles P. Sum- 
merall, — Artillery Section, Brigadier-General i^ult- 
man. Remained with this organization. 

Wood was discharged April 12th, 19 19. 

Mr. G. E. Summerhayes, who was assistant to the sales 
manager of the Duplex Lighting Works, was called in October, 
1918, and assigned to Battery E of the 30th Regiment of 
Coast Artillery. He was stationed at Camp Eustis, Virginia. 



46 The National in ihe World War 

Machine-Gun 

On December ist, 1918, a new sales department of the 
National Lamp Works was organized. It was known as the 
Duplex Lighting Works, and in its personnel were several 
ex-service men whom it is a pleasure to consider as being 
National men in the war. Among this number, in addition 
to Mr. Summerhayes, just mentioned, was its Assistant 
General Manager, Guy P. Norton, who was a member of 
the Machine-Gun Company of the 23rd Regiment, New York 
Guards. He enlisted in the summer of 191 8. 

Raymond Perry of the Ivanhoe-Regent Works was 
commissioned a first lieutenant of Infantry after completing 
the course at the Second Officers' Training Camp. He was 
assigned to Camp Sherman and transferred to the 322nd 
Machine-Gun Battalion, with which regiment he went over- 
seas. Perry was discharged April 24th, 19 19. 

Marvin L. Moran was drafted and assigned to the Machine 
Gun Company of the 77th Infantry, 14th Division, at Camp 
Custer, Michigan. Upon being discharged from service, 
January 17th, 1919, he was employed by the Michigan Bryan- 
Marsh Division. 

Engineer Corps 

The Sales Divisions established an unique record in 
that every man enlisting in the Engineer Corps saw service 
overseas. John C. Murray, stockman for the Buckeye Lamp 
Division, enlisted July 14th, 1917, with the 112th Engineers 
Upon reaching Camp Sheridan, Alabama, he was assigned to 
Company E. On July 5th, 1918, Murray landed in France 
and two weeks later the 112th Regiment was moved to the 
Alsace-Lorraine sector, where it held the lines until September 
14th. Other engagements in which Murray took part were: 

Argonne offensive, September 14th to September 23rd. 

Thiaucourt, St. Mihiel sector, October ist to October 12th. 

Ypres-Lys, ist and 2nd offensives. 

On November nth, 19 18, Murray was at Synghen, 
Belgium. 

Charles C. Doty of the Buckeye Division had an inter- 
esting army life. He was drafted April 29th, 19 18, and assigned 
to Company F, 308th Engineers, at Camp Sherman, where 
he was stationed until May 27th. On June 4th he sailed for 



The Tank Corps — Sales Divisions 47 

France aboard the steamer Kyber, landing at Liverpool, 
England, June i6th. x^rriving in France, another month was 
spent in further preparation for duties at the front. His 
regiment left Chaugey for the front on July 25th and then 
began Doty's participation in the following battles: 

x'\isne-Marne offensive, July 28th to August 6th, 1918. 

Oise-Aisne offensive, August i8th to September 9th. 

Meuse-Argonne offensive, September 26th to November 
nth. 

The morning of December ist, Doty arrived at Oldsdorf, 
Germany, and on December 14th, he crossed the Rhine at 
Urnietz. He remained with the American Army of Occupation 
until May 13th, 1919, returning to the United States aboard 
the French liner La Savior. 

Inducted September 21st, 1917, Joseph J. Rick of the 
Sterling Division was sent to Camp Grant, Illinois, and 
assigned to Company A of the 311th Engineers, 86th Divi- 
sion. After eleven months' training at Camps Grant, Pike, 
Dix, Merritt and Upton, Rick was sent overseas where he 
was on duty for six months in England and France. He had 
meanwhile been transferred to Headquarters Company of 
the 345th Infantry, 87th Division. Rick was discharged 
February 3rd, 1919. 

Tank Corps 

William McLure Rosborough, when the United States 
declared war with Germany, was southern manager for the 
Shelby Division and had his office in Atlanta, Georgia. 

Rosborough applied for a commission in the Engineer 
Reserve Corps and was granted a ist lieutenancy. He was 
called to active duty on September 2nd, 19 17, and was or- 
dered to the Second Engineers' Training Camp at American 
University, D. C, where he remained on duty six weeks. 
He was then assigned to the General Engineer Depot, Wash- 
ington, D. C. In February, 19 18, while he was acting as 
assistant to Col. W. H. Rose, Commanding Officer, he was 
allowed to transfer to the 65th Engineers (the Tank Detach- 
ment of the Engineers). After a month in Washington where 
he was on duty with Colonel H. G. Ferguson, Tank Corps 
organizer, he was ordered to Company C, 301st Battalion, 



The National in the World War 



Tank Corps. He joined his organization at Camp Meade and 
one month later was on his way to the other side. 

The 301st arrived in England early in April. The entire 
outfit was detailed under British instruction at Wareham, 
England, until August, moving from that center to the port 
of debarkation at Havre, France. Here they remained but 
a few days before entraining for the front. At Bapaume they 
took over and added to the equipment of the loth Battalion, 
British Tank Corps, until it had reached a strength of forty- 
eight of the heavy tanks known as English Mark 5 and Mark 

5*- ., 

"Rosie" went into action in the Second Battle of Cam- 

brai on the morning of Sunday, September 29th, 19 18, ex- 
periencing in this engagement the thrills of action, wounds, 
capture, escape and all the lurid thoughts and fears which 
must necessarily possess the mind of one who, alone on hos- 
tile terrain and without means of protection, roams and suffers 
for two days and two nights. 

The army objective in this drive was the tunneled por- 
tion of the St. Quentin Canal midway between Cambrai 
and St. Quentin. It was a four-mile stretch and was strongly 
fortified, being a part of the renowned and "unbreakable" (.^) 
Hindenburg Line. The American line at this date was approx- 
imately four kilometers west of this point. According to the 
plan of advance, Rosie's platoon of five tanks, posted near 
the town of Ronssoy, was directed to form a part of the second- 
wave of the attack, following up and assisting the infantry 
of the 27th Division of the American troops. 

At zero hour (5:40 A. M.), Lieutenant Rosborough gave 
the tank commanders the order to advance. Due to darkness 
and climatic conditions the attack was not carried out as 
organized and before seven o'clock, after advancing a distance 
of less than two miles, the tank in which Rosie was riding 
became separated from the other four tanks of his platoon 
and got considerably in advance of the infantry as well. 

, Besides Lieutenant Rosborough, the tank on which our 
interest centers contained a second lieutenant and ten 
enlisted men, one of whom was killed shortly after the advance 
was begun, being struck by an anti-tank rifle bullet which 
had penetrated the tank. 

The terrain in this vicinity was moderately hilly and from 
a depression down which the huge caterpillar was crawling, 



The Tank. Corps — Sales Divisions 



49 



it was possible to observe the enemy trenches as they zig-zagged 
away up the slopes. Some of them contained only a few men 
and the machine gunners fired on these as their tank crossed 
over. But finally, as one trench was approached, it was seen 
that it was strongly held by German machine gunners farther 
up the hillside. So the tank crossed it and began nosing along 
behind it, meanwhile pouring machine-gun and six-pounder 
fire into the enemy. At this point a German field piece, con- 
cealed in a hedge at the crest of the slope, took a hand in 
the, game and scored a hit, but got it down in the running 
gear where it did no material damage. The crew recognized 
the danger, and immediately turned their attention to this 




^..„ -^ 



more formidable enemy, but he was so located that he got 
in another shot before those in the tank could maneuver 
into a position from which to fire upon him effectively. This 
last shot was well aimed. It penetrated the tank armor at 
the front of the machine and exploded in the midst of the 
crew. The engine was put out of commission and five men 
were killed. The remaining six were all wounded but were 
able to get out of the tank and into a shell hole. Rosie, besides 
being wounded in the right wrist and left shoulder was badly 
burned on the hands and face by a gasoline blaze. They re- 
moved the large first-aid kit from the tank as well as two 
machine-guns with which to protect themselves should the 
enemy attack, and lay in waiting all that day, giving one 
another first aid and wondering what their fate was to be. 
Their position was serious because the trench which 
they had been firing upon was only about three hundred 



50 The National in the World War 

yards away and was between them and their own troops. 
Rosie decided that the safety of his men depended upon 
getting back to the American Hnes and summoning help. 
Starting out alone, he crept from shell-hole to shell-hole, 
taking a roundabout course in order to avoid detection. 
Finally, having gone as far as was prudent in daylight, he 
waited for darkness and then started again. Soon afterwards 
he came upon a group of wounded Yanks who informed him 
that an American machine-gun crew had set out a short time 
before in the direction of the tank. Desirous of overtaking 
this party and of effecting the rescue of his men, Rosie turned 
back again. 

In the darkness it was hard to distinguish friend from 
foe, and the machine-gun that he was headed for was firing 
spasmodically as temporary halts were made. Obviously, 
he was in no little danger of being mistaken for an enemy. 
At last, edging his way around an angle in the trench to which 
he had trailed the machine-gun, he saw faintly silhouetted 
against the sky, two unmistakably German helmets. Thinking 
that possibly he had not been observed, Rosie slipped into 
a small ammunition dug-out to await developments. 

Captured — These came only too soon. He had barely 
For a Few hidden himself when a third German filed 
Minutes past, said a few words to the other two, and 

then retraced his steps. When directly in front 
of Lieutenant Rosborough , he stopped and drew his pistol. 
Realizing that resistance was worse than useless, and believing 
his only hope for safety depended upon giving himself up 
and feigning injuries more serious than they were, Rosborough 
stood up, explaining to his captor that he was in dire need of aid. 
Unheeding his plea and making no effort to search him 
for possible weapons or valuables, the three Germans started 
to march Rosie off" in the direction of their rear. His only hope 
lay in attempting to break away and escape in the darkness. 

Rosborough The Hun who led the way was short of stature 
Escapes in and Rosie, as if unable to advance unaided, 
the Night placed his left hand upon the German's left 

shoulder. The German did not resent this, so 
he brought his right hand to his captor's right shoulder, mean- 
while watching for a place where some friendly shell had battered 



The Tank Corps — Sales Divisions 51 

down the side of the trench sufficiently to help him get away 
quickly. He had not gone far when the opportunity came. 
Giving the leading Boche a sudden thrust forward, he jumped 
over the parados and was swallowed up by the night before 
his enraged captors could make a move to stop him. 

Hours elapsed. Finally, after much wandering about 
between the German lines, Rosie succeeded in getting back 
to his tank, only to find the second lieutenant and his men 
gone. 

Weary, and unprotected from the rain which had been 
falling all night, Lieutenant Rosborough secured rations 
from the tank and in the early hours of Monday morning dug 
himself in under the battle-scarred old hulk. Here he rested 
all that day and the next night, hoping that on Tuesday 
he would be sufficiently recuperated to make his way to the 
American lines. 

He was awakened Tuesday morning by voices coming 
from the direction of a plane, which had been shot down not 
far from the tank. Still weak and slightly shell-shocked from 
his experiences of the past two days and nights, he crawled 
out and got up into the wreck of his Juggernaut. He could 
see the strangers but was unable to tell positively whether 
they were friends or foes. They wore the helmet-covering 
and the blouse peculiar to the Australians but still Rosie 
was not firmly convinced that he should show himself. He 
did not know that pressure on each side of his position had 
made the Germans evacuate the whole area, and he did not 
propose to take chances on being captured again. 

Once more summoning his strength, he left the tank and • 
crept from shell-hole to shell-hole until within hearing dis- 
tance of the group. Meanwhile, a few of the onlookers had 
rambled off in the direction of the tank and as they were 
retracing their steps passed the shell-hole in which Rosie lay. 
Convinced that he was in friendly hands, Lieutenant Ros- 
borough made himself known to a surprised and welcoming 
group of Australians who gave him medical attention and 
brought him to an American first-aid station. 

He was removed to a hospital at Rouen, where he met 
his second lieutenant. The latter and his men had given Rosie 
up for dead and had set out to work their way through the 
German lines. Fortunately, they had escaped capture and 



52 The National in the World War 

had arrived within the American lines early Monday morning. 

From Rouen, Rosie was removed to a hospital in London 
where he was under treatment until December ist, 191 8, when 
he rejoined his battalion in France. He returned to the 
United States in March, going to Walter Reed Hospital 
in Washington, D. C, to have shrapnel removed from his 
left shoulder. Upon being discharged in July, 19 19, he joined 
the Engineering Department. 

The National laments the death of Lewis Mark Comiskey, 
which occurred nine days after he had been discharged from 
service. Lewis was born August 26th, 1899, ^^ Chicago, 
Illinois, and at the time he entered service was employed 
by the Ivanhoe-Regent Works. He applied for enlistment 
in the Marines, Aviation and Tank Corps and was called 
October 26th, 1918, in the latter branch of the service. Com- 
iskey was assigned to CompanyA, 340th Battalion, which was 
mustered in at Camp Polk, Raleigh, North Carolina. Lewis 
was later transferred to Camp Greene where he was attached 
to the 72nd Company, i8th Training Battalion of Infantry. 

While Comiskey was stationed at Camp Greene the 
armistice was signed and he was soon sent to Camp Grant 
to be mustered out. He received his honorable discharge 
January 2nd, 1919, and died January iith. Comiskey's 
life was an exemplification of true and stanch American 
principles. He enlisted at the age of nineteen years and would 
have been in service earlier had his brother, who was with 
the American forces in France, not insisted that his duty 
was at home. In his death we lost a "one hundred per cent 
American." 

Gas Regiment 

Among those on the roster of a gas regiment company 
was Joseph J. Hannemann of the Bryan-Marsh Division, 
Chicago. Entering service February 25th, 1918, he was as- 
signed to Company E of the First Gas Regiment at Fort 
Myer, Virginia. Upon landing in France, he was detailed to 
the front, where he saw action at: 

St. Mihiel, September 12th to September 15th, 1918. 

Argonne Forest, September 25th to October i8th. 

Meuse-Argonne, October 30th to November iith. 

Unfortunately Hannemann gave us none of his experiences, 

but as he participated in three big offensives we know his 



The Signal Corps — Sales Divisions 53 

overseas period must have included a great many thrilling 
moments. 

Signal Corps 

The one National salesman in this branch of the service 
was Robert C. Hennecke of the Federal Miniature Lamp 
Division, Chicago. He was voluntarily inducted June 28th, 
191 8, and sent to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he was 
detailed with the 15th Service Company from June 28th to 
July 23rd. He was then transferred to Company B of the 214th 
Field Signal Battalion at Camp Custer, Michigan, where 
he was stationed until discharged from the Army January 
23rd, 19 19. Bob rose to the rank of sergeant, ist class. 

Chemical Warfare Service 

Two men from the Sales Divisions enlisted in the Chemical 
Warfare Service. Walter H. Weeks of the Bryan-Marsh 
Division, Rhode Island, enlisted August ist, 19 18, in the 
Research Division and was located for some time at 
American University, W^ashington, D. C. He later passed 
an examination for a commission as first lieutenant in the 
Motor Transport Corps and was about ready to leave for 
overseas duty when the armistice was signed. Walter was 
discharged December ist, 1918. Howard Sotzen of the Shelby 
Lamp Division enlisted July 31st, 1918, in the Defense 
Division and was commissioned as second lieutenant. He 
was located at the Offense Laboratories in Cleveland until 
discharged, January 9th, 19 19. 

Ordnance Department 

Fred C. Laufketter of the Fostoria Lamp Division en- 
tered the Ordnance Department October 8th, 191 8, with the 
rank of production engineer in the St. Louis District. He was 
kept busy with the task of increasing shell production. Under 
his jurisdiction were contracts amounting to nearly two 
hundred million dollars. x'\s a reward for his work he received 
from the Government a Loyal Service Medal and a Certificate 
of Loyalty. 

Quartermaster Corps 

Benjamin H. Hoerlein of the Buckeye Lamp Division 
was a sergeant in the Quartermaster Corps, having enlisted 



54 The National in the World War 

in Chicago, Illinois, December 19th, 19 17. Ben was located 
at Camp Johnston, Jacksonville, Florida, and later at Eberts 
Field, Lonoke, Arkansas. 

Medical Unit 

Lester W. Lyons of the Sunbeam Division enlisted in 
the Medical Corps at Fort Jay, Governor's Island, New York, 
December loth, 19 17. After spending some time in the Stores 
Distribution Department, he was transferred to the Base 
Hospital at San Juan, Porto Rico. He was later assigned to 
Camp Las Casas where he was made sergeant. Lyons was 
discharged April 30th, 19 19. 

Ambulance 

Columbia Lad One of the medal wearers of the National 
Earns Croix Lamp Works was Horace W. Beck, Jr., of 
de Guerre the Columbia Lamp Division. He enlisted 

November 5th, 19 17, in St. Louis, in the 
Ambulance Service and upon arriving at Allentown, Pennsyl- 
vania, was assigned to Section 516, with which outfit he went 
overseas. Beck took part in the following engagements: 

(a) Alsace defensive, February nth to April 2nd, 1918. 

(b) Soissons-Noyon defensive, April 12th to April 20th. 

(c) Somme defensive, April 26th to August 7th. 

(d) Somme offensive, August 8th to August nth. 

(e) Oise-Aisne offensive, August 28th to September i8th. 

(f) Oise-Somme offensive, October 13th to November 9th. 
As a reward for his brilliant and heroic conduct under 

fire, he was awarded on February 14th, 19 19, the Croix de 
Guerre and a citation covering the periods from August 9th 
to September 15th and from October loth to November 4th, 
1918. Beck was discharged April 25th, 1919. 




These men uere among those who died for thiir Counlj-y 

Harry E. PefFer Jesse S. Gardner Ray L. Swartz 

Robert T. Coughlin 

Harmon E. Whiteman Edward F. Hartman 



James E. Sullivan 



Enoch E. Brooks 
George C. Clancy 



Clarence Hammell 




Herbert L. Anderton Arthur J. White Uhl M. Smith 

Theodore G. Chadwick Charles Jones Robert Jones Clarence Clark 

Leo Lucas Frank C. Williams Herman Glave 

John H. Ziegler John F. Cannon David Stambler 



I 



THE ARMY FORCES 

■ MANUFACTURING DIVISIONS 

The Manufacturing Divisions gave by far the largest 
number of men to the war from the National and fully 45% 
of those going into service went overseas, participating in 
some of the most gruesome and significant engagements 
fought during the entire conflict. Six of these men were killed 
in action; two died from the effects of wounds; one met death 
in an accident, while eight died from natural causes. 

The Infantry 

One of the most notable of National's heroes was David 
Stambler of the Puritan Refilled Division. This lad, nineteen 
years of age, measuring but five feet, four inches in height, en- 
listed on May 2ist, 1917, in Company H of the 104th Regiment, 
26th Division, After a period of infantry training at Lynnfield, 
Massachusetts, he was sent overseas where he served fourteen 
months, six of them at the front. He saw action with the 26th 
Division at Soissons, Toul, Seichprey, Apremont and Chateau- 
Thierry. It was in the battle of Chateau-Thierry that he 
was so badly wounded as to be crippled for life. For his heroism 
and devotion to duty in this battle he was decorated by the 
French Government with the Croix de Guerre. Young Stambler 
was a hero among heroes, for his regiment was the first American 
regiment decorated by a foreign country. 

Ray Swartz Another hero and a man who died fighting 

Meets Death for his country was Ray Leland Swartz 
in the Argonne of Ohio Division. Enlisting in the 5th Ohio 
National Guard, he first saw duty along the 
Texas border during the Mexican trouble in 19 16, From there 
he was sent to Camp Sheridan, where he was promoted to ser- 
geant. He went overseas with the 145th Regiment of Infantry, 
37th Division, and while playing his part in the action in 
the Argonne Forest on September 29th, 1918, he was hit 
between the eyes by a machine-gun bullet and instantly 
killed. The death of Swartz was a sad loss to his comrades 
and the following letter, written to Ray's mother by his 



The National in the World War 



former commander, shows the high esteem in which the lad 
was held: 

"Your letter in regard to the death of your son fortunately came to 
me as I am now in command of Company D. I joined Company D at 
Camp Sheridan and there first became acquainted with your son. From 
then until his death he was my platoon sergeant, always faithful, always 
dependable and a strong and popular leader of men. 

"For a whole month Sergeant Swartz was in sole command of a platoon 
on our first trench occupation against the enemy. He carried himself with 
credit and held the confidence of his men in danger. 

"In the Argonne battle, our first offensive, he was my invaluable aid 
in cheering and inspiring the men and in his aid to the wounded. Our 
platoon advanced the farthest objective of the first day and held it over 
night. The next day we advanced farther forward, making our total gain 
on the Germans about ten miles. It was on the third day, while advancing 
under terrific machine gun and artillery fire, that your son was killed. He 
was not over a foot from me when he was hit by the bullet of the machine 
gun. He said, 'Lieutenant, I am hit', very calmly. I asked him 'Where?' 
and he said 'pretty high.' He died a few minutes later. 

"We have never ceased to miss this sterling, brave, indomitable 
Sergeant. 

"The Chaplain, Charles Funnell, remembers having found the body 
and says that he gave him an honorable burial. 

"I hope this letter will be satisfactory to you. I am very much in sym- 
pathy with you, his mother. He died for a great cause; he died a man, a 
soldier respected and honored; he died a hero in the service of the great 
American army. 

Sincerely, 

W. H. STEWART, 

Lt. Inf., U. S. A." 

Fred S. Gregory, another Ohio Division employee, like- 
wise served along the Mexican border with the Ohio National 
Guard and was I^ater transferred to Camp Sheridan with the 
145th Infantry, 37th Division, eventually landing in France. 
After a period of training at Illuod, France, his regiment 
was ordered to the Alsace-Lorraine, Baccarat sector, where 
they occupied trenches for eight weeks, moving on September 
26th to a sector near Verdun. Here on September 26th they 
entered the Argonne Forest drive. They were located at this 
point until October 7th, when they were removed to the 
St. Mihiel sector at Thiaucourt, where they held the lines until 
October 20th. Once more were they moved, this time to a 
sector west of Thielt, Belgium, where on October 31st they 
began another offensive. On the same day Gregory was wound- 
ed and taken to British Expeditionary Force Hospital No. 8. 
He remained there until December nth, 1918, when he was 



The Infantry — Manufacturing Divisions 57 

removed to the United States Hospital No. 37 at Dartford, 
Kent, England. On January 20th, Gregory sailed for home. 
Upon being discharged from service he took employment 
with the Pitney Glass Division. 

From Mexico Thomas J. Molloy of the Nela Lamp Division 
to France was another boy who saw strenuous service. 

Enlisting in 1916, in the 145th Infantry, 
he was for a time along the Mexican border, but 
finally reached France, where he saw action in the following 
engagements: 

(a) Baccarat sector, August 4th to September i6th, 1918. 

(b) Avocourt sector, September 21st to Septmber 25th. 

(c) Meuse-Argonne offensive, September 25th to Oc- 
tober 1st. 

(d) St. Mihiel sector, October 7th to October i6th. 

(e) Flanders offensive, forcing crossing of Lys and 
Escaut Rivers, October 31st to November 4th. 

(f) Flanders offensive, forcing crossing of Escaut River 
at Lyngem, November 9th to November nth. 

Anthony S. Greisen of the Minnesota Mazda Lamp 
Division entered service with Company D of the352nd Infantry, 
88th Division, and was transferred April 6th, 1918, to Com- 
pany H, 132nd Infantry, 33rd Division. After training at 
Camps Dodge, Iowa, and Logan, Texas, he sailed for France. 
Among the engagements in which Greisen took part were the 
following: 

(a) Occupation of Vaden Line with the 3rd Corps, 
British Expeditionary Force, June 23rd to August 
23rd, 191 8. 

(b) Amiens sector, attack on Hamel Woods, July 4th'. 

(c) Verdun sector, west of the Meuse, September 8th 
to September 25th. 

(d) Meuse-Argonne offensive, September 26th to Oc- 
tober 20th. 

(e) Offensive of Troyon-sur-Meuse sector, October 25th 
to November i ith. 

The 33rd Division, to which Greisen was attached, claims 
to be the only Division that fought with the English, Austral- 
ians and French. It also served in five armies and eleven Army 



58 The National IN THE World War 

corps. Greisenwas one of the twelve National men with theArmy 
of Occupation, wintering in Luxemburg, Upon receiving his 
discharge from service May 26th, 19 19, he returned to his 
former position as foreman in the Basing Department at 
Minnesota. 

Another infantryman was Edward P. Brennan of the 
St. Louis Mazda Lamp Division. He enlisted July 24th, 19 17, 
and trained at Camp Doniphan and Fort Sill, Oklahoma. 
Going across with Company L, 138th Infantry, 35th Division, 
he participated for five nights and five days in the Argonne 
drive, besides holding lines in four other sectors at various 
times. He witnessed and suffered many hardships, and although 
engaging in several trench raids was never wounded. While 
active in the Vosges sector, his company had forty-two cas- 
ualties in one night's operations. Brennan was discharged 
May 1 2th, 1919. 

Among those dying while in the service was Jesse Sales 
Gardner of Ohio Division. He was born in Bristolville, Ohio, 
November 14th, 1896, and at the time of his induction, 
August 29th, 1918, was employed in the assistant superin- 
tendent's office, where he was doing clerical work. He was 
sent to Camp Zachary Taylor and attached to the 19th 
Company, 5th Training Battalion, 159th Depot Brigade. 
On September 28th Gardner was transferred to Battery A 
of the 67th Field Artillery at Camp Knox, West Point, Ken- 
tucky, and a few days later was taken ill with influenza. 
He was brought back to Camp Taylor, October 2nd, and died 
five days later at the base hospital, of bronchial pneumonia. 
His body was interred in Oakwood Cemetery, Warren, Ohio. 

Leland R. Ensign, a coil bender with Ohio Division, 
was mustered into Headquarters Company of the 331st 
Infantry, 83rd Division, at Camp Sherman, January 22nd, 
1918. He arrived in France June 24th, 19 18, and was sent 
to the vicinity of Chaumont, where the regiment was kept 
in reserve for four weeks. Ensign was afterwards sent to a 
signal school and returned to his company as a signal in- 
structor. 

Herman H. P. Marshall of the St. Louis Mazda Lamp 
Division entered the army September i8th, 1917. Upon reaching 
Camp Funston he was assigned to the 354th Infantry, 89th 
Division. Arriving in France, he was transferred to a trench 



The Infantry- — Manufacturing Divisions 59 

mortar platoon of the 140th Infantry, 35th Division. He took 
part in the following engagements: 

(a) Somme sector, May 12th to June 9th, 19 18. 

(b) Thann sector, June 23rd to July ist. 

(c) Vosges Mountains, Gerard sector, July 19th to 
September 2nd. 

(d) Argonne sector, September 20th to October 7th. 

(e) Sommedieu, Verdun front, October 12th to Novem- 
ber 5th. 

The day fighting was halted, Marshall was marching to 
Metz with his regiment for an attack which was scheduled 
for two days later. 

Missing Lewis E. Burdick, a flange-machine operator 

Death with the Central Falls Mazda Lamp Division, 

By Inches was drafted February 23rd, 19 18. He was as- 
signed to Company K, 306th Infantry, 77th 
Division, at Camp Devens. After intensive training at that 
camp he was sent to France, where he participated in the 
Oise-Aisne drive in August, 1918. In that ofi^ensive his squad 
was among those picked as machine-gun carriers. While 
digging in for the night under enemy fire, a large shell burst 
just behind the tree where Burdick and his buddies were 
busy. Thinking nothing of this, they kept digging in with 
their mess-kits, there being but one shovel in the squad, 
but the next morning upon reconnoitering they found that 
three men in the machine-gun company had been burned 
to cinders on the other side of the tree. Burdick was discharged 
August II, 1 9 19. 

Travelling across in the Italian cattle boat Caserta was 
the preliminary experience of George B. Hayman. Arriving 
in Brest, France, July 5th, 1918, with the 145th Infantry, 
37th Division, he was soon under way again, this time to a 
prison camp at Grieves, France, where he was detailed to 
guard prisoners. On August 5th he went into the trenches 
in the Toul sector, along the Lorraine front, where he remained 
until September 15th. Dispatched to the Meuse-Argonne 
Forest, fifteen kilometers northwest of Verdun, he saw action 
there from September 26th to October 2nd. In this offensive 
he was wounded in the back of the head with a high explosive 
shell, causing perforation of the left ear drum. Recovering 
from this injury, he was sent to Thiaucourt in the St. Mihiel 



6o The National IN THE World War 

sector for two weeks and upon being relieved at that point 
was sent on October 17th to an officers' training school at 
La Valbonne, near Lake Geneva, where he remained until 
the armistice was signed. Upon being discharged, March 15th, 
1919, Hayman was employed by the Cleveland Miniature 
Lamp Division. 

A transfer from the 83rd to the ist Division brought 
Harry E. Baldauf of the Euclid Glass Works action and 
wounds. Harry was drafted September 17th, 1917, and as- 
signed to the supply company of the 331st Infantry, 83rd 
Division, at Camp Sherman. He was transferred to Company 
M of the 28th Infantry, ist Division, and upon his arrival 
in France was dispatched to the front, where he saw action 
at: 

St. Mihiel, September nth to September i6th, 19 18. 

Argonne Forest, October ist to October 6th, 19 18. 

On October 6th, in the Argonne Forest, Baldauf was 
wounded in the left hand by shrapnel, and gassed, conse- 
quently seeing no further action. He was discharged April 
15th, 1919. 

''The noblest death is surely in the glorious heat of strife^ 
where man by courage and true sacrifice^ can prove to God his 
manhood as he dies.'' 

Through the efforts of the Oakland Mazda Lamp Div- 
ision we were able to obtain information regarding two of 
its employees who died in service. Private Francis Lee Judd 
and Private Clarence H. Hammell. Both were attached to 
the 363rd Infantry Regiment and both received their death 
wounds on September 26th, 19 18, in the Argonne drive. 

Francis Judd was drafted in August, 19 18, and detailed 
to the 363rd Regiment of Infantry, 91st Division, at Camp 
Lewis. He went direct to France, where his regiment was 
stationed, and when troops were placed for the Argonne 
offensive the 363rd Regiment was dispatched to a point near 
Verdun. On the first day of the drive, September 26th, 191 8, 
they were advancing fifteen miles southwest of Verdun when 
a shell exploded in the midst of the company. Judd was hit 
by a number of fragments and lay stunned. He was revived 
and moved to an evacuation hospital, where his wounds were 
dressed. Although severely hurt, Judd appeared to be doing 
well and later wrote home that he had recovered sufficiently 





Upper Photo — Niles Glass Division, Niles, Ohio. 

Middle Photo — St. Louis Mazda Lamp Div., St. Louis, Mo. 

Lower Photo — Central Falls NLizda Lamp Div., Central Falls, R. L 




Illinois Miniature Lamp Division, Chicago, Illinois. 




Oakland Mazda Lamp Division, Oakland, California 



The Infantry — Manufacturing Divisions 6i 

to help about the hospital with light tasks. The next news 
brought word that he had died suddenly, December 17th, 
1918. Judd was but twenty-three years old at the date of 
his death and previous to entering service had been employed 
in the shipping department of the Oakland plant. Letters 
from his superior officers characterize him as a very good 
soldier, honest and faithful in every particular. 

The other Oakland man to die in action was Clarence 
Hammell. He was born January 15th, 1895, and at the time 
he was inducted, October 13th, 1917, was employed as a fore- 
man. After some training at Camp Lewis he was transferred 
to Company D of the 363rd Infantry and sent to France. 
Like his buddy, Lee Judd, he received his wounds in the 
Argonne drive. The following extract from a letter written 
by a platoon commander of the 363rd Infantry, tells something 
of the lad's death: 

''Clarence Hammell was a runner in my platoon and I 
considered him one of the best soldiers in the company. He 
was always very faithful and obedient to all orders. When 
our company received final instructions before going over the 
top in the Argonne sector offensive, I detailed Hammell as a 
runner or message bearer between my platoon and the company 
commander. Hence I did not see his death. I am told he was 
killed while advancing with the captain and that he died the 
death of a hero in the full performance of his duty. This was 
north of the Cheppy Woods, which is near Vauquois, France, 
in the Verdun region. Our division had a post of honor in 
the beginning of this wonderful fight of the American Army. 
It was here that the drive for freedom was begun and it was 
here that the Kaiser's mailed fist was shattered and peace 
brought to a war- torn Europe. It was here these heroes of 
the French in 19 14 said 'they shall not pass,' and we all know 
the results of that great stand. Clarence Hammell's body 
lies in this famous battle-field. He was indeed a true soldier 
and fearless under his baptism of fire." 

The devotion and heroism of these two lads, Lee Judd 
and Clarence Hammell, makes every National man and woman 
think more reverently of the twenty fellow-workmen and 
comrades who "went West" in the war. Their sacrifices were 
of the noblest kind that men can make. 

Corporal George M. Nibeck, a bulb blower with the 
Euclid Glass Division, was drafted May 28th, 19 18. At Camp 



62 The National IN THE World War 

Gordon, Nibeck was assigned to Company D, 59th Infantry, 
4th Division. After a short period of training at that camp he 
was sent to France, where he was over the top in the Metz 
sector, at St. Mihiel and in the Meuse-Argonne offensive. 
George was gassed October 19th, 19 18, in the Argonne Forest. 

The National Army drew George W. Myers of the EucHd 
Glass Works. Becoming a soldier April 28th, 1918, he received 
his training at Camp Sherman and Camp Merritt, being 
attached to Headquarters Company of the 112th Infantry, 
28th Division, as a private. Myers saw action in theThiaucourt 
sector with the same outfit. He was discharged from service 
May 19th, 1919. 

William C. Boehning of the Minnesota Mazda Lamp 
Division was drafted July 25th, 19 18. At Camp Wadsworth, 
South Carolina, he was attached to Company D of the Third 
Pioneer Infantry. Boehning also trained at Camp Stuart, 
Virginia, before going to France. He took his part in the 
Meuse-Argonne offensive from September 26th to November 
nth, 19 18. Russell A. Paine of the same Lamp Division 
entered service May 30th, 19 18, and trained at Camps Gordon, 
Merritt and Devens. In France he was on the roster of Com- 
pany D, 104th Infantry, 26th Division. 

Joseph V. Hamey, a glass worker with the Euclid Glass 
Division, was inducted April 28th, 1918. After one month 
at Camp Sherman with Company G of the 329th Infantry, 
83rd Division, he was detailed overseas and transferred to 
Headquarters Company of the 112th Infantry, 28th Division, 
which was located for some time at Le Mans, France. William 
D. Jones, a coiling-machine operator with Ohio Division, 
was called to Camp Gordon, May 26th, 19 18. He was assigned 
to the nth Company, 3rd Battalion, ist Replacement Reg- 
iment. Jones went to France several weeks later. 

James Edward Sullivan was a glass blower with the 
Niles Glass Works. He was born in Niles, Ohio, October loth, 
1896. On September 6th, 1918, Sullivan was drafted into the 
army and ordered to Camp Sherman, where he was assigned 
to the 28th Company, 7th Training Battalion, 158th Depot 
Brigade. He was taken ill soon afterwards with pneumonia 
and died October 9th, 1918. 

Two other glass workers, entering service from the Euclid 
Glass Division, were Wayne F. Price and William R. Walsh. 
Price was drafted September 17th, 19 17, and upon reaching 



The Infantry — Manufacturing Divisions 63 

Camp Sherman was assigned to a supply company of the 
331st Infantry, 83rd Division, Walsh was called July 22nd, 
1918, and sent to Camp Jackson, South Carolina. He was 
placed with Company I, 89th Infantry, 20th Division. Walsh 
was later transferred to Camp Sevier where he remained 
until discharged from the army December 23rd, 191 8. 

Drafted into Company L of the 331st Infantry, overseas 
with the 19th Engineers and then transferred to the Quarter- 
master Corps was the service record of Walter W. Dieckow 
of the Lamp Equipment Division. He was drafted September 
i8th, 1917, and trained at Camps Sherman, Grant and Mer- 
ritt. Joseph Palermo, also of Lamp Equipment, saw action 
at St. Mihiel, Argonne and Verdun. For five days his company 
was without rations but the morale of the men never waned. 
Palermo was drafted May 24th, 191 8 and trained at Camp 
Gordon, Georgia. 

Two boys from the Loudon Glass Division died of pneu- 
monia while in service. One of these was Joseph Raymon d 
Ingram,whose service record will be found on page 100. The 
other was James Wilbur Doll, employed by Loudon as a fireman. 
He was drafted July loth, 19 18, and ordered to Camp Sherman 
where he was assigned to Company E of the 334th Infantry, 
84th Division. Doll went overseas and was in Exnal, France, at 
the time he was taken ill with pneumonia. He died one day 
before the signing of the armistice. 

Robert C. Milliken, later with Trumbull, was connected 
with the Personnel Office at Camp Sherman, where his work 
consisted of interviewing drafted men as to their educational, 
industrial and military qualifications. He was discharged 
March ist, 1919. 

Joseph L. Vanness of the Euclid Glass Division entered 
service May 28th, 1918. He was called to Camp Gordon and 
assigned to the 35th Company, 9th Battalion, 3rd Replace- 
ment Regiment, while William J. Hultyman who was later 
employed by the Euclid Glass Works, enlisted May 28th, 
1917, in Cleveland, and trained at Camp Perry, Ohio, and 
Camp Mills, Long Island. He was assigned to Company E,i66th 
Infantry, 42nd Division, and after five months' home training 
went to France. He participated in the following operations: 

Luneville sector, February 21st to March 21st, 1918. 

Baccarat sector, March 30th to April 23rd. 

St. Mihiel, September 12th to September i8th. 



64 The National IN THE World War 

When the armistice was signed Hultyman's work was 
not done, for he was with the American Army of Occupation 
from January 14th to April 7th, 1919. 

Richard E. Dare, later with the Oakland Mazda Lamp 
Division, enlisted July ist, 1917, in the 63rd Infantry of the 
Regular Army. He was made an instructor in grenade bay- 
onet work and while stationed at Camp Meade, Maryland, 
won second prize and honorable mention in the Division 
rifle championship contest. On November 3rd, 1918, he qual- 
ified as an expert rifleman. As early as 1916, Dare was in the 
British Merchant Marine service, aboard the S. S. Atlantian 
which steamed between New Orleans and Liverpool. He was 
discharged from the army January 27th, 1919. 

With the Providence Base Works were three boys of 
Italian birth who served in the Infantry. Sylvester Minncuci, 
a machine operator, was drafted May ist, 19 18. He was 
assigned to Company K, ii6th Infantry, 29th Division, 
and trained at Camp McClellan, Alabama, and St. Lizzare, 
France. Pietro Paolella was attached to the 24th Company, 
152nd Depot Brigade at Camp Upton, Long Island, from 
August 3rd, 1 9 18 to December 12th, 19 18, while Cosmo Cas- 
trovillari was assigned to the 71st Infantry at Camp Meade. He 
was inducted June 24th, 1 9 1 8, and discharged January 3 1 st, 1 9 1 9. 

Hugo Johnson of the Euclid Glass Division entered the 
army June 24th, 1918. Upon reaching Camp Upton he was 
assigned to Company L, 322nd Infantry, 8 ist Division, as a 
private. The following month Johnson went to France, where 
he saw action in the St. Die sector, Sommedieu sector and in 
the Meuse-Argonne ofi^ensive. He remained with the American 
Expeditionary forces until June 19th, 1919. 

All Out Being listed for early embarkation and then to 

oj Luck have fighting cease was the luck of Oswald H. 

Niehus of the Cleveland Wire Division. He was 
originally attached to the 36th Company, 9th Training 
Battalion, 158th Depot Brigade, at Camp Sherman but was 
transferred to an infantry regiment which was assigned for 
convoy November 20th. The signing of the armistice spoiled 
the fun, for Niehus was eagerly waiting his chance to wallop 
the enemy. 

Niles Glass Division learned with sorrow of the death 
in action of Harmon Edward Whiteman. He was born in 




Bernard P. Snee 


Paul J. Jeffries 


Walter E. Briggs 


Duke Rodgers 


Roger F. Hartman 


Albert Cunningham 


Everett W. Himeon 


Louis F. Steen 


Ralph P. Mylechraine 


Roland S. Brown 


Glenn E. Norton 


John J. Stock 




Fred A. Gregory 
Patrick Murphy 
Arthur H. Chieoni 
William \V. Cook 



Roy P. Kaye 

Anthony S. Greison 
Walter A. Kelly 
Percy A. Wentvvortli 



Charles C. Kesler 
Joseph E. Varnam 
James Mahoney 
Edward F.. Rummell 



The Infantry — Manufacturing Divisions 65 

Tiffin, Ohio, February 19th, 1895, ^"^ ^^ ^^^ time he was 
called to the colors October 5th, 19 17, was employed as a 
bulb gatherer at Niles. He was sent to Camp Sherman and 
in December, 19 17, was transferred to Camp Sheridan, Ala- 
bama, where he was attached to Company L, 148th Infantry, 
37th Division. He went to France with his Regiment and soon 
afterwards marched to the front. On November 3rd, 1918, 
while in action near the village of Heule, Belgium, he was 
wounded in the hip by shrapnel and died November 8th, 
as a result of these injuries. He was buried at Stadem, Bel- 
gium. Regarding his service. Major Roldon O. Nichols of 
the 148th Infantry wrote to Whiteman's sister: 

"Captain Stewart of Company L, 148th Infantry, stated 
that your brother was a very good soldier and that he was 
wounded in action in Belgium on November 3rd, 19 18, and 
had been removed to a field hospital, where he died. The 
captain did not know which hospital or where he had been 
buried. We simply receive a notice that our men who have 
been sent to the hospitals, which are far to the rear, have died 
and the cause of their death. Consequently it is very seldom 
that we know much more about it. Unless we are wounded 
and sent to a hospital it is very seldom we have even a 
chance to visit them. 

"I inquired of the men of Company L, 148th Infantry, 
who had been intimately acquainted with him. Corporal 
Samuel Jenkins, Company L, 148th Infantry, stated that he 
had known your brother all the time he had been with the 
company and that he had been well liked by every man of 
the company and had been a very good soldier. 

"Private Adolph Pequignot, Company L, 148th Infantry, 
stated that he had known your brother and had gone to a 
school of Gas Instruction for several days with him at 'Gits,' 
a small town in Belgium, just before our division went into 
battle in Flanders. Your brother qualified as an instructor 
in Gas and would have been made a non-commissioned 
officer in a short time. Pequignot stated that your brother 
was a very good soldier and was well liked by his comrades. 

"Company L, 148th Infantry, was one of the companies 
that was the first to cross the Escaut River in Belgium on 
November 3rd, 191 8. In the big combat the 37th Division was 
operating with the French Army. There were only two Amer- 



66 The National in the World War 

ican Divisions assigned to the French Army operating in 
this part of Belgium, near Ghent, opposite Brussels. 

"The 37th Division was the first to reach and cross the 
Army objective (the Escaut) and was farther advanced than 
any other organization operating with the French troops in 
this sector. I speak of this as you can readily understand the 
gallant, brave and spirited soldiers our American boys were and 
can be justly proud that your brother was one of them. 

"Corporal Jenkins and Private Pequignot were with your 
brother at the time he was wounded and helped to take care 
of him. Harmon was wounded by shrapnel and was struck 
in the right hip. 

"This occurred on the bank of the Escaut River, about 
4:30 P. M. November 3rd, 191 8, near the village of Heule, 
Belgium. These two men made a bed of straw for your brother 
and helped him all they could until he was sent back to the 
field hospital. 

"The Germans were putting down at this time a very 
heavy artillery barrage and machine-gun fire. The artillery 
and machine-gup fire of the Boche was very heavy during 
the whole engagement and all of us suffered casualties. 

"You have my heartfelt sympathy in the loss of your 
brother; but I trust you may be consoled in the thought that 
he was a brave and spirited soldier and died as a soldier for 
his country. 

(Signed) R. O. NICHOLS 

Major, 148th Infantry." 

Private Patrick Murphy of the Euclid Glass Division 
was drafted May 28th, 191 8. He was stationed for some time 
at Camp Gordon, Georgia, where he was attached to the 29th 
Company, Auto Replacement Regiment. In France, he was 
located in Chaumont with a Provisional Infantry Company 
which served as Guard of Honor for General Pershing at 
several decoration ceremonies. Murphy was discharged July 
9th, 1919. 

Walter A. Kelly, also of Euclid Glass, was drafted May 
25th, 1 91 8. He was ordered to Camp Gordon and later trans- 
ferred to Camp Mills. In France, Kelly was attached to 
Company M, i8th Infantry, ist Division, and saw action 




Victory Theatre of the Y. M. C. A. at Bordeaux 




Assignment to Quarters 




Salvation Army Hut at Bordeaux 
(The photographs appearing above were supplied by M. S. E., Hollis Townsend) 





if 


w^^ ^'fiiifjij^- ^P 





With the 37th Division — Olsene, Belgium 



(The photographs on this page were supplied by Mrs. Rowlands, Engineering Department) 




Infantry of 37th Division on Way to Front 



The Infantry — Manufacturing Divisions 67 

in the Toul sector, St. Mihiel, Argonne Forest and at Meuse- 
Argonne. He was discharged September 24th, 19 19. 

Battling Two Youngstown Mazda men, Albert Handel 

Huns and and Walter Baeckler, went to France with 
Cooties infantry regiments. Handel entered service Sep- 

tember 19th, 1 917. He trained at Camp Sherman 
for three weeks and was then transferred to Camp Sheridan, 
Alabama. On May ist, 1918, x'\lbert embarked for France, 
where he took part in the following activities with Company 
B, 102nd Infantry, 26th Division: 

(a) Seichprey Raid, Pos Fini sector, July 15th to July 
i8th, 1918. 

(b) Marne defensive, July 15th to 18th. 

(c) Aisne-Marne offensive, July i8th to July 25th. 

(d) St. Mihiel salient, September 12th to September i6th. 

(e) Troyon sector, September 17th to October 8th. 

(f) Meuse-Argonne offensive, October nth to Novem- 
ber nth. 

Walter Baeckler was drafted into Company K, 316th 
Infantry of the 79th Division but later was transferred to 
Company E of the 112th Engineers, 37th Division. He admits 
that he went without a bath from October 27th to December 
17th, 191 8, and that in one battle with his enemy, the cootie, 
he counted twenty dead, with himself the only wounded. 

Among the Central Falls Division infantry quota were 
Joseph P. Handrigan, Albert E. Bouvier and Everett W. 
Himeon. Handrigan had eighteen months' service in the 
Rhode Island National Guard before being drafted August 
29th, 1918, so was well acquainted with military life. He 
was sent to Camp Upton, New York, where he was with the 
1st Company, Army Service Corps. Arriving in England, 
Joe was stationed at Camp Knotty-Ash and Camp Winnell 
Downe. Handrigan had crossed the Channel to Le Havre 
and was about to leave for the front when hostilities closed. 

Albert Bouvier was inducted June 24th, 1918, and trained 
at Camp Meade, Maryland, with a supply company of the 
71st Infantry. He was assigned as a cook, and claims that his 
work about the furnaces at Central Falls was a great help 
to him. Himeon, who was a sealing machine operator, entered 
service October 3rd, 1917. He trained at Camps Devens, 
Gordon and Upton witla Company C of the 326th Infantry, 



68 The National IN THE World War 

8 1 St Division, before going overseas. Himeon was billeted in 
France for some time, but saw no action along the front. He 
was discharged at Camp Upton, June 5th, 191 9. 

Lieutenant Bradford H. Kenyon, Superintendent of the 
Providence Base Works, entered military service April 27th, 
19 1 8. He spent his period of preparation at Camp Dix with 
the 310th Infantry, 78th Division, and then went overseas^ 
being stationed in England for a brief period before going 
to France. Kenyon participated in the battles of St. Mihiel and 
Argonne. In 19 19 he resumed his duties at the Base Works. 

Attending the First Infantry Officers' Training School 
at Plattsburg, New York, Thomas E. Beatty, who towers 
six feet, one and one-half inches from the ground, was com- 
missioned a second lieutenant and detailed to regimental 
or divisional headquarters work at Camps Wadsworth, 
Sherman, Gordon and Perry. At the time he was discharged, 
March i8th, 1919, he had been promoted to first lieutenant. 
Beatty later assumed a position with the Oakland Mazda 
Lamp Division. 

Paul R. Hamrick, stock clerk of Lamp Equipment Divi- 
sion, was inducted April ist, 19 18. At Camp Sherman he was 
assigned to Company I, 332nd Infantry, 83rd Division, as a 
private. He went overseas from Camp Upton, New York, 
being stationed at Camp Standon, England, before going to 
France. Upon arriving on the continent Hamrick saw service 
in Metz as a sniper; was attached to Model Company at the 
1st Corps Gas school, Gondrecourt, France; and still later was 
on duty in Luxemberg and Germany. 

Niles Boy One of the five Niles Glass Division boys 

Killed in to die in service was Harry Edward Peffer. 

Great Defensive He was small of stature, being five feet, 
three and one-half inches tall and weighing 
but one hundred and fourteen pounds. Harry left the employ 
of the Niles Division, where he was engaged as a gatherer, 
in July, 19 17, and on July 5th enlisted at Columbus, Ohio, 
in the Infantry. He was sent to Camp Greene, North Carolina, 
where he was assigned to Company E of the 7th Infantry. He 
was later transferred to Company D, 9th Machine-Gun 
Battalion, with which outfit he saw action. Peffer was killed 
by shrapnel while participating in the Champagne-Marne 
Defensive, at about 8 o'clock on the morning of July 15th, 1918. 



The Infantry — Manufacturing Divisions 69 

Under date of July, 19 19, the following letter was sent 
to Harry's mother, Mrs. Emma Peffer, 336 Vine Avenue, 
Niles, Ohio, at the direction of the commanding officer of the 
3rd Division: 

"It is the desire of the Commanding General of this 
Division (Third Regular) that on this date, the anniversary 
of the great Champagne-Marne Defensive, one of the greatest 
battles of the World War, a letter be written to show the 
relatives of those who lost their lives on the field of battle, 
the great appreciation, esteem and devotion in which these 
men are held by the officers and soldiers of the organization 
in which they fought. 

"Your son was killed in action on July 15th, 19 18, during 
the Champagne-Marne Defensive, July 15th to July i8th, 
1918. 

"Inclosed you will find a certificate of Military History 
together with Victory Ribbon with appropriate stars denoting 
the several major operations. 

"I take pleasure in advising you that recommendations 
have been forwarded to the Adjutant-General, recommending 
your son for the Distinguished Service Cross. 

(Signed) A. H. INGOLD 

Captain, 9th Machine-Gun Battalion." 

Harry PefFer was but twenty-four years of age at the 
time of his death, having been born in Pittsburg, Pennsyl- 
vania, January 19th, 1894. 

Patrick Griffin and John F. Drew of the Rhode Island 
Glass Division both enlisted June 24th, 191 8. Griffin was sent 
to Camp Meade, Maryland, where he was attached to a 
depot brigade for a short time, later being transferred to 
Headquarters Company of the 71st Infantry, nth Division. 
Drew was also ordered to Camp Meade where he rose to the 
rank of sergeant in the 7th Company, 154th Depot Brigade. 
He was discharged February 13th, 1919. 

London Boys Loudon Glass employees took a decided liking 
Join jyth to the 147th Infantry of the 37th Division, 

Division for Hurley Potteiger, William F. Steinhurst 

and Joseph S. Merrick all enlisted in that 
regiment. All three saw action anti two of them received 
wounds. Merrick was a carry-over boy before enlisting in 



70 



The National in the World War 



the Army May 7th, 1917. At Camp Sheridan, Alabama, he 
was assigned to Company D, 147th Infantry, 37th Division. 
He was outfitted for overseas at Camp Lee, Virginia, and 
after landing in France participated in the Meuse-Argonne 
and Ypres-Lys offensives. In the Argonne skirmish, on Sep- 
tember 28th, he was wounded in the left leg by a machine- 
gun bullet. 

Hurley Potteiger enlisted December 28th, 19 17, and was 
also in Company D. He embarked for France May 23rd and 
arrived at Brest July 5th. Hurley's fighting was done in the 
Alsace-Lorraine sector and at Ypres-Lys. 

The third Company D boy, William Steinhurst, was em- 
ployed by Loudon as a tube drawer. He enlisted January 
2ist, 1 91 8, and was in the fray at x^rgonne Forest, St. Mihiel 
and the Ypres-Lys offensive, being wounded in the right 
knee by shrapnel October 30th, 191 8. One thing which im- 
pressed Bill particularly was the solemn moments of prayer 
which the soldiers had by themselves as they were marching 
to and from the front, sometimes under hostile fire. "Address- 
ing the man at your side, you would receive no reply and a 
few minutes later your pal would have the same experience 
when he would attempt to open up a conversation with you." 
Steinhurst was discharged April 19th, 19 19. 

The Niles Glass Division had an enviable infantry record. 
Eighteen were in this service and eleven saw duty overseas. 
One of these was Gower L. Beake who was attached to Com- 
pany A of the 331st Infantry, 83rd Division, at Camp Sher- 
man. He arrived in France 
on the 25th day of June, 
191 8. In August he was 
transferred to Company I, 
119th Infantry, 30th Di- 
vision, and on August 3 ist, 
he went over the top for 
the first time at Ypres, 
helping to hold the lines 
at that point until Sep- 
tember 9th when his regi- 
ment was dispatched to 
the Hindenburg Line and succeeded in taking the towns of 
Ballicourt and Nauroy. Early in October the Americans 
captured the towns of Busigny, Vaux, Aubigny, St. Souplet, 




The Infantry — Manufacturing Divisions 71 

Mont and Brancourt, while from October i6th to October 
19th they took the towns of Molhain and Ribeauville. In 
all, Beake was over the top fourteen times, yet was never 
once wounded or gassed. He was discharged from service 
April 15th, 1919. 

Arthur D. Gibbs, also of Niles, was drafted October 
5th, 1917, into the ranks of the 83rd Division and was later 
transferred to the 6th Infantry Regiment of the 5th Division. 
He trained at Camp Sherman and Camp Forest, Georgia. 
On August nth, 19 18, while in France, he received honorable 
mention in dispatches for liaison work at Frappell, the first 
German town captured by the Americans. Gibbs was active 
in several raids, in one of which only twelve lads returned of 
seventy-five who went out. In the St. Mihiel sector he took 
shelter in a machine gun pit along with twelve other dough- 
boys. Unfortunately, Fritz had the correct range and Gibbs 
was the only one not killed. He was internally injured, how- 
ever, and suffered shell shock. Gibbs also informs us that he 
did six months' "compulsory service" with Pancho Villa in 
Sonora, Mexico, before the United States went into the war. 

Two brothers, Charles H. Jones and Robert Jones, both 
of whom were employed by the Niles Glass Division, saw 
extensive service overseas. Charles was with Company H, 
59th Infantry, 4th Division, and was overseas one year 
while Robert, who was with Company L, 54th Infantry, 
6th Division, was in France thirteen months. 

Jack C. Racey of the Cleveland Wire Division was con- 
nected with Headquarters Company, 164th Infantry, at Camp 
Gordon and while in France was located in a classification 
camp at St. Aignan. He was discharged April 27th, 19 19. 

The noblest sacrifice made in war is that of the man 
who falls on the battlefield with his face towards the foe. 
Such was the case with Frank Joseph Kearney of Niles, Ohio. 
Kearney was born in that city August ist, 1884, and at the 
time he was inducted, September 26th, 1917, was in the 
service of the Niles Division as a gatherer. Sent to Camp 
Sherman, Kearney was assigned to Headquarters Company, 
331st Infantry, 83rd Division, as a private. After a period 
of training at that camp he was sent to Fort Oglethorpe, 
then to Camp Gordon and later to Camp Merritt, where he 
was outfitted for overseas. Arriving in France, Frank was 



72 The National in the World War 

transferred to Company E of the iith Infantry, 5th Division, 
and rose to the rank of sergeant. It was on the twelfth day 
of September, 19 18, that Kearney met his death. While ad- 
vancing under enemy fire in the St. Mihiel drive, he was 
struck by a German shell and instantly killed. 

The National Lamp. Works feels deeply the loss of this 
man for he was known to his associates as a conscientious 
and reliable worker, and every inch of his six feet of manhood 
was filled with the stuff that makes for true friendship and 
helpfulness. 

Bulb Inspector Nick Catatto of the Euclid Glass Divi- 
sion was introduced to the pleasures of drill and guard duty 
March i6th, 191 8. He was attached to Company M of the 
50th Infantry and before being discharged, November 21st, 
1918, had been stationed at Washington, D. C, and Camp 
Sevier, South Carolina. 

Emilio Santoro of the Providence Base Works went to 
France September ist, 19 17, with the 26th Division. He 
saw action on eleven fronts, including Soissons, Toul Sector, 
Chateau-Thierry, St. Mihiel, Belleau Woods and Verdun. 
Carmelo Fotte, likewise of the Providence Base Works, 
sailed for France, June 14th, 1918, with the ii6th Infantry 
of the 29th Division. He fought on several different fronts, 
being wounded and gassed. Fotte was discharged January 4th, 
1919. 

To be in a boat fired upon by a German submarine was 
the experience of Ernest J. Griffiths of the Niles Glass Division. 
Embarking for France August 26th, 1918, things progressed 
quietly on the voyage until September 6th, when a submarine 
appeared and fired upon the transport. The torpedo missed 
its aimed-for objective but struck a transport in the rear. 
The American submarine chasers in the convoy gave battle 
to the under-water boat and sank it. Griffiths was drafted 
October 6th, 19 17, and assigned to the 27th Company, 7th 
Training Battalion, 158th Depot Brigade, at Camp Sherman. 
He was later transferred to Company M, 348th Infantry, 
87th Division, at Camp Pike, Arkansas. Ernest was attending 
an officers' training school in France when the armistice was 
signed, and consequently saw no front-line action. 

Lieutenant Samuel C. Thompson was on the roster of 
the 147th Infantry. He enlisted June 24th, 1916, and saw 
duty at Fort Bliss, Texas; Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, 



The Infantry — Manufacturing Divisions 73 

and Camp Sherman. Upon being discharged, December 17th, 
1918, he was employed by the Trumbull Mazda Lamp Divi- 
sion. 

Over the Top A National man experiencing the many thrills 
at St. Mihiel which army life had to offer was William 
G. Hilling, who previous to his induction 
was employed by the Cleveland Wire Division. He became 
a soldier of the 83rd Division November 13th, 191 7, and was 
sent to Camp Sherman and attached to a supply company of 
the 331st Infantry. Finishing training there, he was trans- 
ferred to Camp Merritt, outfitted for overseas duty and sent 
to France. Arriving on the other side, Hilling was transferred 
on July 29th, 191 8, to the 26th Division and then began an 
active participation in the war which he will long remember. 
At Chateau-Thierry he was assigned with support troops, but 
in the St. Mihiel drive he went over the top with the doughboys. 
He was also in the Argonne Forest drive and in this offensive 
was made a runner. Bill was shelled twice while carrying mes- 
sages, and on October 26th, 191 8, was severely wounded by 
a German shell and was removed to Base Hospital No. 13 
at Limoges. Recovering from the wounds, he rejoined his 
company. Hilling was discharged from service April 28th, 

James B. Burns of the Niles Glass Division was another 
of National's men who was incapacitated by wounds received 
in battle. Detailed with Company M of the 315th Infantry, 
79th Division, at Camp Meade, Maryland, he went to France 
with the same regiment and took part in the action at Verdun. 
In that encounter two fingers and a part of his hand were 
shot off, rendering him unfit for further service. He was dis- 
charged from the army April 22nd, 19 19. 

Pneumonia was fatal to six of National's service men. 
Among this number was Enoch Edward Brooks, who had been 
a bulb gatherer with the Niles Glass Works. He was born 
in Youngstown, Ohio, on the 28th day of December, 1895, 
and enlisted about August 13th, 19 17, in Youngstown as a 
private in Company L, 38th Infantry, 3rd Division. 
During the seven and one-half months he served his 
country as a soldier, Enoch had been stationed in Syracuse, 
New York; Columbus Barracks, Columbus, Ohio; Camp 
Greene, North Carolina, and Camp Merritt, New Jersey. 



74 The National TN THE World War 

He was. at Camp Merritt when stricken, passing away in the 
camp hospital on April 3rd, 1918. 

''They never Jail who die 
In a great caused 

{Byron.) 

Herbert C. Masonbrink, a machinist with the Lamp 
Equipment Division, enlisted May 25th, 1918, in the 47th 
Infantry of the 4th Division, then located at Camp Gordon. 
Upon arriving overseas he was sent to the training area at 
Larave, France. After some time along the Flanders front the 
regiment was transferred to the Verdun sector, where Mason- 
brink went over the top five times. In the Argonne Forest 
Masonbrink and one other soldier volunteered to get water 
during a heavy shell fire, and while on the trip his canteen 
and right coat pocket were shot off. Shortly afterwards, in 
an adventure over the top, Masonbrink was hit seven times. 
He was sent to a hospital on the Mediterranean, where he 
received treatment for four weeks. After another month in 
a hospital at Bordeaux, Masonbrink received transportation 
to the United States. 

Georgia, Twenty-six months' service gave David O. 

France and Firm an intimate knowledge of army life and 

Germany ways. He was inducted May 25th, 19 17, and 

soon entrained for Camp Gordon, Georgia, 
where he was placed on the roster of Company D, 47th U. 
S. Infantry, 4th Division. Upon arriving in France, his first 
taste of action was experienced at Tuleon, from September 6th 
to September loth, 1918. He also participated in the following 
engagements: 

St. Mihiel offensive, September 12th to September 14th. 

Meuse-Argonne sector, September 26th to October i8th. 

After the armistice was signed. Firm was lucky enough 
to be with a regiment which was detailed to move with the 
American Army of Occupation into Germany. He was in 
that country from December 15th, 1918 to July nth, 1919. 
On August 4th, 1 9 19, he was discharged from the army and 
returned to the Euclid Glass Division where he resumed his 
work as bulb blower. 

A Euclid Glass boy who went overseas was Robert J. 
Walters. He was inducted May 27th, 19 18, and sent to Camp 




Eniilio Santoro Harry McFlhaney Charles Mahoncy Ovide L. Barry 

Raymond B. Littlefield Selden G. Hill Luke P. Wolfford 

Richard Molloy Philip P. Smoots Raymond Leonard 

James C. Lindsay Hugo Johnson Joseph Potter 




John Russell 


Charles J. Motto 


John J. Lyons 


Oscar F. Johnson 


Earl T. Martin 
Fred J. Gilmour 


Fred Colcord 


Norman A. Brown 


Raymond E. Purser 


Charles O'Grady 


Dennis Foley 


Raymond Mentz 


F.mil Teschke 



The Infantry — Manufacturing Divisions 75 

Gordon, where he was placed in the 32nd Company, 3rd 
Replacement Regiment. After a short period of training there 
he was transferred to Camp Merritt and then embarked 
for overseas. Arriving in England, he was for some time at 
Camp Knotty-Ash, Liverpool, and Camp Winnell Downe, 
Winchester. Crossing to France, his time was spent at three 
places, the ^American Replacement Camp at Saint Aignan, 
in the Noyon sector; Camp La Valbonne and Camp Ain. 
He was in an infantry casual section and saw no action along 
the front. Walters was discharged June 6th, 1919. 

The name of Noble Calven Lintz appears on the list 
of National men killed in action. He was born March 23rd, 
1896, and at the time he was drafted, January 21st, 1918, was 
in the employ of the Detroit Miniature Lamp Division, 
doing clerical work. He entered service in Warren, Ohio, 
and was sent to Camp Sherman, where he was assigned to 
the 4th Company, 331st Infantry, 83rd Division. He went 
to France with that Division but was apparently transferred 
to another, for the 83rd saw no active service on the front. 
We were unable to obtain detailed information as to the 
sector in which he was operating when he lost his life, learning 
only that the supreme sacrifice was made July 21st, 1918. 
Noble was but a stripling, for though five feet, nine inches 
in height he weighed less than one hundred and ten pounds. 
His lack of weight, however, was amply overbalanced by his 
courage and by his deeds he showed himself worthy of the 
name he bore. 

Smoots Crosses One of the many National men who served 
Into Germany in the Army of Occupation was Phillip P. 
Smoots a tube-coverer employed by the 
Euclid Glass Division. He was of the far-famed 2nd Division, 
operating with the 23rd Infantry in several drives. He was 
drafted October 2nd, 19 17, and his period of training in 
the United States was spent at Camps Sherman, Merritt 
and Pike. Smoots arrived in France July nth, 1918, and 
subsequently took part in the battles of Champagne, St. 
Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne. The company of which he was 
a member suffered 192 casualties in the battle of Champagne. 
From December 22nd, 19 18 to July i6th, 19 19, he was in 
German territory and four weeks of that period was spent 
in a hospital at Valleadar, recovering from influenza. He 



76 The National in the World War 

returned to this country early in August, 19 19, and was 
discharged on the 14th day of that month. 

The privilege of overseas service was denied to many 
men, some of whom even had to forego the honor of an ex- 
tensive period of home training. John M. Doyle, due to no 
fault of his own, was in the latter class. Inducted May 28th, 
191 8, he was called to Camp Gordon and assigned to Com- 
pany B of the 3rd Infantry Replacement Regiment. He was 
promoted from private to acting sergeant, but after two 
months of field work was sent to the base hospital, and on 
August 28th, 1918, was honorably discharged from service 
because of defective eyes. He returned to the Cleveland 
Wire Division in the capacity of draftsman. 

The first National man to meet with a fatal accident 
in military service was Robert Temple Coughlin. He enlisted 
May 7th, 1917, in the Cleveland Grays, which outfit upon 
arriving at camp became known as the 148th Infantry. 
Coughlin was born February ist, 1898, in a small town in 
Massachusetts but early came to Cleveland and at the time 
he entered service was employed in the laboratory of the 
Cleveland Wire Division. With his company he went to 
Camp Sherman and later to Camp Sheridan, where he met 
his death October 17th, 1917. Uncle Sam lost a splendid 
prospective fighter in Coughlin, for Robert gave every inch 
of his six feet and every ounce of his two hundred and forty 
pounds to the cause in which he so early enlisted. At the time 
of his death he was ranking as corporal. 

The writer regrets that complete information on all of 
those who died in service was not obtainable, for to them 
especially we all owe the greatest respect and homage. One 
of those who met death in action and concerning whom we 
were unable to learn full details was George Charles Clancy. 
He was born in Fostoria, Ohio, October 23rd, 1893. He came 
to Cleveland, and at the time he was called to serve his country 
was employed by the Euclid Glass Division as a bulb gatherer. 
On October 5th, 1917, he went to Camp Sherman, and like 
the hundreds of thousands of untrained civilians who went 
zealously and gladly about their duty, he soon became 
a well trained and excellent soldier. Clancy was attached to 
Company D, i6th Infantry, and after intensive training he 
was transferred to Camp Pike, where he received further 
drill and preparatory work. From Camp Pike he went to 



The Infantry — Manufacturing Divisions 77 

Camp Merritt and then overseas. At this point our informa- 
tion ceases, except that on October 9th, 1918, he was killed 
in action. Clancy had served his country one year as a soldier, 
and his memory will ever bring to the minds of friends and 
associates the lad who was as thoroughly conscientious in 
his tasks as a civilian as he showed himself to be as a boy in 
khaki. 

Sergeant Joseph E. Varnam was called to the army from 
Cleveland, October 2nd, 19 17. With a contingent of drafted 
men he was sent to Camp Sherman and assigned to Company 
G, 331st Infantry. When the 83rd Division sailed for France, 
Joe was left behind and assigned to a headquarters company 
at Camp Merritt, New Jersey. He remained at that camp 
for over a year, being discharged June 28th, 19 19. Returning 
to Cleveland, he resumed his place as a draftsman with the 
Cleveland Wire Division. 

Among the many National factory men in the 331st 
Infantry, 83rd Division, was Floyd M. Larremore of the 
Euclid Glass Division. He went to Camp Sherman upon being 
drafted September 9th, 19 17, and was attached to a supply 
company. He was later transferred from Camp Sherman to 
Camp Merritt. Upon arriving overseas, Larremore was as- 
signed to a Quartermaster Detachment of the Third Army 
Corps, x^mong his duties were trench digging and work on 
the construction of an officers' training school. He ranked 
at this time as sergeant; he was discharged July 23rd, 1919. 

Another man dying in service and concerning whom full 
information was not available was William A. Wilcox, pay- 
master of the Euclid Glass Works. Upon entering the army 
W^ilcox was sent to Camp Gordon, Georgia; from which camp 
he went overseas. In France he was assigned to the Military 
Specialist Company, Clerk School, at St. Aignan. It was at 
this camp that W^ilcox was taken ill, dying in December, 19 18, 
of pneumonia. 

Charles M. Klock, later employed by Lamp Equipment 
Division as a screw-machine operator, was voluntarily in- 
ducted September 8th, 1917, at the age of twenty years. He 
trained at Camps Sherman, Pike, Greene and Mills until 
May 9th, 19 18, when he embarked for France. Taking part 
in the action at Chateau-Thierry, he was gassed August 5th, 
19 1 8, and removed to an army hospital where he was under 



78 The National IN THE World War 

care for six months. Klock returned to the United States 
October 12th, 19 19, and was discharged five days later. 

Below are the names of certain other National factory 
men who were in the Infantry, and concerning whom we have 
only limited statistical data. The complete list will be found 
in the Roll of Honor, on page I47. We have listed the date 
of entering service, date of discharge, company to which 
they were attached and the camps at which they were sta- 
tioned: 

Herman Glave — Cleveland Wire Division. 33rd Company, 9th 
Training Battalion, 158th Depot Brigade, August 30th, 
1918 to December 2nd, 1918; Camp Sherman. 
William Lane — Cleveland Wire Division. Headquarters Com- 
pany, Depot Brigade, April 30th, 1918 to April loth, 
1919; Camp Sherman. 
Lloyd Sibert — Cleveland Wire Division. 36th Company, 9th 
Training Battalion, 138th Depot Brigade, April 26th, 
1918 to December i6th, 1918; Camp Sherman. 
John C. SnoufFer — Euclid Glass Division. 5th Company, 2nd 
Training Battalion, 158th Depot Brigade, September 
5th, 1918 to October 8th, 1918; Camp Sherman. 
Francis C. Metzger — Lamp Equipment Division. Infantry; 
later Field Artillery Officers Training Camp, May 27th, 
1918 to December ist, 1918; Camps Gordon and Taylor. 
Walter F. Merrick — Loudon Glass Division. Company D, 
8th Battalion, United States Guard, April ist, 1918 
to January ist, 1919; Camps Sherman and Devens. 
John R. Gilbert — Miniature Bulb Division. Infantry Casual 
Section, May 26th, 1918 to December 17th, 1918; Camps 
Lee and Stuart. 
Joe Silvarolo — Miniature Bulb Division. 36th Regiment, 
April 28th, 1918 to December 6th, 1918; Camps Sherman 
and Sheridan. 
George H. Brooks — Niles Glass Division. Company A, 348th 
Infantry, 87th Division, September 20th, 1917 to March 
22nd, 1 9 19; Camps Sherman, Pike and Dix. 
John F. Connor — Niles Glass Division. Company L, 78th 
Infantry, 14th Division, August 29th, 191 8 to January 
2ist, 1919; Camp Custer. 
Raymond A. Dunnigan — Niles Glass Division. 331st Infantry, 
83rd Division, September 7th, 19 17 to February 8th, 
1919; Camp Sherman. 



The Artillery — Manufacturing Divisions 79 

John A. Krizen — Niles Glass Division. Company I, 165th 

Infantry, 42nd Division, November ist, 19 17 to March 

i8th, 1919; Camps Sherman and Pike. 
Andrew Monahan — Niles Glass Division. Company 18, 159th 

Depot Brigade, x'^ugust 28th, 191 8 to December loth, 

1918; Camp Taylor. 
James E. Ryan — Niles Glass Division. Company D, 380th 

Infantry, September 5th, 1918 to December 13th, 1918; 

Camp Sherman. 
Robert J. Williams — Niles Glass Division. 9th Company, 

1st Replacement Regiment, May 26th, 19 18 to April 

30th, 1919; Camps Gordon and Merritt. 
Second Lieutenant Paul A. Holt — Ohio Division. Headquarters 

Company, 331st Infantry, 83rd Division, September 2ist, 

1917 to March 14th, 1919; Camps Sherman, Lewis and Lee. 
Joseph M. Mitrovitch — Ohio Division. 9th Company, ist 

Replacement, 3rd Regiment; later Company A, Devel- 
oping Battalion No. i. May 26th, 1918 to December i8th, 
1918; Camp Gordon. 

Raymond E. Purser — Ohio Division. Overseas. Company 3, 
332nd Regiment, 83rd Division; March 27th, 1918. 

William K. Titus — Ohio Division. 35th Company, 9th Train- 
ing Battalion, 158th Depot Brigade, September 2nd, 

1918 to February 20th, 1919; Camp Sherman. 
Wilbert Yoakam — Ohio Division. 32nd Company, 8th Train- 
ing Battalion, March 25th, 1918; Camp Sherman. 

Lawrence W. Stark — ^St. Louis Mazda Lamp Division. Company 
C, 7th Battalion, 3rd Regular Infantry, July 15th, 191 8 to 
December i8th, 19 18; Camps MacArthur and Funston. 

H. S. Lea — Trumbull Mazda Lamp Division. Company D, 
145th Infantry, 37th Division, July 19th, 1917; Camp 
Sheridan. Went to France where he saw action. 

Roy W. Smith — Trumbull Mazda Lamp Division. 331st 
Infantry, 83rd Division, Camp Sherman. Had six months 
duty in France. 

The Artillery 

Field The Field Artillery was a big "drawing card" 

Artillery among the men from the Manufacturing Divisions 
of National, and several of those enlisting in this 
branch of the service went through the thick and thin of 
several campaigns. S. Emil Michelson of the Youngstown 



8o The National IN THE World War 

Mazda Division enlisted December 14th, 19 17, in the 136th 
Field Artillery, 37th Division. He was sent to Camp Sheridan 
and, after receiving preliminary training there, was shipped 
to France, where he spent fifty-two days with his regiment 
in the Marbache sector and in the Meuse-Argonne offensive. 
He ranked as a musician, first class. 

Floyd C. Marshall of the Providence Base Works en- 
tered service August 5th, 19 17, with Battery A, 103rd Field 
Artillery. He arrived in France October 23rd, 19 17, and in 
November of the same year was commissioned a second 
lieutenant, which rank he held until April 30th, 19 18, when 
he was given a first lieutenancy. As an ofiicer of Battery A, 
103rd Field Artillery, and later Battery A, 6th Field Artillery, 
1st Division, Marshall saw action in the following engage- 
ments: Toul sector, Montdidier, Noyon defensive, and the 
offensives of Aisne-Marne, St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne. 
In December, 1918, he moved with the Army of Occupation 
into Germany, remaining there until August 15th, 1919. 

D. Courtenay Woodman of the Puritan Refilled Lamp 
Division enlisted June 5th, 19 17, in the medical detachment 
of the 102nd Field Artillery, 51st Brigade, 26th Division. 
After training at Camp Curtis Guild, Boxford, Massachusetts, 
he went to France, being located at St. Nazaire and Camp 
Coetquidon before going into an active sector. He remained on 
the Front from February 3rd, 19 18 until the signing of the 
armistice, seeing action during this period in the Chemin de 
Dames sector, north of Soissons; Toul sector; Battles of 
Seichprey and Xivray; and in the offensives of Aisne-Marne, 
St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne. Woodman was never absent 
from duty during his period of army service nor did he receive 
a scratch to show he had been in the midst of terrific action. 

Enlisting May 26th, 19 17, in the Ohio Cavalry, which 
was later merged into the ranks of the 37th Division as field 
artillery, Rowland E. Larkman, Jr., was mustered into service 
at Camp Sheridan. He went to France with Battery C of the 
135th Field Artillery, seeing action at St. Mihiel, Argonne, 
Marbache, Troyon and Thiaucourt. He was discharged April 
nth, 1 9 19, and was re-employed by Cleveland Mazda. 

Earl T. Martin, office manager of the Illinois Miniature 
Lamp Division, had twelve months' home service and four 
months' overseas in the heavy field artillery. He was inducted 





Upper Photo — Providence Base Works, Providence, R. I. 
Lower Photo — Rhode Island Glass Division, Central Falls, R. I. 




Puritan Refilled Lamp Division, Providence, R. I. 
(This Division was located at Danvers, Mass., during the war.) 




E. 152nd St. Properties, Cleveland, including Euclid Glass Division 



The Artillery — Manufacturing Divisions 



September 19th, 1917, and was stationed at Camps Grant, 
Robinson and Mills. The most noteworthy experience of 
his army life was a march from Camp Grant, Illinois, 
to Camp Robinson, Wisconsin, a distance of about 225 miles. 
The destination was reached after fifteen days of strenuous 
hiking, and though the boys did not enjoy the hardships of 
the march any too well, they later realized it had done them 
a world of good, especially after they arrived in France. 
William J. Reed, likewise of the Illinois Miniature Lamp 
Division, was attached to Headquarters Company, 7th Field 
Artillery Regiment. During his army career, lasting from 
June 15th, 1918 to December 26th, 191 8, he was stationed 
at Valparaiso, Indiana; Indianapolis and Camp Taylor, 
Kentucky. For six weeks he was suffering with influenza 
in an army hospital. 

Joseph Cardinale and John Hagan entered service from 
the Providence Base Works. Cardinale trained at Camp 
Slocum from June to August ist, 19 17, when he went to 
France with the 7th Field Artillery Headquarters Company. 
He saw action at Montdidier, where he was wounded and 
gassed, Toul, Argonne and Soissons. Hagan joined the ranks 
June 5th, 1918, being at New York University Training School 
for two months and at Camp Jackson, South Carolina, with a 
Field Artillery Regiment, for seven months. 

From bulb gatherer to cook was the record of Nick 
Petosky of the Euclid Glass Works. He enlisted June 4th, 
1917, and was assigned to Battery A, nth Field Artillery, 
at Camp Harry J. Jones, Arizona. Later, he was transferred 
to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, and then to Camp Mills, Long Island. 
Nick was discharged July i8th, 1919. 

A fellow workman of Petosky's, Elmer A. Kaye, also 
enlisted in the i ith Field xArtillery and was assigned to Battery 
E. Elmer was located at the same camps and upon arriving 
overseas saw action in the Meuse-x'\rgonne offensive from 
September 26th to November nth, 1918. He was discharged 
July 6th, 19 19. 

Attention, stout people! Here the army is suggested 
for those who desire to lose weight. Theodore A. Just, who 
in civil life tips the scales around one hundred and sixty-five 
pounds, admits that while under the care of the army drill 
officer and mess sergeant he reduced to one hundred and 
forty-eight pounds. As Ted was only five feet three and one- 



82 The National IN THE World War 

half inches tall he must have felt greatly indebted to Uncle 
Sam, especially on hot days. Just was drafted May i6th, 1918, 
and trained at Camp Jackson, South Carolina. He was attached 
to Battery B of the 73rd Regiment and upon being discharged, 
January 9th, 19 19, was employed by the Welds Division. 

Roland S. Brown of the Providence Base Works enlisted 
in the Coast Artillery, but after training at Camp Devens 
was sent to France with Battery E of the 55 th Field Artillery. 
His regiment arrived at Le Havre April 8th, 191 8. After 
travelling two days and a night in a cattle car, the boys reached 
their destination, where intensive training was the program 
for three months. Brown was sent to the front July 25t:h, and 
on August 2nd went into action at Chemin-des-Dames. In 
this drive the Germans were driven back about thirty miles. 
Other engagements in which Brown saw service were: 

Second Battle of the Marne, August 2nd to August i8th, 
1918. 

Operation on the Vesle, August i8th to September 8th. 
Meuse-Argonne offensive, September 26th to November 
nth. 

Brown ranked as a corporal, and was discharged Feb- 
ruary 9th, 1 9 19. 

Three Italian boys of the Providence Base Works were 
attached to Field Artillery regiments. Savior Giovannucci 
entered service in Paterson, New Jersey, May 27th, 191 8. 
He was ordered to Camp Dix, where he was assigned to 
Battery D of the 334th Field Artillery, 87th Division. Gio- 
vannucci went to France, where he was stationed for some 
time at Bassens. Ernest Borrelli, who was later employed 
by the Providence Base Works as a foot-press operator, 
was located at Camp Devens with Battery F, 301st Regiment, 
76th Division, while Vincenzo Sincero was attached to Head- 
quarters Company of the 336th Field Artillery, 87th Division. 
He received his training at Camps Upton, Dix and Merritt, 
being discharged March i8th, 1919. 

E. Neale Derry, an assistant foreman of the Central 
Falls Mazda Lamp Division, enlisted May loth, 1917, in 
Battery A of the 103rd Field Artillery, 26th Division. After 
learning the fundamentals of artillery operation at Boxford, 
Massachusetts, Derry went to France where he was sta- 
tioned for some time at Camp Coetquidon, 




A Captured German Tank in France 

(Photograph furnished by Mr. F. S. Terry) 




American Port at Bassens, France 
(Photograph furnished by M. S. E., Hollis Townsend) 




Germiins waiting for the Yanks at Argonne Forest (an Airplane Photo) 

(The photos on this page furnished by M. S. F,., Hollis Townsend ) 




( 



Hand-to-Hand Fighting in Trenches near Chateau-Thierry 
(An Airplane Photo) 



The Artillery — Manufacturing Divisions 83 

Euclid Glass Probably few, if any, National men saw more 
Worker in active service than Roy P. Kaye, a tube 

Many Battles worker with the Euclid Glass Division. He 
enlisted in Cleveland June 1st, 1917, and 
went to Camp H. J. Jones, Douglass, Arizona, where he 
was assigned to Battery A, loth Field Artillery, 3rd Division. 
His overseas record reads as follows: 

(a) Chateau-Thierry, July loth to July 14th, 1918. 

(b) Champagne-Marne defensive, July 15th to July i8th. 

(c) Aisne-Marne offensive, July i8th to August ist. 

(d) St. Mihiel offensive, September 12th to Septem- 
ber i6th. 

(e) Meuse-Argonne offensive, September 26th to No- 
vember nth. 

Kaye was recommended by the battery commander 
for the Distinguished Service Cross for bravery under shell 
fire in the Argonne sector, north of Verdun. He was discharged 
August 30th, 1919, and returned to the Euclid Glass Division. 

Three Niles Glass boys spent considerable time in the 
Artillery. Elmer G. Keiser started out July 24th, 1918, with 
Battery B of the 6th Regiment of Field Artillery, and was 
later put on military police duty. He was stationed at Camp 
Jackson, South Carolina. Frank R. Finnigan was inducted 
August 28th, 1918. He was assigned for a short time with the 
1 8th Company, 5th Battalion, 159th Depot Brigade at Camp 
Taylor, and was then transferred to Battery B of the 2nd 
Field Artillery. John H. Ziegler enlisted May 21st, 1918, 
in the 312th Cavalry and was then transferred to Battery F 
of the 6 1 St Field Artillery. He was on duty at Fort Russell, 
Camp Jackson and Camp Sherman. 

Coast Among the many boys in this branch of the service 

Artillery was George Washington Williams, later with the 
Niles Glass Division. He was inducted April 2nd, 
19 1 8, and assigned to the Coast Artillery. On July 15th he was 
sent overseas with the 70th Regiment. Williams never had a 
chance to dodge dum-dum bullets, but spent several months 
back of the lines, drilling. George L. Carter, also later employed 
at the Niles plant, enlisted March 3rd, 191 8, and was sent to 
Fortress Monroe, Virginia. At the date of discharge, December 



84 The National in the World War 

7th, 1918, he was with an auto detachment at the Coast 
Artillery School. 

Sven O. Lindblom, a machinist with the Providence 
Base Works, enlisted December 15th, 1917, with the 21st 
Company at Fort Wetherill, Rhode Island, and was later 
transferred to Battery F, 66th Artillery at Fort Adams. 
He saw service abroad at Camp Knotty-Ash, Liverpool, 
England; Morne Hill, Winchester, England, and Nexon and 
La Courtine, France. Sven was discharged March 20th, 1919. 

Another coast-artilleryman was Ovide L. Barry of 
Rhode Island Glass. He embarked for overseas July 19th, 
19 1 8, after training at Fort Slocum, New York; Fort Greble, 
Rhode Island, and Fort Adams, Rhode Island. On the trip 
across the transport was attacked by a submarine, which 
the gunners fired upon and are believed to have sunk. While 
in England, Barry witnessed an air raid in which an enemy 
machine was shot down. 

Fred B. Owen, foreman of the breakage department 
of the Oakland Mazda Lamp Division, enlisted March 18th, 
191 8, in the Coast Artillery as a private. He was assigned to 
Fort Scott, California, but was later transferred to Fort 
Monroe, Virginia, where he earned his commission as second 
lieutenant. He was discharged from service August 22nd, 1919. 

For Work Inducted December i8th, 1917, William H. 
Well Done Broadbent of the Euclid Glass Division was 
ordered to Jackson Barracks, New Orleans, and 
assigned to the 314th Company of the Coast Defense. He 
was transferred to the 64th Regiment and still later to the 
59th Coast Artillery Regiment, with which outfit he saw 
action in France. On November ist, his battery received 
the following commendation: 

"The Brigade Commander wishes to express to you 
his high appreciation of the excellent service rendered by 
yourself, and the officers and men of your command, in con- 
nection with this Brigade in the Artillery preparation and 
support of the action of November ist, 1918 (the Meuse- 
Argonne). Your work has been done promptly and well, and it 
has been a pleasure to have you with the Command." 

On November 20th, 1918, the following citation was 
announced from headquarters of the Fifth Army Corps: 



The Artillery — Manufacturing Divisions 85 

"The 59th Regiment of Coast Artillery while under the 
command of the 5th Army Corps, during the Meuse-Argonne 
operation, worked in close co-operation with the Divisional 
artillery, delivering effective destructive fire on objectives. 

(Signed) C. P. SUMMERALL, 

Major General, Commanding." 

Broadbent was discharged February iith, 1919. 

Among the Niles boys in service was Joe Vecchione, 
who entered service May i8th, 1918, in Battery E of the 
45th Coast Artillery, and was later transferred to the heavy 
artillery. He was with the American Expeditionary Forces 
in France from October 20th, 19 18 to February 19th, 19 19. 

Howard H. Murphy of the Euclid Glass Division was 
called into the army December i8th, 1917, and assigned to 
Battery E, 75th Coast Artillery, at Jackson Barracks. Other 
camps at which Murphy trained were Fort St. Phillips and 
Camp Nichols. When he was released from service, March 
31st, 1919, Howard was with the loth Infantry Training 
Battalion at Camp Nichols. 

Several other National men were in the Coast Artillery. 
Joseph Lemaire of the Rhode Island Glass Division enlisted 
May 23rd, 1917, as a cook in the 22nd Regiment. For some un- 
known reason he was transferred from the kitchen and made 
bugler. Perhaps the reader can solve the problem. At any rate 
Joe served honestly and faithfully, and his eighteen-months' 
service record shows his character excellent. Raymond B. 
Littlefield, later of Rhode Island Glass, ranked as sergeant- 
major. He enlisted May 23rd, 1916, and after training at 
Fort Kearney, Rhode Island, and Camp Lee, Virginia, went 
overseas, where he was stationed for three months, from Sep- 
tember to December, 191 8. 

Fred R. Edmonds, later of the Miniature Bulb Division, 
enlisted May 2nd, 19 17. He was stationed at Fort Thomas, 
Kentucky; Fort Washington, Maryland; Fort Hunt, Virginia, 
and Camp Stuart, Virginia. Edmonds went overseas with 
the 60th Regiment and was active in the following sectors: 

St. Mihiel, September nth to September 15th, 1918. 

Meuse-Argonne, September 26th to November nth. 

He was employed by the National as an automatic 
bulb-machine operator. 



The National in the World War 



Railroad Herbert L. Anderton of the Rhode Island Glass 
Artillery Division enlisted in the 43rd Regiment of the 
Railroad Artillery, November 22nd, 1917. After 
training in several camps in this country he was ordered 
overseas July 28th, 1918. On the trip across, two enemy sub- 
marines were sunk by destroyers which were escorting the 
convoy. Anderton remained in France six months, arriving 
at Camp Upton for discharge January 3rd, 1919- 

Machine-Gun 

A "triple play," from officer candidate to captain to 
major, was the record of Luke P. Wolfford who at the time 
of his enlistment was office manager for the Cleveland Wire 
Division. Attending the First Officers' Training Camp at 
Fort Benjamin Harrison, Wolfford was commissioned captain 
August 17th, 19 17. He was assigned as Commanding Officer 
of the 323rd Machine-Gun Battalion at Fort Sill from October 
to December of the same year, and was then transferred to 
the 83rd Division as auto rifle instructor. In June he took the 
machine-gun company of the 330th Infantry to France, and 
from July ist to November nth, 1918, he was training troops 
near Le Mans, France. On September 3rd, Wolfford was pro- 
moted to major. The period between December, 19 18, and 
April, 1919, was spent commanding the 130th Battalion, 
Military Police Corps, and from April to June, Wolfford 
instructed at the American Expeditionary Force University. 
He was discharged from the army July 7th, 19 19. 

Louis F. Steen, later employed as a clerk by the Rhode 
Island Glass Division, enlisted April 28th, 1917, in the Cavalry 
but on August 5th was transferred to a machine-gun detach- 
ment and went overseas October 3rd, 1917, with the 103rd 
Battalion of the 26th Division, participating in the following 
engagements: 

Soissons, February, 19 18. 

Chemin-des-Dames, March, 1918. 

Apremont, Toul sector, April, May and June, 19 18. 

Chateau-Thierry, July, 19 18. 

Steen was wounded at Chateau-Thierry July 20th, 19 18, 
being struck below the knees with machine-gun bullets. He 
returned to the United States January 3rd|, 19 19. 

Roger F. Hartman of the Puritan Refilled Lamp Divi- 
sion was inducted October 5th, 19 17. He was mustered into 



Engineer Corps — Manufacturing)Divisions 



87 



Company B of the 320th Machine-Gun Battalion, 82nd Division, 
and trained at Camps Devens, Gordon and Upton. Roger then 
went overseas, where he saw action on five fronts. He was gassed 
October 14th, 1918, while taking part in the Argonne Forest 
drive. This misfortune held him in the hospital four months. 
Six-footer Dennis D. Foley of the Rhode Island Glass Divi- 
sion enlisted June 24th, 1918, and was assigned to Company D 
of the 32nd Machine-Gun Battalion at Camp Meade, Maryland, 
while Uhl M. Smith of the Youngstown Mazda Lamp Division 
enHsted June 14th, 1917, in the 135th Machine-Gun Battalion. 
He was assigned to Company C as a private. After training with 
his outfit at Camps Sheridan and Lee, he was transferred to the 
Searchlight Investigation Section of the army, at Washington, 
D. C, where he ranked as master engineer, senior grade. 

A Cleveland Wire Division boy, Richard A. Molloy, enlis- 
ted February 6th, 19 18, in the Canadian Infantry. Upon receiv- 
ing fundamental drill work 
at St. Thomas, Ontario, 
Canada, he was ordered to 
England, where he was as- 
signed to the 3rd Canadian 
Machine-Gun Battalion. 
Further training was given 
Molloy at Bramshott and 
Seaford before he was pre- 
pared to face the German 
music. After arriving in 
France he saw action at 
Amiens, Arras and Cam- 
brai. Molloy 's only comment on the war was to say that it 
was very amusing — quite droll, in fact. 

Evald Gustafson of the Euclid Glass Division was drafted 
November 28th, 1917, and sent to Camp Sherman, where 
he was attached to Company C of the 322nd Machine-Gun 
Battalion, 83rd Division. Arriving in England Gustafson 
was transferred to the io6th Battalion of the 27th Division 
and saw service with that regiment in France. Much of Evald's 
time was spent in Le Mans. 

Engineer Corps 

Ten factory men affiliated with the Engineer Corps 
went overseas and participated in active sectors. Ward F. 




The National in the World War 



Martin of Nela Lamp Division enlisted May 5th, 1917, with 
the 1 1 2th Engineers, 37th Division, and after training at 
Camps Sheridan and Lee went overseas. He saw service at 
St. Mihiel, in the Vosges Mountains, Argonne Forest and along 
two Belgian fronts. During the Argonne Forest drive Martin's 
company lived in a dugout four days before they discovered 
two Germans who had been hiding in that very same dugout. 
The Germans had concealed themselves by digging a hole 
in the wall of the dugout; after crawling into this hole they 
had faced the opening with a piece of iron, thus giving all 
the appearance of a firm wall. 

A Daring Donald B. Wright likewise of the Nela Lamp 
Boche Division, enlisted in the 112th Engineers, training 

Airman at Camps Sheridan and Lee. Overseas, he occupied 
lines in the following sectors: Baccarat, Verdun, 
St. Mihiel, Pannes, Ghent and in the offensives of Meuse- 
Argonne, St. Mihiel, first Ypres-Lys and second Ypres. 
Donald was discharged April 17th, 1919, ranking as sergeant. 

The following story, told by Sergeant Wright, illustrates 
well the degree to which the Germans carried their cunning 
practices in the late war. 

"The large observation balloons which the allies used 
along the front were taken to and from the lines on trucks, to 
which they were fastened down. It was always the practice 
on these trips to have a number of airplanes hovering neaY 
by, so that any air attack which the enemy might attempt 
upon these balloons could be warded off. 

"On one such mission, eleven monstrous bags were being 
transported to the fighting area near the Argonne. Three 
American planes were acting as escort, when another American 
ship, coming out of the clouds, joined the formation. As 
planes were frequently relieved during such a flight, the ap- 
proach of this last plane caused no uneasiness among the 
pilots. 

"The four airplanes had maneuvered around for several 
minutes when the pilot of the fourth ship drew back in the 
formation, quickly picked up speed and traveling directly 
over the line of balloons fired tracer bullets into every bag, 
destroying the entire outfit. 

"Having accomplished his purpose he flew in the direction 
of the German lines, employing every known stunt in his 



Engineer Corps — Manufacturing Divisions 89 

endeavor to get away. The other pilots, however, gradually 
drove him down from the clouds, and as the pursued pilot 
made a last loop in his effort to break away, he lost control 
of his ship and lunged, nose down, to the earth. 

"He was none other than a German aviator who had 
secured possession of an American ship and, realizing the 
valuable military assistance he would be rendering to the 
fatherland, had gone forth on this perilous quest. His plane 
nosed two feet into the earth, and he was crushed to death 
between the motor controls." 

How it feels to be the target of machine-guns mounted 
on a German Fokker, can be well described by Oscar E. 
Johnson of the Lamp Equipment Division. Inducted Septem- 
ber 19th, 1917, he was assigned to Company L of the 331st 
Infantry, 83rd Division, at Camp Sherman but was soon 
transferred to the 19th Engineers. When assigned for overseas 
duty, Oscar was placed on the roster of the 35th Regiment. In 
France his duty consisted of aiding in the transportation of 
guns and material to the front. It was on these missions that 
Johnson learned to appreciate the velocity of missiles coming 
from above. At night, especially, did Fritzie take delight in 
disturbing the peace and on one occasion it was Oscar's 
painful duty to remove the remains of those who were in 
the vicinity of an ammunition plant where the German 
bombers made a direct hit. All of Johnson's tasks were not 
of this nature, however, for he enjoyed the beauties of south- 
ern France for some time, where the sun shines every day 
and figs, oranges and olives grow in abundance. 

To Charles C. Kesler of the Loudon Glass Division, 
the saddest part of the war took place on board the famous 
transport George Washington, bound for France. Sailing 
from Hoboken September 30th, 19 18, with nine thousand 
Yanks, four hundred Red Cross Nurses and a crew of fourteen 
hundred sailors, the journey took thirteen days and during 
this time eighty-nine of the passengers died on board ship. 
When the George Washington reached Brest, France, Kesler's 
company was detailed to remove and bury the bodies. Kesler 
was attached to Company B of the 12th Engineers, having 
enlisted June 25th, 1918, in Columbus, Ohio. Army life was 
not an innovation with Charles, as he had been attached to 



90 The National in the World War 

the Ohio National Guard for five years before being sent to 
Camp Humphrey. 

Robert N. Duncan, who operated an automatic bulb- 
machine at the Miniature Bulb Division, was inducted Octo- 
ber 3rd, 1917, and ordered to Camp Sherman. He was assigned 
to Company E of the 308th Engineers. In France, Duncan 
took part in the action along the Oise-Aisne and Meuse- 
Argonne fronts. He was discharged July 8th, 19 19. 

Ralph Mylechraine of the Cleveland Miniature Lamp 
Division had an unusual part to play, being engaged as a 
camoufleur with the 40th Engineers. This regiment had the 
heaviest and largest guns along the front with the exception 
of those of the Marines. These guns were always moved at 
night and as the roads were usually in bad condition, due to 
heavy traffic and incessant rainfall, the task was always a 
difficult one. As Ralph explained it, in addition to the 
tractors employed in moving these guns, manpower and "a 
good deal of strong language" was often necessary. Among 
the places which Mylechraine visited while overseas were 
Dijon, Verdun, Nancy and Paris in France, and London and 
Winchester in England. He experienced the thrills of an air 
raid at Nancy, in which considerable damage was done to 
the city. 

With a Pick Another overseas veteran, Elmer F. Felske of 
and a Gun the Cleveland Wire Division, was called in the 
draft September i8th, 19 17. He was a private 
in the ranks of Company B of the 15 th Engineers, and before 
going across had seen service at Camps Sherman, Merritt 
and Upton. In France his duty consisted of building pontoon 
bridges and laying narrow-gauge railroads. This work was 
done for the most part under enemy shell fire and at times 
the engineers were compelled to protect their handiwork 
from enemy attack until the infantry was in a position to 
relieve them. Felske was under fire in the Argonne and at 
St. Mihiel. He was discharged from the army May 26th, 19 19. 
When H. Leslie Webb left the employ of Nela Lamp 
Division on May 25th, 19 17, to join the Canadian Signal 
Corps, he was beginning a two-year period of army life which 
was to carry him through many of the strenuous and critical 
engagements of the World War. He joined the Canadian 
Signals at Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, in May, 19 17, and was 



Engineer Corps — Manufacturing Divisions 



9» 



Stationed there until November of the same year. Crossing 
to Seaford, England, he was given additional training until 
May, 1 91 8, when he proceeded to France. Meanwhile he had 
been transferred to the Princess Pat Regiment, serving with 
it four months, and then to the Engineers, with which 
outfit he served in France. Webb took part in the operations 
at Amiens, Arras, "Hindenburg Line," Cambrai and Mons. 
On December 13th, 1918, he crossed the Rhine with the Armies 
of Occupation, remaining in Bonn, Germany, for seven weeks. 
He was discharged May 12th, 1919, and returned to Nela 
Lamp. 

Webb relates the following^ story of a night's activity 
along a British sector. 

"Just before Cambrai was captured in September, 1918, 
the section to which I was attached was detailed one night 
to erect a barbed-wire entanglement in front of the support 
lines. 

"We were 'at home' in some captured German trenches 
in a village called Raillencourt, which lies on the outskirts 
of Cambrai on the Arras-Cambrai Road. The first day of 
our stay here my chum and I, with the aid of some timber, 
corrugated iron and waterproof sheets, had built ourselves 
a comfortable ^bivvy,' or sleeping place, in an open field. 
Prior to going on duty we had made our bed with issue blankets 
and greatcoats, knowing that upon our return in the early 
hours of the morning, we would be so tired that the spread-out 
blankets would give us a welcome for a few hours' repose. 
"After we had been out several hours under heavy shell 
fire we accomplished our work, and were wending our way 
out of the area when a Heinie overhead, to use trench slang, 

'let the tail-board of his 
plane down' and de- 
posited his load of bombs 
in close proximity to our 
party. Luckily, no one 
was hit in our section, 
although the portion of 
our company to the right 
suffered rather heavily. 
It was with relief that 
we arrived back at the 
billet, but when my chum 




92 



The National in the World War 



and I approached our bivvy we were filled with consternation 
to find the iron roof twisted in pieces, the earth works scat- 
tered and our blankets and coats in ribbons. 

"While away, the billet had received a direct hit with a 
shell from a light field gun. Thankful that we had been detailed 
on night duty, we danced about in wild glee, realizing only 
too well that had we been asleep there when the shell exploded 
we would have been twisted even more fantastically than the 
iron. Thanks to the spirit of comradeship which always 
prevailed at the Front, other boys loaned us some of their 
blankets and we were soon asleep, happy in the thought that 
our day had not yet come. 

"I have in my possession a bent coat-button and a small 
piece of shrapnel, two small reminders of an exciting evening." 

Sherman was right! That was the only comment James 
H. Wilson of the Nela Lamp Division had to make on the 
war. He enlisted April 6th, 191 8, and was attached to the 
headquarters company of an engineers replacement outfit. 
During the period of his enlistment Wilson was located in 
the following camps in the United States: Camp Sherman, 
Columbus Barracks, Fort Meyer, Washington Barracks and 
Camp Merritt, and in England at Camp Knotty Ash No. 5, 
Dideot Camp and Camp Slough. He was discharged July 8th, 

1919- . . ^ ^ 

Another engineer going overseas was George L. Bennett. 

He enlisted May loth, 1917, in Company B, 5th U. S. Engi- 
neers, and trained at Fort Bliss and Camp Scurry, Texas, 
and Camp Humphrey, Virginia. Going overseas, he was active 
in the following sectors: 

Occupation of Puvenelle sector, west of the Moselle, 
October loth to November 9th, 1918. 

Offensive on Puvenelle sector, November 9th to i ith, 1918. 

Upon his discharge from the army, March 29th, 19 19, 
Bennett took a position with the Lamp Equipment Division. 

George H. Lindgren enlisted as a private July 27th, 19 17, 
in the 112th Engineers. He was assigned to Company A and 
ordered to Camp Sheridan. Lindgren was later transferred 
to Camp Jackson. Upon being discharged from the Army, 
he was employed by the Lamp Equipment Division. James 
H. Dunn, a mold shutter with the Rhode Island Glass Divi- 
sion, enlisted May i6th, 1918, and was assigned to Fort 
Benjamin Harrison, Indiana. He was later stationed at Fort 




Lawrence P. Pelton 
H. Leslie Webb 
Carmelo Fotte 
Carroll B. Morrison 



Joseph \'. Humey 
Russell A. Paine 
Harold F. Pierce 
George F. Trisko 



Louis A. Hamel 
William F. Scalley 
Lewis E. Burdick 
James NL Lenney 




Domenico Santangelo 
Antonio Persian! 
Thomas J. Molloy 
James H. Wilson 



i 



{ 



Joseph C. Tragresser 
Earl Howatt 
John Exall 
Albert Smith 



Ernest Voccola 
William C. Boehning 
Albert F.. Bouvier 
Fred B. Owen 



Engineer Corps — Manufacturing Divisions 93 

Douglas, Utah, and Camp Upton, New York. Dunn was 
mustered out of service December 24th, 19 18. 

Oscar M. Bulla of the Youngstown Mazda Lamp Divi- 
sion enlisted May 2nd, 1917, in Pittsburgh, as a private with 
the 15th Engineers, and was encamped at Oakmont, Penn- 
sylvania, June 23rd. He saileci for France, via Liverpool, 
England, on July 9th, 19 17, and was among the contingent 
of LT. S. troops who were the first to arrive in England. His 
stay in England was very short, being located in the British 
Camp Borden for a few days before being sent to Le Havre, 
France. Bulla was in service two years, spending all but about 
a month or so of this time in foreign service. He was in the 
St. Mihiel sector for nearly two months previous to the signing 
of the armistice, and was mustered out of service at Camp 
Sherman May 15th, 1919. 

The ic;t\\ Engineers were engaged principally on the 
construction of narrow-gauge railroads, supply depots, hos- 
pitals, etc. Their time during the latter part of the service, 
however, was devoted entirely to the building and operating of 
narrow-gauge railroads on the front. The company of which 
Bulla was a member claims the championship for narrow-gauge 
railroad building, claiming that they made a record of 3^1^ miles, 
laid and ready to operate, in J}4 hours. 

Fred Colcord of the Oakland Mazda Lamp Division 
enlisted in the 37th Engineers on March 7th, 19 18, and trained 
at Fort Myer, Virginia. On June 30th, 19 18, he left for 
France. He was wounded in the St. Mihiel drive. Colcord 
also saw action in the Argonne drive from September 29th 
to November nth. He was discharged at the Presidio, San 
Francisco, California, on April 8th, 19 19, and returneci to 
work at the Oakland Mazda Lamp Division. 

Others in the Engineer Corps were Albert F. Hoh, who 
was later employed by the St. Louis Mazda Lamp Division, 
and Arthur J. White, a foreman with the Youngstown Divi- 
sion. Hoh was called September 22nd, 19 17, in Ft. Pierce, 
Florida, and ordered to Camp Jackson. He was assigned to 
Company E of the . 306th Engineers, 8ist Division. Later 
Hoh was transferred to Camp Wheeler, Georgia, where he 
was attached to Company D of the io6th Regiment of Engi- 
neers, 31st Division. 

Arthur White was drafted December i8th, 19 17, and 
mustered into the loth Company, Coast Artillery, at Camp 



94 The National IN THE World War 

Nichols. He was transferred to the Enlisted Engineers' Reserve 
Corps and assigned to Nela Park, Cleveland, where he was 
employed in the development of vacuum tubes to be used 
on wireless telephones (see pages 229 to 246). White was re- 
leased from service April 14th, 19 19. 

Tank Corps 

The St. Louis Mazda Lamp Division suffered one loss 
among its eleven service men. This was Edward Franklin 
Hartman, who was in its employ as a machine adjuster. 
Hartman was born in Rolla, Missouri, September 13th, 1888. 
On July 17th, 1918, he enlisted in St. Louis and was ordered 
to Jefferson Barracks. Here he was assigned to the 326th 
Battery of the Tank Corps, and later transferred to the Tank 
Corps Headquarters at Camp Colt, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. 
He remained at Camp Colt for a short time and was then or- 
dered to Camp Summerall at Tobyhanna, Pennsylvania. 
On September 28th, Hartman left New York for overseas, 
arriving at Liverpool October 8th. Four days later he died 
from a severe attack of influenza in Belmont Road Military 
Hospital, and was buried in Everton Cemetery, Liverpool, 
England. This information was given by Edward's mother, 
Mrs. Sarah Hartman. In her bereavement of her son his 
fellow-employees share, proud of the part he played so fear- 
lessly, but grieved for the loss of an amiable comrade and 
splendid soldier. 

The other National manufacturing boy in the Tank 
Corps was Benjamin Jones, who was employed in the shipping 
department of Ohio Division. He enlisted April 4th, 19 18, 
in Nova Scotia, Canada, in the Canadian Artillery, but was 
transferred to the tanks. His training was received at Windsor, 
Canada, and Bovington, Essex, England. 

Cavalry 

Several National men chose the Cavalry, but were not 
fortunate enough to get overseas. Arnold L. Pipper, later of 
the Detroit Miniature Lamp Division, enlisted in Troop G 
of the 14th Cavalry on May nth, 19 17. He spent his service 
in the following places in Texas: Eagle Pass, Fort Sam Houston, 
El Paso and Fort Bliss. Pipper was commissioned a second 
lieutenant after completing a course at the Fourth Officers' 



Signal Corps — Manufacturing Divisions 95 

Training Camp at El Paso, and was assigned to the Cavalry 
as a machine-gun instructor. 

EHsha P. Madison, a gas-producer man with the Rhode 
Island Glass Division, enlisted September 29th, 1917, in the 
22nd Cavalry and served at Camps MacArthur, Devens and 
Fort Oglethorpe, while Joseph C. Tragesser of the Niles Glass 
Division, after serving at Del Rio, Texas, with Troop K of 
the 313th Cavalry, was transferred to Battery E, 70th Field 
Artillery at Camp Knox, Kentucky. He was discharged 
January 29th, 1919. 

Arthur H. Chiconi of the Lamp Equipment Division 
enlisted May 9th, 19 17, in Troop G of the i6th Cavalry. He was 
located in Brownsville, Texas, until released from, service 
April 25th, 1 9 19. Emil Teschke, also of Lamp Equipment, 
was attached to Troop C of the 305th Cavalry. His most 
interesting experiences were those acquired while jumping 
hurdles and making cross-country rides. This was real sport, 
and counteracted some of the more unpleasant moments 
of camp life. 

Others in the Cavalry were Sidney C. Smith of the Niles 
Glass Division and Clifford L. Butler of the Cleveland Wire 
Division. Smith entered service May i8th, 1918, and was 
stationed at Russell, Wyoming, and Camp Jackson, South 
Carolina. Butler enlisted April 5th, 19 17, with Troop A, 2nd 
Ohio Cavalry, and was located for some time at Jefferson 
Barracks, Missouri. He was discharged December 8th, 1918. 

Signal Corps 

This was one of the most important branches of the service, 
especially in the field, where lay the responsibility of keeping 
open all channels of communication between the field and 
headquarters. The work, however, was exceedingly interesting 
and instructive and the National boys who were fortunate 
enough to see service in this branch were lucky indeed. 

Lawrence P. Pel ton of Ohio Division was inducted May 
25th, 191 8, and after being stationed at Fort Leavenworth 
for a short time was sent overseas, where he served with the 
34th Signal Corps supply squadron. 

One other man seeing duty in France was Theodore O. 
Hagensen, property clerk of the Minnesota Mazda Lamp 
Division. He was attached to the nth Depot Battalion at 



9^ The National IN THE World War 



Fort Leavenworth, which organization was disbanded upon 
Its arrival overseas. Hagensen was placed with the 17th 
Service Squadron, at Bordeaux, France. 

Grand and Francis T. Fee of the St. Louis Mazda Lamp 
Glorious Division and Arthur F. Evans were also in the 

Aynerica! Signal Corps. Fee was drafted July 22nd, 1918, 
and assigned to Company C of the '210th 
Field Signal Battalion at Camp Funston. Evans, who was later 
employed by the Illinois Miniature Lamp Division upon his 
return from service, was attached to the 311th Field Signal 
Battalion at Camp Grant. Evans occasionally found camp life 
dull and favorable to homesickness, but when the journey to 
France was under way, things immediately began to liven up 
He was overseas one month before the armistice was signed" 
Evans sized up England and France as being very wonderful 
countries, but "not to be compared with our own land " 
The day that he stepped back on American soil was, as he 
expressed it, a "grand and glorious" one and February 9th 
1 9 19, was even more wonderful because on that day he was 
discharged from the army. 

Orville A. Harmon was with the 320th Field Signal 
Battalion. He did not get to France but had the good fortune 
to see much of this country, being stationed at Camp Lewis, 
Washington; Camp Fremont, California; Camp Mills, New 
York, and Camp Lee, Virginia. He was rated as a private 
hrst class, and upon being discharged December 14th, 1918 
was employed as a foreman by the Oakland Mazda Lamp 
Division. ^ 

Assistant foreman John J. Stock, of the St. Louis Mazda 
Lamp Division, was ordered to Washington University, St 
Louis, where he received a course in radio. He was assigned 
to an officers' training school, but before transportation 
orders arrived the armistice terms had been accepted. 

Motor Transport 

Realizing the importance of the Motor Transport Ser- 
vice, several men from the National who were employed as 
auto mechanics enlisted in this branch. Thomas F. Marren 
entered service April loth, 1918. After being attached to the 
'^oast Artillery for a few months he was sent overseas and 




With the U. S. Army Observers 




Gas Mask Drill 




Cook Squad at a New York Camp 
(Photograph supplied by M. S. E., HoUis Townsend) 




A Captured German Field Stove 



Motor Transport — Manufacturing Divisions 97 

transferred to a motor transport detachment at Mailly, France, 
where he had charge of ninety-three men who were to drive 
trucks up to the different fronts. He was detailed to this work 
until the armistice was signed, and on December 22nd was 
returned to the United States with the rank of sergeant. 
Marren then took a position with the Illinois Miniature 
Lamp Division. 

Two others with overseas records are Glenn E. Norton 
and Charles Foster, both of Ohio Division. Norton enlisted 
December 27th, 1917, and trained at Camps Sherman and 
Mills. For a time he was attached to the office of the Motor 
Transportation Department in Le - Mans, France, ranking 
as a corporal. Foster entered service May 25th, 1918, and was 
sent to Camp Jessup, Georgia; thence overseas, where he 
was attached to the 308th Motor Transport unit. He was 
discharged July 21st, 19 19. 

Henry P. O'Rourke, enlisting July 5th, 1917, in Chicago, 
went across in a convoy of one hundred and two ships and 
arrived at London in time to witness an air raid and the scene 
which always accompanied it, people scurrying for safety 
to the subways, which were bomb-proofed with bags of sand. 
O'Rourke made four trips across the Atlantic in the Army 
Transport Service, was attacked twice by submarines and 
saw three ships sunk. One of these was a Japanese oil tanker 
which went under in thirty-seven minutes, and one was an 
English merchant vessel that sank in seven and one-half 
minutes. Upon returning from France, O'Rourke assumed 
a position with the Illinois Miniature Lamp Division. 

Robert J. J. McDermott of the Providence Base Works 
and Junius Dana of the Cleveland Carbon Filament Division 
were also attached to motor transport units. McDermott 
was stationed at New York University during the two months 
he was in service, while Dana trained at Camp Holabird, 
Maryland. He entered the army July 26th, 191 8, and was 
discharged April 14th, 191 9. Howard Edwards, later employed 
by Lamp Equipment Division, was attached to the motor 
transport unit of the 158th Depot Brigade at Camp Sherman. 
To Edwards the most fascinating part of the life was "to 
hear the bugle boy sound first call at five-thirty in the 
morning." 

Francis J. Murphy of the Euclid Glass Division entered 
service June 15th, 1918, and was assigned to a motor transport 



98 The National in the World War 

unit at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana. His company was 
then transferred to Camp Jackson. Murphy remained there 
but a short time, being sent to Camp Taylor where he was 
assigned to the heavy artillery. 

Arthur L. Kremm was inducted from Cleveland on 
August 15th, 1918. He was assigned to Company 6, unit 306, 
of the Quartermaster Corps at Camp Holabird, Maryland, 
but was transferred to the Motor Transport Corps, where 
he became first sergeant. From Camp Holabird, Kremm was 
sent to Fort McHenry. He was discharged April 23rd, 19 19, 
and was employed by the Pitney Glass Division, having 
been with the Euclid Glass Works before his induction. 

Stanley G. Cameron of Lamp Equipment Division was 
drafted May 28th, 191 8. He was assigned to the 14th Company, 
2nd Replacement Regiment at Camp Gordon, Georgia. 
Overseas he was located at Dijon, France, serving with the 
62nd Transportation Corps as repairman on locomotives 
and freight cars. 

Chemical Warfare Service 

William T. Levitt was both versatile and big — and even he 
had to admit that he was "some skyscraper" with his towering 
six feet three and one-half inches of sinew. Twenty-five years 
old and single, he enlisted December 14th, 1917, in the Chern- 
ical Warfare Service and was attached to the Astoria Can- 
tonment at Long Island. But to show Levitt's versatility: 
after blowing glass in the chemical laboratory for some time, 
he was made drill sergeant and, being master of more than 
one art, was made drum major of the detachment band. 
He was listed for early embarkation when action ceased. 
Upon being discharged he resumed his occupation as glass- 
blower at Ohio Division. 

Edwin J. Hull of the Cleveland Wire Division, who 
entered service September 13th, 19 17, as a first lieutenant 
in the Sanitary Corps, Medical Department, was transferred 
to the Gas Defense Division and attained the rank of captain, 
while Wayne E. Starn, a tube cutter with the Loudon Glass 
Division, was inducted August 26th, 19 18, and assigned to 
the Light Artillery at Camp Taylor. He was transferred to 
the Chemical Warfare Service at Edgewood Arsenal, Edge- 
wood, Maryland,where he was located until December 8th, 19 18. 



Chemical Warfare Service — Manufacturing Divisions 



99 



Captain Leo G. Cover of the Cleveland Wire Division 
was commissioned upon entering the Chemical Warfare 
Service July ist, 1918. He was stationed in the Development 
Division Laboratories at Nela Park during the entire period 
of his enlistment. After the war he became connected with 
the Nela Experimental Engineering Laboratory, of which 
Colonel Dorsey was manager. 

David F. Koons of the Euclid Glass Division entered 
service September 5th, 1918, and was assigned to Company 
K, 4th Battalion, ist Gas Regiment, of the Chemical Warfare 
Service at Camp Sherman. He ranked as corporal and was 
discharged December i6th, 1918. 

Three Youngstown Mazda boys in the Chemical Warfare 
Service were Michael T. Mullarkey, Frank C. Williams, and 
George E. Norris. Mullarkey was posted at the Edgewood 
Arsenal Laboratory, Cleveland, then at Edgewood Arsenal, 
Baltimore, and later at the Development Laboratory, Wil- 
loughby, Ohio. He was discharged December 19th, 1918. 
Williams was employed as shipping clerk until inducted, 
March 17th, 191 8. He was located in the Chemical Warfare 
Laboratories in Cleveland, working on various experiments 
connected with the use of poison gas in warfare, until taken 
ill September 13th, 1918. His case was diagnosed as pul- 
monary tuberculosis and he was transferred to the United 
States General Hospital at Fort Bayard, New Mexico, later 
returning to his home in Niles, Ohio, where he was under the 
care of government physicians. George Norris enlisted April 
24th, 1 918, in the Sanitary Corps of the Medical Department 
and was put on detached service with the Hero Detachment 
of the Gas Defense Division, Chemical Warfare Service, 
Long Island City. His duty was connected with the manu- 
facture and testing of gas masks used overseas. 

Private Robert H. Smith of the Minnesota Mazda Lamp 
Division was drafted July 28th, 1918. After serving in the 
Artillery at Camp Jackson for a short time, he was trans- 
ferred to the Chemical Warfare Service and stationed at 
Edgewood Arsenal, Edgewood, Maryland. Lieutenant Edgar 
C. Bain was commissioned October 8th, 1918, and assigned 
to the Development Division Laboratories at Nela Park. 
Upon being discharged February 6th, 19 19, he was employed 
as a chemical engineer by the Cleveland Wire Division. 



The National in the World War 



The Ordnance Department 

James C. Lindsay, employment superintendent of the 
Cleveland Wire Division, chose the Ordnance Department 
and enlisted August i6th, 19 17. He was called to Washmgton, 
D C and assigned to the Accounting Section. After some time 
in Washington, Lindsay was detailed at the Remington 
Arms Company, where he remained until released from service 
June 15th, 1919. 

Quartermaster Corps 

There were four in this service, one of whom went to 
France. He was Charles F. O'Grady, a foreman at Central 
Falls Enlisting December 15th, 1917, he was sent to Fort 
Slocum and then overseas to Camp Meigs, France. He was 
discharged June 25th, 1919. xt • 1 

Joseph Raymond Ingram, one of the twenty National 
men to die while in the service, was born April 14th, 1897, in 
Dunkirk, Indiana. At the time of his induction, September 6th, 
IQ18 he was employed by the Loudon Glass Division as a 
drawing-out operator in the tube department. Upon reaching 
Camp Sherman he was placed in the Quartermaster Corps, and 
passed examination as a musician with the 28th Company, 
7th Training Battalion of the 158th Depot Brigade. He was 
taken ill soon afterwards and died October 2nd, 19 18, of 

pneumonia. xtt 1 

Domenico Santangelo of the Providence Base Works 
entered service July 23rd, 1918, and was on duty during his 
army career at Camps Upton and Meigs and at the Edgewood 
Arsenal, while Albert Smith, shipping clerk with the Rhode 
Island Glass Division, was at Camp Upton and later at 
Locust Point, Baltimore, Maryland. He was in uniform 
from August 29th, 19 18 to January 3rd, 1919. 

Medical Corps 

Although the cabinets of an army hospital supply room 
contain practically every medicine listed in the pharmaco- 
poeia, there are about two remedies which are used freely, 
and these are usually prescribed regardless of the nature 
of a man's ailment, be it broken bones or sickness. A few 
men from the National Manufacturing Divisions entered 
the Medical service and today are probably very efficient 




Maurice H. Grossberg Donald B. Wright 

Wallace W. Woods Floyd N. Larremore 

William Dearborn Raymond Quinn 

Emil Michelson Robert Derosco 



Michael T. Mullarky 
Otto P. Smith 
Harry E. Baldauf 
Walter W. Dieckow 




William P. Titus 


Harry A. Thurher 


Lawrence W. Stark 


Ernest J. Griffiths 


Benjamin Jones 


Walter C. Meyers 


Holgard V. Jensen 


William T. Levitt 


Paul A. Holt 


William G. Hilling 


Arthur A. Cousineau 


William D. Jones 



Medical Corps — Manufacturing Divisions ioi 

in preparing and "dishing out" these "cure-alls." They are 
probably adepts, too, in the art of inoculation and vaccin- 
ation and know just how much iodine to spill on a man's 
arm before "puncturing." 

Lieutenant Paul C. Gauchat, who attended a medical 
officers' training camp, served in Replacement and Field 
Hospital Battalions of a Medical Replacement Group and 
became, to use his expression, a "first-class mule skinner." 
Upon being discharged from the army he was appointed 
physician for the Niles Glass Division. 

From flash-aging at the Central Falls Mazda Lamp 
Division to hospital work, was the step taken by Louis A. 
Hamel. Inducted August 27th, 1918, he was sent to Camp 
Devens and assigned to the 3rd Company, ist Battalion, 
151st Depot Brigade. He was then transferred to Camp 
Merritt and finally to a medical detachment at Hospital 
No. 3 in New York City, where he remained until mustered 
out of service July 14th, 1919. 

Edward L. Doran of the Niles Division was assigned 
to the Base Hospital at Camp Wheeler, Georgia, March 6th, 
1918. He was later on duty at Camp Greenleaf. Forest L. 
Ritter, a lamp packer with Ohio Division, enlisted December 
1 2th, 19 17, in Youngstown, Ohio, and was placed with a 
medical unit of the Aviation Section. He was first stationed 
at Fort Oglethorpe and later at Kelly Field, Texas. 

John J. Lyons of the Euclid Glass Division was drafted 
May 28th, 19 18, and upon his arrival at Camp Taylor was 
assigned to the 21st Company, 159th Depot Brigade. He was 
soon transferred to the Medical Corps at Camp Greenleaf, 
Georgia, where he was on duty at General Hospital No. 14. 
Other places at which John was stationed were General Hos- 
pital No. 31 at Fort Oglethorpe and at Carlisle, Pennsylvania. 
He was rated as a private, first class, and was discharged 
March 17th, 1919. 

Earl L. Howatt of the Oakland Mazda Lamp Division 
was inducted into the service November 15th, 19 17, and 
trained at Camp Lewis, Washington, and Camp Kearny, 
California. Howatt was a dental assistant in the Medical 
Corps. He sailed for France July 26th, 1918 and returned to 
the United States on July 27th, 1919. Receiving his discharge 
on August 1st, 19 19, he returned to the Oakland Mazda 



I02 



The National in the World War 



Lamp Division where he resumed his former duties as foreman 
of the Spider Department. . 

Bulb blower John M. Walsh of the Niles Glass Division 
was inducted October 3rd, 1918. He was attached to the 
Medical Corps and placed on duty at Base Hospital No. 128 
at Camp Sevier, Greenville, South Carolina, where he re- 
mained until January ist, 1919. 

Charles T. Tenney enlisted April 24th, 191?, and was 
sent as a member of Ambulance Company No 9 to the Post 
Hospital, Schofield Barracks, in the Territory of Hawaii. Upon 
being discharged December 12th, 1918, he assumed a position 
with the Oakland Mazda Lamp Division. Theodore G. Chad- 
wick of Ohio Division enhsted June 20th, 19 18, and was 
sent to France as a casual. Part of his time overseas was 
spent on duty at Evacuation Hospital No. 13 in Luxemburg. 
He was discharged July i8th, 19 19. 

Ambulance Units 

Joseph Potter of the Lamp Equipment Division was 
inducted into service March 6th, 1918, with the 140th Am- 
bulance Company of the 35th Division. He trained at Camp 
Greenleaf, Georgia, and was overseas from June 8th, I9i» 
to April 27th, 1919. The work of an ambulance unit in action 
was anything but pleasant, and the reader can to some 
extent imagine the experiences which Potter must have had, 
for he served in the engagements at Wesserhng, Gerardmer, 
St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne and Verdun. He returned to the 
United States early in May and was discharged May 8th, 1919. 

S. A. T. C. 

The following National men were connected with the 
Army through the Student Army Training Corps, which was 
distributed over some five hundred different colleges and uni- 
versities throughout the country: 

1 Arthur A. Cousineau, Central Falls Mazda Division; 
Rhode Island State College, Kingston, Rhode Island. 

2 Arthur C. Gohlke, later with Cleveland Wire Divi- 
sion; Baldwin-Wallace College, Berea, Ohio. 

3. Charles Lemr, Nela Lamp Division; Ohio State 
University, Columbus, Ohio. 



Miscellaneous Service — Manufacturing Divisions 103 

4. Grover H. Norman, later with St. Louis Mazda 
Division; Mississippi A. & M. College. 

5. Charles J. Ocasek, later with Illinois Miniature 
Lamp Division; Chicago University, Chicago, 111. 

6. Harold E. Pierce, Minnesota Mazda Lamp Divi- 
sion; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. 

7. John V. Rensel, Nela Lamp Division; Ohio State 
University, Columbus, Ohio. 

8. Beryl S. Smith, Lamp Equipment Division; Case 
School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio. 

9. William L. Trimble, Ohio Division; Mount Union 
College, Alliance, Ohio. 

Miscellaneous Service 

The following factory men were in the army doing general 
or limited service, or were detailed to special duty so that 
it is found convenient to place them in this general classifi- 
cation: 

Selden G. Hill of the Puritan Refilled Lamp Division 
was at Wentworth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, doing 
signal work. He enlisted August 31st, 19 18, and was dis- 
charged December 5th, 1918. 

D. G. Campbell, later of the Oakland Mazda Lamp 
Division, was a second lieutenant of Infantry at Camp 
Pike. His duty consisted of instructing recruits in bayonet 
drill. 

Michael Nigre, later of the Illinois Miniature Lamp 
Division, was doing special limited service at Jefferson Bar- 
racks, St. Louis, Missouri, being in the service from October 
1st, 1918 to December 13th, 1918. 

Frank J. Zima, later of Illinois Miniature, was at Camp 
Wadsworth, South Carolina, but unassigned. He left Chicago 
for Camp Wadsworth on Armistice Day, November 11, 1918, 
so that his time in the service was merely a "pleasure jaunt." 
Zima was discharged nine days later. 

Ray J. Von Bank of the Minnesota Mazda Lamp Divi- 
sion was employed as an electrician at the Dunwoody Train- 
ing Detachment, Minneapolis, Minnesota. 

George F. Trisko, also of Minnesota Mazda Division, 
was with a casual squadron located at Camp Cody, Deming, 
New Mexico, and later at Camp Dodge, Iowa. 



I04 The National IN THE World War 

Harry J. Wolfe of the Cleveland Wire Division was 
with the 14th Company, 4th Training Battalion, at Camp 
Sherman, but was later transferred to the ist Gas Regiment 
at that camp. He was in the service from September 5th, 1918, 
to December 17th, 1918. 

Michael M. Mears, later of the Niles Glass Division, 
was stationed at Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis, Missouri. 
He was unassigned. 

Raymond Leonard entered the employ of the Rhode 
Island Glass Division upon returning from service. 

The following records were received too late to be in- 
serted under the proper headings: 

Carroll Morrison of the Oakland Lamp Division joined 
the colors on September 7th, 19 17, and was assigned to the 
363rd Regiment Band. He remained in this position during 
the entire period of the war, taking part in the St. Mihiel 
and Argonne drives. He was re-employed by the Oakland 
Mazda Lamp Division upon being discharged April 26th, 19 19. 

Fritz Schuler of the Oakland Mazda Lamp Division 
reported at Camp Fremont on August 5th, 1918, and was 
assigned to Company B of the 8th Infantry. Schuler left for 
France on October i8th, and was promoted to the rank of 
corporal while enroute. He remained at Brest for nine months, 
listing troops for return and was then transferred to Germany, 
to Company A of the 28th Infantry. On September 29th, 
1919, he was discharged from duty at the Presidio, San Fran- 
cisco, California. He returned to the Oakland Mazda Lamp 
Division. 




Harold A. Olson Herman A. Roth Wilbur Porter Howard W. Vanderwerf 

Earl A. Anderson Datzel F. Hitchcock Robert W. Davis 

James L. Davies Norman P. Sanborn Carl E. Egeler 

Ralph A. Nungesser Howard M. Cook Louis J. Rust 




A Paravane or Mine Sweeper 
(Photograph furnished by Lieut. C. E. Egeler) 




A Mine Layer 



THE NAVAL FORCES 

In order that we may thoroughly appreciate the impor- 
tance of the big job in which the National's Navy men took 
part, the following noteworthy facts may be recalled. First, 
that in a period of nineteen months, 2,079,880 soldiers were 
transported across the submarine-infested Atlantic, with the 
loss of but 99 lives, from all causes en route. Second, that at 
the close of the war 5,364,880 gross tons of merchant shipping 
were in service on the high seas, while during the whole period 
of the war only 385,967 gross tons were lost. Third, 
that through the vigilance of the Navy's Coast Patrol 
our shores and harbors were constantly defended from enemy 
submarines and aircraft, and lastly, that to the allied navies, 
our own included, goes the credit for making the German 
submarine warfare a decisive failure. 

No less than eighty-three National Lamp Works men en- 
rolled in the naval service. Of this number, forty-eight fur- 
nished us with personal reports of their activities. Forty were 
in the Naval Reserves and eight were enrolled in the Naval 
Auxiliary Reserves. When it is remembered that every one 
of these men volunteered his service, the percentage is pleas- 
ingly large and is a distinct indication of the "up-and-doing" 
type of men who have brought the National Lamp Works 
its reputation as a progressive organization in the business 
world. 

GENERAL OFFICES AND LABORATORIES 

The lure of the waves attracted many men from the 
General Offices and Laboratories, and judging from the 
experiences which they encountered and survived, they 
must have been exceptionally good seamen. Of eighteen re- 
porting, ten went from the Engineering Department. A con- 
siderable number of our sailors saw service in European waters. 

Naval Reserves 

Bruce N. Richardson enrolled March 25th, 1918, as a 
machinist's mate, second class, and was at Stevens Institute, 
Hoboken, New Jersey, for some time. In July, he was detailed 
as an engineering officer aboard the oil tanker U. S. S. "Broad 



io6 The National IN THE World War 

Arrow," bound for Scotland. Bruce tells the following story 
of his voyage: 

"This was my first experience aboard ship in charge of 
a regular steaming watch, and naturally I felt rather im- 
portant and responsible for what was going on in the engine- 
room. 

"We were several days out from New York when some- 
thing happened which I will never forget. I was on the four 
to eight watch and had just relieved my man at daybreak. 
Things were progressing nicely, but there was a heavy fog 
and we could not see any of the other ships in the convoy. 
We were going full speed ahead at about nine knots an hour, 
when suddenly three bells rang out in the engine-room and the 
indicator moved to full astern. Every one was on his toes 
in a minute. I closed the throttle, threw over the links and 
gave her full astern. The machinist's mate ran to the fire room 
and called for more steam and the oiler was busy keeping 
the engine cool. It all happened so quickly that no one had 
time to think of anything else but his assigned work. 

"Suddenly the ship gave a jolt and I knew we had either 
been torpedoed or had struck something. There was nothing 
tor us to do but to stay below and wait for signals. Soon 
afterwards the bridge telephoned to us that we had rammed 
an oil tanker. I went up on deck and could see nothing of 
the other ship because of the dense fog. The water was covered 
with oil and I knew we had either sunk one of our ships in 
convoy or damaged her badly. Distress signals blew for 
hours, but no help came. Our ship was so badly damaged, too, 
that it had to be taken back to New York, where it was in 
dry dock for several days." 

Richardson was commissioned an ensign. Upon being 
released from naval duty, February 28th, 1919, he was em- 
ployed by the Lamp Development Laboratory, Nela Park. 

All Hands Odd as it may seem, our seamen never confessed 
on Deck! to seasickness. Some encountered the heaviest 

storms imaginable, when the boat was at the 
mercy of the waves for hours at a time and whales came 
alongside the boat and were mistaken for submarines. Not 
that our readers are especially anxious to hear of the mis- 
fortunes of others, but because this volume is of an historical 
nature, we are desirous of recording all the facts; and we fear 



Naval Reserves — General Offices and Laboratories 107 

our friends have at times withheld some from us. Imagine 
yourself passing through the following experience, as narrated 
by Ensign Harold A. Olson of the Engineering Department, — 
yet keeping your digestive processes intact: 

"I was in a severe storm which we encountered while 
cruising off Cape Hatteras. About six o'clock one evening 
a heavy sea came up, and two hours later the wind was a 
heavy gale. The seas were so violent that oil was used to 
abate them, but to no avail. The waves washed over the 
bridge, and tore several life-boats from the davits. The crew 
was called out to lash them down, and each man had to have 
a life-line around him in order to keep from going overboard. 
The storm lasted several hours, and all this time we were 
continuously battling the elements. When calm finally ensued, 
we had several lifeboats to repair." 

Olson enlisted as a seaman, second class, and was sta- 
tioned at the Great Lakes Training Station, on the U. S. S. 
Columbus, and at the Pelham Bay Training Station. When 
released, June 13th, 1919, he ranked as an ensign. 

Afloat on a To Carl E. Egeler of the Engineering Depart- 
Plank in the ment goes the distinction of being on the 
Atlantic ill-fated U. S. armored cruiser San Diego when 

that ship was sunk off Fire Island. The circum- 
stances of the sinking are familiar history. Bound for New 
York, out of which port it ran in the convoy escort service, 
the ship was some fifty miles out of New York City when it 
either struck a mine or was torpedoed. This occurred about 
eleven o'clock on the morning of July 19th, 1918, and within 
thirty minutes the San Diego had listed and turned completely 
over. Although a crew of approximately twelve hundred 
was carried, only six lives were lost, three being killed by the 
force of the explosion. Egeler entered service December 
nth, 1917, as a lieutenant, junior grade, and was ordered 
to the Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C, subsequently 
serving at the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, 
Maryland; on the U. S. S. San Diego; at the Naval Training 
Camp, Pelham Bay Park, N. Y., and on the U. S. S. Huron. 
On June 8th, 19 18, Egeler qualified for sea duty on combatant 
ships and on September 21st, 1918 was promoted to lieu- 



The National in the World War 



tenant, senior grade. He was released from service April 17th, 
1919. 

Norman P. Sanborn of the Engineering Department had 
at least one decidedly unpleasant experience. Enlisting as a 
seaman, second class, he was for a time aboard the U, S. S. 
Dorothea, going from this ship to the Municipal Pier, Chicago, 
and later to the Pelham Bay Training Station. While on a 
trip to Glasgow, Scotland, and Queenstown, Ireland, the 
ship on which Sanborn was assigned lay in a trough of the 
sea for six hours, unable to go ahead because of a heavy 
hurricane which made the sea unusually rough. Sanborn 
stood on the bridge for fourteen hours, with the waves 
coming over the pilot house. 

Sanborn was placed on inactive duty April 22nd, 1919. 

Lieutenant Earl A. Anderson also went into service 
from the Engineering Department. He was first assigned 
to the Bureau of Operations at Washington, D. C, then 
transferred to the Naval Academy at Annapolis and still 
later detailed aboard the U. S. S. Oklahoma. He served as 
senior assistant engineer officer on board the Oklahoma 
for eleven months, five of which were spent with the naval 
forces operating in European waters. On June ist, 1918, 
Anderson qualified for sea duty on combatant ships and 
September 21st, 19 18, was promoted to lieutenant, senior 
grade. 

Robert W. Davis of the Large Lamp Sales Department 
enrolled September 7th, 1917, being ranked as chief petty 
officer. Besides sea duty he was detailed to the following 
posts: Naval Academy, Annapolis; Boston Navy Yard and 
Key West, Florida. Davis found his duty aboard the scout 
cruiser U. S. S. Salem to be the most interesting of his service. 
This cruiser was assigned to convoy and submarine hunting 
duty. "Bob" was released May 9th, 1919. 

What an Easy Most of Vinton B. Vernon's time in the Navy 
Life a Sailor was spent aboard submarine chasers. On 
Leads! August 26th, 19 18,. he volunteered as an 

apprentice seaman and was sent to the 
Great Lakes Naval Training Station. Later he was detailed at 
State Pier, New London, Connecticut. One fine day a fire 
started on Submarine Chaser 125, down in the powder maga- 
zine, with Vernon and seven of his buddies in it. Fortunately, 




The Propeller or the 
U, S. S. Oklahoma 




Scrubbing Hammocks on a U. S. Battleship 

(The above photographs were furnished by Lieut. E. A. Anderson.) 




Upper Photo — The San Diego. (Photo furnished by Lieut. Egeler, 
who had a narrow escape when the ship went down.) 

Lower Photos — Scenes aboard the U. S. S. Oklahoma. (Middle and 
lower photographs furnished by Lieut. E. A. Anderson.) 



Naval Reserves — General Offices and Laboratories 109 

the fire was extinguished, thus giving Vernon the chance to tell 
about it. He was also on board Submarine Chaser 258 when 
that boat sprung a leak and the pumps refused to work. The 
sea was very rough and the 258 barely made port. Upon his 
release from service Vernon returned to the Engineering 
Department. 

Another Engineering Department naval recruit was 
DeWitt C. Herrick. Enrolling December 8th, 19 17, he was 
appointed a lieutenant, junior grade, and ordered to the Marine 
Barracks at Washington, D. C. He was soon transferred to 
the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, later serving 
on board the U. S. S. Louisiana, on board a receiving ship at 
Philadelphia and in the office of the General Inspector of 
the Naval Overseas Transportation Service at Baltimore, 
Maryland. Upon returning to Nela he was employed by the 
Plant Engineering Department. 

James L. Davies of Equipment Development Department 
was also in the naval forces. He enrolled June 4th, 19 17, as 
a fireman, third class, and served for a time aboard the U. S. S. 
Iowa and the U. S. transport Montpelier. Davies was released 
September 26th, 19 19, with the rank of chief machinist's 
mate. 

George Savo, who was employed in the New York City 
office of the Law Department, replied as follows to our re- 
quest for information: 

"On June 4th, 1917, 1 enlisted in the navy. After a short 
period of training, I requested foreign service and was placed 
aboard the U. S. S. Manning, a gunboat, as ordinary seaman. 
We left Charleston, South Carolina, on August 28th, 19 17, 
for Gibraltar, where an American base had been established 
and to which base we were subsequently attached. Upon 
arrival on the other side, I was detailed as signalman and 
quartermaster. 

"For the first few months we acted as danger-zone escort 
to convoys leaving and arriving at Gibraltar. During this 
time we encountered two enemy submarines but could get 
no proof that we had sunk them. 

"Beginning with a trip to Plymouth, England, we were 
detailed as ocean escort to convoys. The ocean escort was 
the only man-of-war present to protect the convoy during 
its journey from one danger-zone to the next. Our regular 
run was from Gibraltar to England, with an occasional trip 



no 



The National in the World War 



down the Mediterranean to Oran, Algeria. During one of 
our trips through the Bay of Biscay we met a German sub- 
marine in a fog. It was about looo yards ahead. The connmg 
tower was all above water and our gunners managed to get 
in one hit before the sub submerged. We dropped several 
depth charges, but the safety of the convoy was at stake, 
making it necessary to alter our course. It might have been 
fatal to wait for results. We received word m a sort of semi- 
official manner that our action in this case had proven suc- 
cessful. 

"During the last six months of service I was chief yeoman. 
I received my honorable discharge on January 26th, 1919, 
having travelled 60,000 miles at sea, and having been in 
foreign waters fifteen months." 

Fred W. Du Gar of the Engineering Department, who 
upon being released from the navy was employed by the 
Pitney Glass Division as an efficiency man, had fourteen 
months' service in the Naval Reserve. He enrolled March 30, 
IQ18, as a seaman, second class, and was ordered for duty 
with the Naval Port Guards at Charieston, South Carolina. 
He was then transferred to the U. S. S. Cypress in the 
Charleston Navy Yards, subsequently attending the Officers 
Training School in Charieston and serving on board the 
U S ST Manito, the U. S. S. Kearsarge and the Submarine 
Chaser 108. Du Gar tells the following story of one of his 
experiences aboard the 108: 

"On a trip from Sanriago to Guantaninco Bay, Cuba, 
we encountered a heavy wind storm known as an 'intensified 
trade,' which are quite common in that section ot the Car- 
ibbean Sea. Our frail craft was submerged during the greater 
part of the day and we made very little headway. As evening 
came on, most of us felt as if we were aboard a sub, instead 
of a sub chaser. 

"While plunging through this heavy sea, wondering 
if ours was to be the fate of a watery grave, a small sail-boat 
was sighted, the crew of the boat giving every known distress 
signal. We immediately changed our course and went to 
their rescue. On arriving at the boat we found it to be a 
whaleboat from the Hospital Ship U. S. S. Solace. The sailors 
had started out eariy that morning on a fishing trip and had 
been driven out to sea in the heavy gale. We took them in 



Naval Reserves — General Offices and Laboratories 



tow and, much to the surprise of e\^eryone, reached Guan- 
taninco Bay safely some hours later, none the worse for our 
experience." 

Walter C. Ibele of the Lamp Development Laboratory en- 
listed in the Naval Reserves in June, 19 18, after having served 
fourteen months as a civilian employee in the Gas Defense 
Laboratory at Nela Park on the development of material 
for gas masks. Upon entering the Navy he went to Minne- 
apolis where he was stationed at the Naval Radio School 
until the signing of the armistice. Upon his release from ser- 
vice, Ibele again took employment with the Lamp Devel- 
opment Laboratory. 

Wilbur N. Porter of the Nela Operating Department 
enrolled in the Naval Reserve Force, June i8th, 1918, as an 
apprentice seaman. Before going to sea Porter was stationed 
at Great Lakes, Illinois, and at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. 
He made five complete trips across the Atlantic in the convoy 
service, detailed aboard the U. S. steamships Carola, Wan- 
derer, Auburn and Virginian. Porter was released from the 
Navy August 21st, 19 19. 

Others in the Naval Reserve Forces were Ralph Nun- 
gesser of Commercial Development; Roy T. Wirth of the 
Filament Laboratory; George C. Gormly of the Engineering 
Department and George L. Starkey, later of Equipment 
Development Department. Nungesser enrolled December 15th, 

1917, as quartermaster, third class, and was stationed at 
the Pelham Bay Naval Training Station and aboard the 
U. S. S. Mohawk. He was released from active duty February 
25th, 1919, with the rank of lieutenant, junior grade. Wirth 
entered the Navy June 18th, 1918, and was posted at Minne- 
apolis, Minnesota. He was released January 8th, 19 19, rank- 
ing as a radio operator, second class. 

Gormly went into the Naval Reserves October ist, 

1918, and was located with the naval unit at Colgate Uni- 
versity, Hamilton, N. Y. He ranked as an apprentice seaman, 
being released December i8th, 1918. Starkey entered as a 
seaman, second class, and when released April 23rd, 19 19, 
was an ensign. He was stationed at Municipal Pier, Chicago- 
Cleveland Training Station; Pelham Bay Park, New York; 
and at the South Ferry Terminal in New York City. 



112 



The National in the World War 



Naval Auxiliary Reserves 



Howard W. Vanderwerf of the Engineering Department 
entered service June 25th, 1918, as a machinist's mate second 
ckss. He was first attached to the Pelham Bay Naval Trainmg 
Station and later to the Naval Steam Engmeermg School 
arStevens Institute, Hoboken, New Jersey^ On October .6th 
ini8, Vanderwerf was assigned to the U. S. S. Wmdmg Gulf 
and subsequently had five months' sea duty as a warrant 
machinist His ship had several thrillmg experiences a sea, 
Teh as ramming the U. S. S. Edward Luckenbach and losing 
wo of the crew who were in a lifeboat whu:h had drifted 
away. When released May ist, 1919. Van was rated as 
an ensign. . 

Yeoman Frederick Beutel, of the Transportation De- 
partment, enrolled July ist, 1918, and was f ^^^^^^^ ^\^^^ 
Cleveland Naval Training School. He was released February 

26th, 1919- . - r T^ 1 

Giving his life for his country was the sacrifice of Datzel 
Frederick Hitchcock. He was born in Warren, Ohio, June 
Uth, 1894, and at the time he was inducted was employed 
by the Engineering Department as a machinist. Hitchcock 
was assigned to the Merchant Marine and was rated as a 
marin rgbeer, third class, on board the U. SS Wyandotte. 
Sn the fourth day of November, 1918, he sailed for France, 
arriving there November i8th. The Wyandotte was soon 
headed^est again, and it was on this voyage that Hitchcock 
met with a fatal accident. It is reported that he was detailed 
one evening on watch and while making his rounds fell into 
an open hatchway. He was dead when found, having suffered 
a broken neck. This lamentable occurrence took place off 
the Bermuda Islands on the night of December 7th, 1918. 
His body was brought ashore, and appropriate services were 
held in the town of his birth. 



Naval Reserves — Sales Divisions 113 

SALES DIVISIONS 

A salesman is popularly thought of as a more or less 
talkative individual — many of them, in fact, are blessed 
with the "gift of gab." When discussing our own salesmen, 
however, this statement must be modified by saying that, 
when discussing their own achievements, they are extremely 
modest. Here it was to the writer's sorrow, for these salesmen 
mariners gave him nary a tale, not even an exaggerated fish 
story which he might spring upon his unsuspecting readers. 

Naval Reserves 

Albert R. Moredock of the Columbia Lamp Division, 
entering service April 5th, 1917, as an apprentice seaman, 
was sent to the Great Lakes Naval Training Station, from 
there to the Philadelphia Navy Yard and then on board the 
U. S. S. Michigan. Moredock took great delight in sending 
a recruit gob to some old service man for a hammock ladder, 
or if aboard ship would send him around the decks calling 
and looking for "Charlie Noble," which in reality is the out- 
side compartment of the smoke stacks. Albert was put on 
inactive duty January 22nd, 1919, ranking at that time as 
chief storekeeper. 

Walter C. Fricke, also of the Columbia Lamp Division, 
entered the Navy as a seaman, second class, and was located 
at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station for three months. 
The rest of his time was served at the Naval Base, Hampton 
Roads, Virginia. In September, 19 18, while at Great Lakes, 
he was assigned to duty at the Chicago War Exposition doing 
drill and exhibition work, and during the influenza epidemic 
was in the camp hospital giving aid to his buddies. He was 
released February nth, 1919, ranking as a yeoman. 

The Duplex Lighting Works was represented by Fred- 
erick Smyth, who enrolled in August, 19 17. He was rated 
as chief storekeeper, but his duties consisted of supervising 
the loading of supply ships at the Thirty-Fifth Street Pier, 
Brooklyn; photographing men in connection with the iden- 
tification system at the headquarters of the Provision and 
Clothing Depot, Brooklyn, and accounting for the Fleet 
Supply Base at South Brooklyn. 

Walter D. Hunsicker of the Colonial Electric Division 
enrolled May 24th, 19 18, being classified as a seaman, second 



J The N ational tn the World War 

class. He saw duty at Municipal Pier, Chicago; Great Lakes 
Training Station and on board the training ship Dorothea 
at Cleveland. Walter had enlisted in the Army Balloon Corps 
on December 13th, I9i7> but as more men were enhsted in 
this service than were needed he was given his^ discharge^ 
Bdieving the Navy to be the "next best thing, he joined 
that branch. Hunsicker was relieved from duty December 

^°^ Two other seamen, second class, were William Schmidt 
later of the Peerless-Brilliant Lamp Division and Raymond 
H Zeller of the Ivanhoe-Regent Works. Schmidt was enrolled 
May 14th, 1918, and spent all his time at the Great Lakes 
Naval Training Station doing guard detail and (later) elec- 
trical work. Zeller likewise spent his time at Great Lakes; ne 
was released from service January 28th, 1919- 

Another in the Naval Reserves was Howard M. Cook, 
cashier of Nela Specialties Division. He entered service 
-Friday, the thirteenth" of July, 1917, and reported for duty 
at the Reserve Training Camp, Newport, Rhode Island 
He attained the rank of ensign and was stationed on board 
the U. S. S. Kerlew, where he was rated as supply otticer. 




Joseph La Rue 


Steve Stephan 


Arthur Maganini 


Ormsby D. Miller 


Edward S. Edwards 


Ernest L. Callahan 


Robert J. Fournier 


Louis Beauregarde 


William J. Kirwin 


Eugene Wanamaker 


John WiUiams 


Arthur P. Roffee 




Walter F. Herkner 


Leslie W. Parker 


Salvatori Mondi 


Lloyd M. Thornton 


William E. Morrison 


Frederick W. Hild 


John Delmonico 


Harold E. Prince 


Harry Firman 


John Carter 


Lorenzo W. Patterson 


George H. Lynch 



Naval Reserves — Manufacturing Divisions 115 

MANUFACTURING DIVISIONS 

Naval Reserves 

Walter F. Herkner of the Cleveland Carbon Lamp Division 
enrolled April 26th, 19 18, and was sent to the Great Lakes 
Naval Training Station as a seaman, second class. He was 
later transferred to transport duty, and made three trips to 
Europe on board the United States Transport Harrisburg. 
This ship had many submarine scares in the Irish Sea and in 
the Bay of Biscay, but was never torpedoed. Herkner was 
released January loth, 1919. 

Being commissioned a second lieutenant in the army 
and then resigning said commission to become a junior lieu- 
tenant in the navy, was the unique experience of William E. 
Morrison of the Cleveland Miniature Lamp Division. He 
enlisted August 27th, 19 17, and was commissioned November 
29th, at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana. On December 8th, 
19 17, he resigned from the army to accept a commission as 
lieutenant, junior grade, in the Naval Reserves. He was 
assigned to duty under instruction at Marine Barracks, Wash- 
ington, D. C, where he remained four weeks. Another 
month at the Naval Academy and seventeen months aboard 
the U. S. S. Pocahontas comprised Morrison's naval career. 
The seventeen months aboard ship were filled with many 
exciting and anxious moments, for Joe (such is the nickname 
of our hero), made thirty trips to France in the convoy service. 

The Story The history of the U. S. S. Pocahontas is typical 
of the of German ships interned in U. S. harbors at 

Pocahontas the beginning of the war. The Pocahontas was 
originally the Norddeutcher Lloyd liner "Print- 
zess Irene," and operated between Bremen, New York and 
the Mediterranean ports. For some time after being interned 
in New York Harbor she was used as a receiving ship for 
German officers and men ol other interned German vessels. 
When the United States entered the war the Printzess Irene 
was taken over for government service. Men who were set 
to work fitting the ship for convoy duty, found that the 
German sailors had done all in their power to make the boat 
unfit for navigation. The walls of both high-pressure cylinders 
were broken out, both high-pressure valves were destroyed, 
the main throttle and valves were broken and made way 



ii6 



The National in the World War 



with, the two centrifugal pumps and impellers were put 
out of commission and the steam cylinders of the main and 
auxiliary steering engines were broken and the inlet valves 
thrown overboard. A truly record-breaking job of repair 
work was performed by Yank engineers and mechanics in 
redesigning and replacing the broken parts. 

On July 25th, 1917, the Printzess Irene was officially 
accepted by the United States Government and on September 
1st, 19 17, the name was changed to U. S. S. Pocahontas. 
The first human cargo carried by this ship arrived in France 
September 21st, 1917. The name Printzess Irene still decorated 
the bow of the ship and when it docked at St. Nazaire, loaded 
to capacity with happy-go-lucky Yanks, the German pris- 
oners at work on the docks were overcome with dumb amaze- 
ment. They had been told that submarines were sinking all 
troop transports, and here were Americans adding insult to 
injury by coming over in German-built ships! 

Morrison tells the following true story of the cook aboard 
the U. S. S. Pocahontas. The wardroom mess had just been 

started and a seaman, who 
admitted he knew some- 
thing about cooking, was 
installed in the galley. 
With newspapers for a 
tablecloth, the officers sat 
down for their first break- 
fast aboard ship. Sugar, 
salt and pepper were on 
the table in cups, with a 
spoon in each. Someone 
remarked that the coflfee 
tasted salty, and the 
officers naturally con- 
cluded that they had put salt in their cups by mistake. A 
new lot of coffee was obtained, and this time they tasted 
the sugar before using, but the effect was the same. The cook 
was called, and on being questioned as to how he made the 
coffee, replied that the water had been dipped from over the 
side of the ship! 

The Pocahontas had many encounters with submarines, 
but these appeared to be matters of less worry to the crew 
than the labors which were necessary to keep the ship's 




Naval Reserves — Manufacturing Divisions 117 

machinery in running trim. Joe states that the "Black Gang" 
deserves lasting praise for their accomplishments in keeping 
the auxiliary machinery in condition. He cites in evidence 
the following verse, composed by the "Black Gang" of the 
Pocahontas: 

"Here's to the man below the decks 

In a world of heat and grime, 

Where the engine hums and the sun never comes 

To mark the passing time; 

To the man who holds in his calloused hand 

The strength of a mighty fleet, 

As he opens the doors where the Fire God roars, 

And gives him coal to eat." 

Arthur W. Lacasse of the Rhode Island Glass Division 
entered service December ind, 19 17, with the rank of appren- 
tice seaman. During his term in the navy he served on the 
following ships: Massachusetts, Donguan, De Austria, Elcia 
De Souzon, South Dakota, Mansfield and the submarine 
G-12. Lacasse had two memorable thrills. One of these was 
in the Dardanelles. His vessel struck a mine and twenty-four 
of the crew perished. On the other occasion he was ship- 
wrecked and twenty-four hours elapsed before he was rescued 
by the U. S. S. Lawrence. Lacasse was released December 5th, 
1 91 8, ranking as a fireman, second class. 

"// Never Rains Misfortune dogged the footsteps of Harry 
But It Pours'' Getson of the Ohio Division. After re- 

porting at the Great Lakes Naval Training 
School he contracted the measles, which, forming on his 
lung, necessitated an operation in which two ribs were re- 
moved. Getson was taken home but suffered a relapse and 
had to be removed to the Marine Hospital, where another 
operation was performed. Partially recovering, he again took 
up work with the navy, this time as a mail truck driver. 
He had been on duty but a short time when he broke his 
arm'. This was the last news received concerning Getson, 
but we sincerely hope his afflictions ended with our informa- 
tion. 

Arthur P. Roffee, Jr., of the Providence Base Works, 
reported for duty at the Reserve Barracks, Newport, Rhode 
Island, and after being located there and at the Brooklyn 
Navy Yard was dispatched to Submarine Chaser 168 for 



ii8 



The National in the World War 



convov service. Two months were spent in convoymg passenger 
"eamlrslong the Atlantic coast dur.ng the submarme 
arSwl^e Roftee made several trips w>th mme sweepers 
nto mine areas. He was released February 20th, 1919- 

Uoyd M Thornton, likewise of the Provdence Base 
Works entered the Navy May i^th, 1917- On May 'Sth, .9"8; 
^e re e'ved his commission as ensign and reported aboard 
the US S. Louisiana for duty. From May to Novernber 
9,8 he was on convoy service, being transferred November 
? u ,Q ,„ fhp War CoUese, Newport, Rhode Island. 
''\XL%lZ:rs^oi\L Cle^veland Wire Divi^n 
was at the Great Lakes Training Station from J"ly 13th, 9 8 

to January 26th, 1919, ranking as =^./^^'"^"> t.^'X . s en' 
while Albert B. Carlson of the Providence Base Works en- 
Toll d December .oth, 1917, and spent "- --first c^ass' 
the U S S. Tuna. He ranked as a machinist s mate, first class, 
Ind was placed on the inactive list January 8th, .919- 

Two Ohio Division boys in the Naval Reserves were 
Eugenl Wanamaker and Shird P. Atchley. Wanamake 
enroled in May, 19.7, and after a -urse of study a^Grea 
Lakes and Cambridge, Massachusetts, became a wireless 
ooerator Part of his time was spent on submarine chasers. 

n'e was released May -"'^'^9^l^^^''^yr:ftZ^:i 
a7th iqi8, and belonged to the 5th Regiment, 5th Company, 
the Naval station, ^Newport, Rhode Island. He spen so„,e 
time in foreign seas in the vicinity of Bordeaux, France. 

Ormsby Miller, a foreman with the Illmois Miniature 
Lamp DiviLn, entered the Naval Reserves December ,4th, 
inn as a seaman, second class. The company to which he 
X^'atLhed was detailed to build and maintain the pa 
of Great Lakes Naval Station known as Camp Logan. Before 
if rrk w':: completed, however Miller was transferred 
to the New York State Range at PeekskiU, N. Y. In May 
9, he was ordered to Wakefield, Massachusetts as ch, 
m^achine-gun instructor, having just completed he cours^ 
in machine-gun instruction at the Lewis School Utica, New 
YorT Ormsby later attended the Marine school for machme- 
minners at Ouaiitico, Virginia. ... , 

^" Charles Herman of the Miniature Bulb D-ision entered 
service June 3rd, 1917. as an apprentice seaman and served 
aboard the U. S S Iowa. He also saw service in the Phila- 
delphia Navy Yard; at Norfolk, Virginia; Baltimore, Mary- 




Youngstown Mazda Lamp Division 
Youngstown, Ohio 




General view of East 45th St. Properties, Cleveland. 





Upper Photo — Minnesota Mazda Lamp Division, Minneapolis, Minn. 
Lower Photo — Detroit Miniature Lamp Division, Detroit, Mich. 



Naval Reserves — Manufacturing Divisions i 19 

land, and New York City, being released December 22nd, 
1918. 

Two of the National's navy boys died while in the service. 
One of these was Datzel Frederick Hitchcock, whose record 
is to be found on page 1 1 2. The other was Leslie Willard Parker, 
who before entering the navy had been employed as a foreman 
by the Minnesota Mazda Lamp Division. Born August 17th, 
1894, in Sauk Rapids, Minnesota, he was a graduate of Shat- 
tuck Military School, where he attained the rank of student 
captain. On April 22nd, 19 18, he volunteered and was accepted 
in the United States Naval Reserve Force. Reporting at the 
Ensign Training School at Municipal Pier, Chicago, he was 
made drill master. During the terrible influenza epidemic 
of 1918, Parker contracted the disease and died November 
29th, 1918, at the Marine Hospital, Cleveland. 

Ernest L. Callahan, a machinist with the Providence 
Base Works, was rated as a machinist's mate, first class, and 
was located at the training station at Newport, Rhode Island. 
He enrolled July 3rd, 1918, and was released January 27th, 
1919. Edward J. Tucker of the Rhode Island Glass Works 
was aboard the U. S. S. Seneca, serving from July i6th, 1918, 
to December 31st, 19 18, as a seaman. 

On May 15th, 1918, Marvin H. Russell, a chemical 
engineer with the Cleveland Wire Division, entered the 
engineering section of the United States Navy as a seaman, 
second class. He reported at the Great Lakes Naval Training 
Station and was then transferred to the training school at 
Pelham Bay. From there he was assigned to the Naval En- 
gineering School at Stevens Institute, Hoboken, New Jersey, 
where upon completion of the course he was commissioned 
an ensign and detailed to the U. S. S. Mobile as an engineering 
officer. This ship was in the convoy service and steamed 
between New York and Brest, France. Russell was released 
June 15th, 1919. 

Apprentice Seaman George H. Lynch of the Puritan 
Refilled Lamp Division was enrolled at the age of nineteen 
in the 7th Regiment, 8th Company, at Newport, Rhode Island, 
and was transferred to the operating base at Hampton Roads, 
Virginia. He also spent some time aboard the U. S. S. Wis- 
consin in. the Philadelphia Navy Yard. 

John J. Burns of the St. Louis Mazda Lamp Division 
and Herbert G. Miller, later employed by the same Division, 



I20 The National IN THE World War 

were at the Great Lakes Training Station and the Newport 
Training School, respectively. Burns was a carpenter's mate, 
third class, and was released March 6th, 1919, while Miller 
was a seaman, first class, aboard the U. S. S. South Carolina 
and was relieved from duty January loth, 19 19. 

Seaman Charles H. Spink, who was later employed by 
the Rhode Island Glass Division, enrolled March 22nd, 1918, 
as a seaman, second class. He spent some time in foreign waters 
and had one encounter in the North Sea with an enemy 
submarine which is believed to have been sunk. Spink was 
released from duty February 8th, 19 19. 

Two other Rhode Island Glass Division boys in the navy 
were Joseph R. Fournier and Joseph R. La Rue. Fournier 
enrolled December 19th, 1917, and was released January 
18th, 1 9 19. During this period he saw service on three ships, 
the Pennsylvania, Housatonic and Patapco. He had nine 
months' duty in foreign waters, and one skirmish with a 
submarine, which, according to all indications, was sunk. 
This occurred off the coast of Scotland; the very same day 
they were attacked by a German raider but succeeded in 
getting away. On the morning of June 8th, 1918, the crew 
of Fournier's ship began to lay mines in Helgoland Bay. 
In the course of three and one-half hours, 832 mines were 
laid. The following day the Germans attempted to sweep 
these mines, and as a result lost three ships. 

Joseph R. La Rue, who we believe was the first National 
man to enlist, entered the navy February 2nd, 19 15, as an ap- 
prentice seaman and in 1916 was on duty in Mexican waters 
and at San Domingo. After the United States declared war he 
was in the convoy service and had two official encounters 
with submarines. La Rue was released January 31st, 19 19, 
ranking as a coxswain. 

Others in the Naval Reserves were William J. Kirwan 
of the Central Falls Lamp Division; Edward P. Casey of the 
Niles Glass Division; Jerry J. Ahern, later of the Illinois 
Miniature Lamp Division, and Philip T. Hawkes, who was 
later employed by the Oakland Mazda Lamp Division. 
Kirwan enrolled July 17th, 1918,- and was located at the 
Newport Training Station where he ranked as a carpenter's 
mate, third class. Casey entered the navy May 6th,. 1918, and 
served at Great Lakes and later at the Dunwoody Training 
Station. He ranked as an apprentice seaman. Ahern was at 



Naval Auxiliary Reserve — -Manufacturing Divisions 121 

Great Lakes from August 7th, 1918, to December nth, 1918, 
ranking as a seaman, second class. Hawkes, an apprentice 
seaman, was connected with the naval unit at the University 
of California. He was put on inactive duty December i6th, 
1918. 

Naval Auxiliary Reserve 

This service attracted three men from the Cleveland 
Wire Division, Wesley P. Sykes, Harold E. Prince and Harold 
M. Abrams. Sykes attended the Deck Officer's School at 
Great Lakes, Illinois, and was later on duty at Municipal Pier, 
Chicago, and at Pelham Bay Park, New York. He ranked as 
a seaman, second class. Prince was also a seaman, second 
class, and after enrolling in the navy June 4th, 1918, was 
sent to Great Lakes, where he attended Camps Decatur, 
Perry and Lawrence. Prince was released January 25th, 19 19. 
Abrams entered service September 9th, 1918, as an apprentice 
seaman. He was assigned to the U. S. Shipping Board Training 
Ship Missouri at Cleveland until released from service, April 
17th, 1919. 

Frederick W. Hild of Nela Lamp Division was also in 
the Naval Auxiliary Reserve, enrolling January 20th, 19 18. 
He rose to the rank of ensign from quartermaster, third class. 
During the period of his service he was aboard the U. S. S. 
William B. Dickson; at the auxiliary school, Pelham Bay Park, 
N. Y.; in the office of the supervisor of the Third Naval 
District at New York; attached to headquarters of the Naval 
Overseas Transportation service at Norfolk, Virginia, and 
aboard the U. S. S. Mexican. Upon his release, February 7th, 
1 9 19, he joined the Miniature Lamp Manufacturing Depart- 
ment. 

Ivor H. Cadle of Nela Lamp Division was aboard the 
training ship Missouri and later was assigned to the steamer 
Richard Trimble. He ranked as an ordinary seaman. Cadle 
was indefinitely furloughed December 15th, 1918. 



THE MARINE CORPS 

GENERAL OFFICES AND LABORATORIES 

The Marines, unofficially known as "leathernecks'' or 
"devil-dogs" (a compliment for which they were mdebted 
to the Germans), enlisted two Nela boys. One of these was 
George E. Hankison of Credit Department, who enlisted in 
Cleveland July .4th, 1918- He was attached to Company F 
of the nth Regiment at Paris Island, South Carohna, and 
later was located at Quantico, Virginia. After arriving over- 
seas he saw duty at Tours, Montierchaume and Beaume, 
France To George the most interesting events of his service 
were being pursued by a German submarine, attending a 
real French military funeral and talking to a French woman 
who "couldn't compree." While in the Marines, his work 
consisted of camp and prison guard detail and performing 
in a post show that toured France. He was later admitted to 
Beaume University as a government student. George ranked 

as a private, first class. r. u 11 f 

The other Nela "devil-dog" was Ray W. Parshall of 
the Lamp Development Laboratory. He entered service in 
Cleveland, June 14th, 1917, and was sent to Fans Island, 
South Carolina, where he was attached to a supply company 
of an electrical division. Ray was the recipient of a sharp- 
shooter's medal, having made the highest score with a Spring- 
field rifle. He was discharged March 31st, 1919, being at that 
date a corporal. 

SALES DIVISIONS 

The only Sales Division man in the Marines was William 
H Pupke of the Fostoria Incandescent Lamp Division. He 
enlisted in New York City, October 17th, 1918, and was 
ordered to Paris Island. From there he went to Q^^ntico, 
Virginia, and later to Hato Mayor and to San Pedro de 
Macoris, which is located on the Island of Haiti and is part 
of the Dominican Republic. 




"Big Ben" — A Naval lo-inch Gun 
(Photograph furnished by Lieut. C. E. Egeler) 




Smoke Screen thrown out by a War Ship 
(Photograph furnished by Lieut. E. A. Anderson) 




Frank Boiles 



Clyde R. Lightner Ray Parshall 




Ohio Division, Warren, Ohio 



H M "* - *""' ""^ » 


'a. 




i 


^^f'^/m^i^s^^^^^^^^^^'-^^^^wi^^^^^^s^^'''''''^'^^^^ 



Trumbull Mazda Lamp Division, Warren, Ohic 



Marines — Manufacturing Divisions 123 

MANUFACTURING DIVISIONS 

Frank H. Boiles of the Youngstown Mazda Lamp Divi- 
sion enlisted as a Marine June 13th, 1917, in Youngstown, 
Ohio, and went into active service at League Island, Phil- 
adelphia, Pennsylvania. He was later transferred to Norfolk, 
Virginia, and was aboard the U. S. S. Charleston for some 
time. Boiles was discharged April 30th, 1919. 

Private Elmer R. Crossland was first attached to the 
U. S. S. Huntington at Paris Island. He had enlisted June 
6th, 1918, and before being released from service, St. Patrick's 
Day, 19 19, had also been stationed at Brooklyn Barracks, 
New York, and at the Marine Barracks, Norfolk, Virginia. 
He was re-engaged by Central Falls Mazda Lamp Division 
as assistant foreman in the Flange Department. 

The third Marine was Clyde P. Freer of Ohio Division. 
He enlisted in Cleveland, May 22nd, 1918, and upon reaching 
Paris Island was assigned to Headquarters Company of the 
13th Regiment. Freer was later transferred to Quantico, 
Virginia, and was discharged June i6th, 1919. 

Clyde R. Lightner enlisted in the Marines July 19th, 
1918, at Mare Island, California. He was later stationed at 
Quantico, Virginia, and Santa Domingo. Discharged on 
October 20th, 19 19, he returned to work at the Oakland 
Mazda Lamp Division. 




THE AIR FORCES 

GENERAL OFFICES AND LABORATORIES 

In mulling over the questionnaires turned in by the 
National men of the General Offices and Laboratories who 
went into the aviation service, the writer unearthed two 
curious facts. Every man enlisted, and eighty per cent of 
those entered for actual flying duty were married. The hrst 
fact needs no elaboration but the second amuses us. Can 
it be that married men are so weighted down with cares that 
they welcome a chance to get up in the air? Of the aviation 
men engaged primarily in ground or production work ninety 
per cen? were single. No doubt they had heard the old saying 
that "marriages are made in heaven," and, preferring the 
bachelor life, decided that exploring the heavens in a flying 
machine was a better job for those who were already married. 
The Engineering Department, not satisfied with contrib- 
uting the largest number of men to the Navy from the National, 
likewise gave the greatest number to the Aviation Service. 
Of twenty men reporting as going into this branch, ten were from 
the Engineering Department. Nela Operating, Nela Re- 
search Laboratory, and Commercial Development each gave 
two men, while Equipment Development, Statistical, Adminis- 
tration and Large Lamp Sales Departments had one each. 

On April 17th, 1917, Lucien D. Coman, Jr., left the employ 
of Nela Research Laboratory to become a radio operator 
with the ist Signal Battalion at Fort Leavenworth He was 
transferred to the Aviation Section and sent to Kelly I^ield, 
Texas. Among the other places where Coman was stationed 
were Selfridge Field, Michigan; Mineola, Long Island, and 
the following points in England: Winchester, Wyton-Hunting- 
ton Thetford, South Farnborough and Lord Junction. He 
rem'ained thirteen months in England, where he was attached 
to the Royal Air Force as Handley-Page Direction Finder. 
His work consisted of radio construction and operating. 
Coman claims the honor of being the second American to 
direct a Handley-Page plane by wireless. He was rated as a 
wireless observer, and was on flying status. Coman was dis- 
charged December 24th, 19 18. , , ^ . • n.„,^. 
Lieutenant Wayne M. Holmes of the Engineering Depart- 
ment enlisted as a private, first class, with the Aerial Gunnery 




Edward A. Bucl 
J. Watson Dunbar 
Clarence J. Berry 



Lee C. Kent 
Walter Sturrock 
Hollis L. Townsend 



Robt. N. Falge 
Harry Mattis 
James M. Ketch 




Lorraine G. Hardin 
George J. Chapman 
Marion D. Cooper 



LucienD.Coman,Jr. Edward A. Kilroy 



John J. Turner 
Arthur Sullivan 



Albert E. Wennerstrom 
William W. Schaet'er 



Air Forces — -General Offices and Laboratories 125 

branch and was ordered to the School of Military Aeronautics 
at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Completing the 
course there, he was dispatched to the Office of the Chief 
Signal Officer at Washington. Holmes also saw duty at Elling- 
ton Field, Houston, Texas; Rockwell Field, San Diego, 
California, and in the aviation technical section at Dayton, 
Ohio. He found aerial gunnery work to be very interesting, 
especially when operating among the clouds. 

Another Engineering Department man commissioned in 
the air service was Lorraine G. Hardin. Enlisting July 30th, 
19 17, he was sent to that well known haven of sand storms, 
Kelly Field, San Antonio, Texas. From there he was ordered 
to Park Field, Memphis, Tennessee, and then went overseas, 
where he was on duty at the front from September ist, 1918, 
to the date of the signing of the armistice. He was with 
the 20th Aero Squadron and ranked as engineer officer. He 
was discharged May 23rd, 1919. 

Buel Increases Ed A. Buel, a sales engineer in the Com- 
His Knowledge mercial Development Department, enlisted 
November 23rd, 1917, and was ordered 
to Kelly Field, Texas. Among the camps and places where 
Buel served were Camp Sevier, South Carolina; Rich Field, 
Waco, Texas; Air Service Depot at Morrison, Virginia; 
Hazelhurst Field, Mineola, New York; General Supply Depot, 
Middletown, Pennsylvania, and at the Port of Embarkation, 
Newport News, Virginia. Ed's task consisted of questioning 
recruits for card records, and he found that certain nationalities 
desired particular branches of the service. For example, the 
Jews favored the quartermaster corps, Greeks and Italians 
liked the cavalry or artillery, while the Irish leaned toward 
the infantry. Buel also learned, in conducting intelligence 
tests, that the college man was by far the most intelligent, 
while barbers apparently displayed the least amount of 
"gray matter." The question arises, what about the man 
who graduates from a barber college? Ed rose to the rank 
of second lieutenant. 

Lieutenant Gillson W. Beals, known to his friends as 
"Shorty," enlisted December 12th, 19 17, and was assigned to 
the 351st Aero Service squadron. "Shorty" saw service at 
many camps, among them Kelly Field, Texas; Camp Mac- 
Arthur, Waco, Texas; Baron Field, Fort Worth, Texas; Air 



126 



The National in the World War 



Service School for Radio Officers, New York (where he earned 
hscommLio„);PostField,FortSUl Oklahoma and G^^^^^^^ 
Field Lake Charles, Louisiana. Beals was rated as a radio 
Office; and was in se'rvice one year. He returned to the Com- 
mercial Development Department. Oneratine 
Hollis L. Townsend, office manager of the Operating 
Department, enlisted November 3°*, .9'7, -d was ^e„t 
to Kellv Field, where he was assigned to the 656th Aero 
Sauadon Holis had been in the service but a few weeks 
when he volunteered for overseas duty and was sent across 
Imong the places in France where he was stationed were 
P^s Romorantin, Libourne and Bordeaux. He was with a 
Terv celquadron and consequently was kept busy handling 
he man? ^-sories^and^spares w -^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
irfaidTtd wa" m^Pa^-when the GerLns' long-range 
••Big Bertha" first opened fire. He was discharged May 

13' > '919- ^ National Man Cited 

"CUation-ScconA Lieutenant Walter Sturrock, for ex- 
ceptionally meritorious and conspicuous services -tth 
Third Aviation Instruction Center, France American txpe 
difionarv Forces. In Testimony thereof, and as an expression 
o appreciatTon of these services, I award him this citation. 

(Signed) JOHN J. PERSHING 

Commander-in-Chiet. 

Such was the honor awarded on April 19th, 1919. '° 
Walter StuTrock of the Engineering Department for the wrk 
Iich he had done during the summer ^"d fall of 1918^* h^ 
Third Aviation Instruction Center, ^f °"<*""'/'/"f„;.Vu<: or 
enlisted November 15th, .9>7, and became an nstruct°r 
tn the School of Military Aeronautics at Cornel Unive^s^ty. 
Later he was transferred to a similar school at Cambridge, 
M achusetts. From there he was assigned to C^F eld, 

r;t^!±ctT^w^h-fhe^-st-p^^^^^ 

was later promoted to ist l'e"tenant^ _ ^^ ^^ 

The aviation men, like the gobs, were 1 , j,^ 

reticent and would not accommodate us with any detailea 



Air Forces — General Offices and Laboratories 



127 



account of their adventures. This is to be regretted, for the 
writer knows that any man who has been barracked in the hog 
pens and stables at Camp Dick, or has done much "bunk fatigue" 
during his service, surely was fed up on more than army food. 
In fact, the only surprise we had was to think that our 
old friend Clarence J. Berry of the Engineering Department 
would return to France after the war in order to sign his 
name to letterheads bearing "Brandt & Fouilleret, Material 
Electrique, 23 a 31 rue Cavendish, Paris, France." Berry 
enlisted December 13th, 19 17, and was sent to radio school. 
He was commissioned a second lieutenant and sent to France, 
where he was located at Paris headquarters. Berry made 
several trips to the front, but the only effect these trips seemed 
to have on him was to make his love for France stronger. 
Clarence came back to the States in February, 1919, to be 
discharged from the army, and returned to France in June 
of the same year. Bon voyage^ Berry! 

An overseas man was Patrick Vililo of the Nela Operating 
Department. After service at Fort Thomas, Kentucky, and 
Camp Sevier, South Caro- 
lina, he went to France and . 
served at St. Maixent, Ro- 
morantin, Paris and Oxly 
Field. He returned to Nela 
early in June, 1919. 

He of Engineering De- 
partment fame, Marion D. 
Cooper, enlisted May 4th, 
1918, in the flying service 
and attended ground school 
at Ohio State University. 
There Cooper studied mo- 
tors, learned how to figure \ 
deviation and receive ten 
words a minute on the wire- 
less, besides other infor- 
mation too complex to mention. Completing the course there, 
he was sent to the concentration camp at Camp Dick, Dallas, 
Texas, and then to Ellington Field, Houston, Texas, where 
he was commissioned as a bomber. 

George J. Chapman of the Large Lamp Sales Department 
entered the flying service February 19th, 1918. After ground 




j^g The Na tional in the World War 

work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at 
Camp Dick, he was sent overseas where he was located in 
Tours France. Chapman was discharged April 4th, 1919. 

Harry Mattis of the Equipment Development Depart- 
ment was one of our overseas boys. He enlisted March 14th, 
1018, and was sent to Kelly Field, Texas. Harry went as far 
as England, where he was located first at Camp Knotty-Ash 
and later at Codford. During his time in the Air Service he 
was attached to the 812th Aero Repair Squadron and the 2nd 
and 322nd Aero Squadrons. He was discharged January 

2nd, IQIQ- ^ 

Tames W. Dunbar of the Engineering Department en- 
hsted in the flying section of the Air Service December 14th, 
IQ17 With two hundred other "barrack aviators he spent 
the month of January, 1918, at Fort Wayne, Detroit, Michigan 
waiting impatiently for orders which would send him to ground 
school These came early in February. The rest of his service 
was seen at the School of Military Aeronautics, Ithaca, 
New York; Camp Dick, Dallas, Texas, and Dorr Field, 
Arcadia, Florida. 

-Up in the Another Engineering Department man in this 
Air- with a service was James M. Ketch who enlisted 
Cadet Pilot December 12th, 1917, and attended the aviation 
school at the University of Illinois. He after- 
wards attended the radio school at Columbia University, 
New York City, and was then sent to Fort Sill, Oklahoma. 
There his task was to instruct in the stripping and assembling 
of machine guns and in the operation of radio telephones 
while in the air with some none-too-experienced pilot. It 
was Ketch's delight to take a joy-ride early in the morning 
rising to great heights in order to watch the sun rise through 
the clouds. It was a three-color symphony of clear blue above 
solid silver below and the golden hazy streak coming through 
the clouds. James was commissioned a second lieutenant, 
and discharged January i8th, 1919. _ , , r c. .• 

The service record of William D. Dorsh, later of Statis- 
tical Department, reads Kelly Field, Texas; Camp Morrison, 
Virginia; Camp Mills, Long Island; Camp Lopcombe, Eng- 
land, and Calais, France. He enlisted December 7th, 191?, 
and was attached to the 335th Aero Squadron. The happiest 
day Dorsh spent in the service was in England, when he made 




Part of Nela Park — Photo taken from an Airplane 




Army Planes useti in Photographic Observation Work- 
Langley Field, Va. 




A Nasty Spill 

(Photo furnished by Lieut. W. Sturrock, who witnessed many such 

accidents "Over There." Lieut. Sturrock. is standing with his 

back to the camera) 




A German Anti-Aircraft Gun and its Carriage 
(Photo furnished by M. S. R., Hollis Townsend) 



Air Forces — General Offices and Laboratories 129 

his first flight in an airplane. These rides became daily oc- 
currences and gave Bill a very decided liking for the air 
service. He was discharged December 23rd, 19 18. 

Ralph O. Compton of the Engineering Department 
became an instructor in ground-school work. He was on duty 
at the School of Military Aeronautics, Ithaca, New York, and 
later at the University of Texas, Austin, Texas. He was com- 
missioned a first lieutenant. 

Among those commissioned direct from civil life was Dr. 
Harry M. Johnson, a psychologist with Nela Research 
Laboratory. He was commissioned a first lieutenant in the 
Sanitary Corps and assigned to the Air Service at the Medical 
Research Laboratory, Hazelhurst Field, Mineola, Long Island. 
During the period of his enlistment Johnson also served at 
Ellington Field, Houston, Texas, and at the School of Military 
Aeronautics, University of California, Berkeley, California. 
At the date of publication of this volume he was Chief of the 
Section of Psychology at the Medical Research Laboratory, 
Mitchell Field, and had attained the rank of captain. His 
work consisted of developing and administering tests for the 
selection of aviators, and classifying them according to their 
fitness for particular kinds of aeronautical work. He was 
also interested in the investigation of the effect of certain 
aeronautical conditions on performance. Johnson's army life 
must have been all work and no play, for he asserted he saw 
"nothing more amusing than aviators." 

Lee C. Kent of the Engineering Department, after 
enlistment, was sent to College Park, Maryland, in the x'\via- 
tion Section of the Signal Corps. After a month's training 
there he was sent to Columbia University, New York, to 
take a 14 weeks' course in the Air Service School for Radio 
Officers. From here he was transferred to Post Field, Fort 
Sill, Oklahoma; he was commissioned as second lieutenant 
at Gerstner Field, Louisiana. He later taught at the Radio 
School, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, Penn- 
sylvania. Kent returned to Nela upon being discharged Jan- 
uary 17th, 1919. 

Albert E. Wennerstrom of the Administration Depart- 
ment reported to the Bureau of Aircraft Production on October 
23rd, 1917, as production man. He was made assistant to 
the Chief of the Ordnance and Instrument Section of the 
Equipment Division. This section had charge of the produc- 



The National in the World War 



tion of all the instruments and equipment for airplanes. In 
Septembe , 1918, Wennerstrom was transferred to the Elec 
tricll Sec ton'^ Oxygen Equipment Branch, and had charge 
of the production of the high-pressure oxygen cylmders and 
accessories which are essential to a pilot when flying at high 
alritudes He was with this branch of the service until Apnl 

^°*'llhn'T. Turner of Statistical Department rose from 
sergelnt to%eco„d lieutenant in ^e Air Service He -s 
located at the following places: Columbus Barracks. Kelly 
Field Camp Sevier and at the Aviation Field at Waco, 
Tex';; Morrison, Va., and Garden City, New York. 

j;seph Stone enlisted in the Air fervice and first tramed 
,f TCpUv Field Texas. He was transferred to the .'\ero Fro- 
"sion^afse'Vice at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. W^en d.cha^ged 
from service he was employed by the Lamp Development 
Laboratory. 

Naval Aviation 

Nela had but one man in this ^«^^'^'=--R°^=" f.-u""'!' 
nf the Engineering Department. Entering service March 5th, 
°oi7 he? tended ground school at the Massachusetts n- 
t'i uie of Technology. His flying training was received at the 
Naval School, Pensacola, Florida. He was commissioned 
^n ensign and placed on inactive duty February 9th, .9-9- 

Marine Aviation 

Albert S Terry, formerly of the Miniature Lamp Sales 
Depa^rtm^nt en]i:te'd in the Jarine Filing Corps -^^^^^ 
t^t8 PnrI had iust competed his ground trammg at me 
^ LcZse«s li^dtute o^^ Technology when the armistice 
was signed. Albert ranked as gunnery sergeant, and was 
discharged December I2th, 1918. 



THE AIR FORCES 

SALES DIVISIONS 

Three men reported from the Sales Divisions as going 
into the Aviation Service: Ralph H. Garrison of Chicago 
Bryan-Marsh, Arthur Sullivan of Shelby, and William W. 
Schaefer of New England Bryan-Marsh. 

Garrison enlisted for flying service in November, 19 17, 
and was ordered to the School of Military Aeronautics at 
Berkeley, California. From there he was sent to Camp Dick 
where when not drilling on the race track, he was on fly- 
swatting detail in the mess hall. Garrison was next heard 
of at Columbia University, New York City. Other places 
where he was stationed were Post Field, Fort Sill, Oklahoma; 
Gerstner Field, Lake Charles, Louisiana, and Camp Doniphan, 
Oklahoma. He attained the rank of second lieutenant, and 
was discharged January 6th, 19 19. 

Attending the Reserve Officers' Training Camp at Fort 
Benjamin Harrison, Arthur Sullivan was commissioned a 
first lieutenant, assigned to the Aviation Service and ordered 
to Kelly Field, Texas. From there he was sent overseas, 
being stationed in Winchester and later at Doncaster, England. 
Arthur was discharged December 28th, 1918. 

The third man in the Aviation Service was William W. 
Schaefer who enlisted September i6th, 1918, in the Bureau 
of Aircraft Production. He was stationed at Fort Slocum, 
New York, and ranked as a sergeant, first class. His duty 
consisted of teaching recruits the fundamentals of army dis- 
cipline. He was discharged February 24th, 19 19. 



THE AIR FORCES 

MANUFACTURING DIVISIONS 

The Aviation Service in all its branches was represented 
bv bovs from the Manufacturing Divisions of the National. 
A few were overseas, where they found the life of an aviator 
to be much more thrilling than it was in training camps at 
home. The majority, however, were in service squadrons 
on this side of the water, and their duties were manifold 
and of great importance. The testing of motors, the assem- 
bhng of planes, the upkeep of hangars and numerous other 
details kept the enlisted men on their toes from dawn to dusk. 
To the airplane mechanic the pilot owes much, for his satety 
in the air depends largely upon the mechanic's careful daily 
inspection of his plane. ■ u .u 

Thomas O. Moffit enlisted July 2nd, 1917, ir^ the 4th 
Aero School squadron and on July 9th was assigned to Chanute 
Field, Rantoul, lUinois. He spent thirteen months at this 
field, during that time being with the 4th, i6th and 38th 
Aero Squadrons. As there was no flying done at Chanute 
Field during the winter of 1917, he was made an instructor 
in airplane rigging. In the spring of 1918, Tom was put in 
charge of the hangars and hangar personnel, being in charge 
of one hundred and five planes and about four hundred men. 
In May, 1918, he was assigned to the 268th Aero Squadron 
and sent to Commack Field, Long Island, but after a month s 
stay there was assigned for overseas duty. The squadron 
sailed from Boston July i6th, 1918, on the Canadian cattle- 
boat Wineferedian and had an uneventful journey until, 
when about two hundred miles off the Irish Coast, it was 
attacked by four submarines. Luckily, a convoy of destroyers 
had just met the Wineferedian and the submarines were 
driven off, one being sunk by means of depth bombs. Moffit 
landed in Bristol, England, August ist, 1918, and was sent 
to a rest camp at Winchester and later to East Borne, where 
he was stationed for two weeks. At the date of the signing 
of the armistice Moffit was in Dover, where his squadron 
was maintaining an American flight for British flyers. He 
now ranked as chief mechanic and assistant to the engineer 
officer. On November 21st Moffit sailed for home. He was 




Scenes like the above were Common at the Third Aviation Instruc 
Center, France, (Largest Flying Center In the World) 
(Photograph furnished by Lieut. W. Sturrock) 



tion 




An Aeroplane View of German Line at Meuse-Argonne— Sept. 26, 1918 

(Illustration furnished hy Lieut. Wilber Johnson) 




Edward R. Shimonek 



Walter L. Peters 



Earle L. Windenberg William D. Brown 

Herbert E. Quinlan 

Charles T. Nottage Clarence W. Thornbur 




Lamp Equipment Division, E. 152nd St., Cleveland 



Air Forces — Manufacturing Divisions 133 

discharged January 24th, 19 19, at Camp Grant. Upon re- 
turning to civilian attire, he assumed a position as mechanic 
with the Illinois Miniature Lamp Division. 

The Guntner brothers, Frank G. and Jay A., both in 
the employ of the Lamp Equipment Division, enlisted March 
1 6th, 1918, in the Air Service. They were ordered to Kelly 
Field, Texas. Jay was attached to the 310th Aero Squadron 
and later to the 608th, with which organization he went over- 
seas. He had gone as far as Winchester, England, when the 
armistice was signed. Jay was discharged January 27th, 1919. 

Frank, after parting from his brother at Kelly Field, 
was sent to Gerstner Field, Lake Charles, Louisiana, where 
he was attached to a service squadron. He was discharged 
January 13th, 19 19, ranking as a private, first class. 

Leon T. Fahrenthold, who entered service January i6th, 
19 18, as a cadet pilot, was assigned to the School of Military 
Aeronautics at Austin, Texas, but was transferred to the 
Chemical Warfare Service and located at the Defense Labora- 
tories at Nela Park. Upon being discharged December 30th, 
1918, he took employment with the Cleveland Wire Division. 

Corporal William D. Brown, of Ohio Division, enlisted 
in Youngstown December 12th, 1917, and was sent to Fort 
Omaha, Nebraska. Later he was transferred to Camp Mor- 
rison, Virginia. In France Brown was attached to the 102nd 
Balloon Company. He was discharged May 21st, 19 19. 

A Lafayette Only one National man was in the ranks of the 
Escadrille American Lafayette Escadrille. He was Private 
Representative Charles T. Nottage of the Lamp Equipment 
Division. Nottage enlisted July 30th, 19 17, 
in Cleveland, and after arriving overseas operated with a 
French Army division in the Champagne, Chemin des Dames 
and Flanders sectors from February i8th, 191 8 to June 
30th, 1918, and with the American troops in the Toul sector 
and in the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives from 
July 4th to November nth, 19 18. The Escadrille was per- 
mitted to wear the fauragere, which is part of the 
French uniform and shows the number of citations 
a company has. Nottage was discharged April i8th, 1919, 
and ranked as a private, first class. 

Lieutenant Walter Le Roy Peters of the Illinois Miniature 
Lamp Division entered service December ist, 1917, and at- 



134 The National in the World War 

tended the School of Military Aeronautics at the University 
of Illinois. Graduating, he was sent to the concentration 
camp at Camp Dick, Dallas, Texas, which Peters says was 
"a very nice place, providing you were not in the army." 
At Camp Dick, the time of the "flying infantry" was taken 
up with drill, calisthenics, boxing, bayonet and gas-mask 
drill, sweeping the Fair Ground streets, kitchen police and fly- 
swatting detail. Finally one of the innumerable rumors con- 
cerning transfer to flying field came true, and Peters was 
sent to Scott Field, Belleville, Illinois. After three months 
of dual and solo work, he was commissioned. Discussing 
the planes, Peters said that "Curtiss made the ships, but that 
God flew a great many of them." 

After receiving his commission, Peters was made an 
instructor, and the task of teaching cadets he found to be 
very amusing but often dangerous. He was soon transferred 
to Kelly Field, a place which everyone tried to avoid, but a 
few days at that field convinced him that flyers really learned 
the game there. Altogether, Walter had about two hundred 
and seventy-five hours in the air. He was rated as a pursuit 
pilot instructor. 

On August 2nd, 1917, Edward R. Shimonek heeded his 
country's call and enlisted in the 316th Field Signal Battalion. 
He was sent to Camp Lewis and was later transferred to the 
411th Aero Construction Squadron at Vancouver Barracks, 
Washington. His work consisted of drill instruction, and of 
rounding up alien enemies and I. W. W.'s in the lumber and 
spruce camps of the Northwest. Ed was promoted from 
private to sergeant and then to second lieutenant. Upon 
being discharged from the army January iith, 1919, he 
returned to the Oakland Mazda Lamp Division as foreman. 

Mechanic John W. Harwood of the Lamp Equipment 
Division enlisted in Cleveland, March i6th, 19 18, and was 
sent to Kelly Field, San Antonio, Texas. Harwood did not 
tell us any of his army experiences, but probably considered 
that Texas sand storms needed no explanation. He was 
discharged January 4th, 1919. 

A Niles Glass Division lad, Clarence W. Thornburg en- 
listed in Youngstown, Ohio, August 14th, 19 17, and was ordered 
to Kelly Field. He was attached to the 97th Aero Squadron 
and on October 27th, 1917, sailed for. France, where he remained 
until February 12th, 19 19. Thornburg was stationed at 



Air Forces — Manufacturing Divisions 



135 



Clermont Ferrand, France, and was connected with a bombing 
squadron. He experienced many air raids, but managed to 
escape harm. 

Steve Janidlo of the Lamp Equipment Division was 
inducted August 3rd, 1918, in Cleveland, and sent to Camp 
Sherman, where he was attached to the 158th Depot Brigade. 
He was soon transferred to the Air Service and ordered to the 
aviation depot at Fort Wayne, Detroit, Michigan, where he 
remained until discharged, January 23rd, 1919- During the 
epidemic of influenza, Steve was confined to the hospital 
for five weeks but, thanks to the good care given him, his 
condition never became critical. 



Another Mechanic Albert L. Swenson enlisted June 

Broken 25th, 19 18, in Minneapolis, and was sent to 

Heart the Mechanics School at St. Paul, where he 

was attached to Company D of the 872nd 
Aero Squadron. On October ist, 1918, he was ready to join 
an overseas squadron, when notified that he had been appointed 
an instructor in aerial 
motors. On November 
iith the Germans dealt 
him a severe blow by 
signing that little docu- 
ment known as the Arm- 
istice, for just two days 
previously he had been 
accepted as a candidate 
for a commission in the 
flying section of the Air 
Service. Swenson was 
discharged December 21st, 1918, and took employment with 
the Minnesota Mazda Lamp Division. 

Carl Meyers, who was later employed by the Euclid 
Glass Division, enlisted in Cleveland and was placed on duty 
at Sutton, West Virginia. Later he was transferred to the 
Pittsburg Arsenal, from which he was discharged February 
28th, 1919. 

Lieutenant Robert L. Colthart, who was attending school 
at the time of his enlistment in the infantry, June i ith, 1917, 
was sent to Fort McDowell, Angel Island, and later trans- 
ferred to the Air Service. Afterwards, he was on duty at Kelly 




136 The National IN THE World War 

Field, Texas; Camp Gordon, Texas; Fort Omaha, Nebraska; 
Vancouver Barracks, Washington, and Presidio, California. 
Upon being discharged from the army January nth, 19 19, he 
took employment with the Oakland Mazda Lamp Division. 

Enlisting December 13th, 19 17, Bertrand A. Cramer was 
ordered to Kelly Field and attached to the 307th Aero Squadron. 
From there he was sent to Waco, Texas, and later to Camp 
Greene, Charlotte, North Carolina. OnJuly3ist, 19 18, Cramer 
sailed for overseas and was stationed in England until December 
loth, 1918, being at Winchester, Rendcomb and Camp Knotty- 
Ash. After arriving in England he was accepted as a candidate 
for a commission in the flying service, but the armistice cut 
short his flying aspirations. He was discharged December 
29th, 1918, and employed by the Euclid Glass Division. 

Charles Frett enlisted December 4th, 19 17, at Belleville, 
Illinois, and was ordered to Scott Field, where he was with the 
22ist Aero Squadron. He was afterwards placed on detached 
service at Dayton, Ohio, and at the time of his release from 
the army, January 3rd, 19 19, was at St. Paul, Minnesota. 
He took a position in the Sealing Department of the St. Louis 
Mazda Lamp Division. 

Entering service September i6th, 19 17, Joseph A. Vise of 
the Euclid Glass Division was assigned to the 331st Infantry 
of the 83rd Division. He was soon transferred to the 680th Aero 
Squadron and ordered to Kelly Field. Other camps at which 
Vise was stationed were Camp Greene, North Carolina; 
Mitchell Field, Mineola, and Garden City, New York. 

Roy L. Leigh ton of Lamp Equipment was in service two 
years. Part of this time was spent in Coblenz, Germany, 
with the Army of Occupation. 

Marine Aviation 

Chester M. Sullivan of the Minnesota Mazda Lamp 
Division entered the Marine Aviation Corps July 3rd, 1918, 
as gunnery sergeant and was ordered to report at the Massa- 
chusetts Institute of Technology, Boston. After completing 
the course at this school he was sent to the Marine Flying 
Field, Miami, Florida, where he was stationed until released 
from service, December 19th, 191 8. Sullivan's most thrilling 
experience in the service was his first tail spin. He does not 
describe the feeling, leaving that pleasure to the reader's 
imagination. 




Miss Laura E. Moore Miss Frances AsMcrd 

Miss Beatrice A. Fahey 
Miss Emily E. Colquhoun Miss Anne Carlton 

Lower Photo: Nurses Decorating Graves in France 




How the Yanks received the News of the Armistice 




Army and Red Cross Nurses joy 



Naval Aviation 

The only National manufacturing man entering this 
service was Herbert E. Quinlan of the Nek Lamp Division. 
He enlisted July 25th, 19 18, and ranked as chief quartermaster 
being stationed at the United States Naval Aviation Depot' 
Seattle, Washington. He was later transferred to the naval 
air base at San Diego, California, where he remained until 
released from service, December 20th, 19 18. 

OUR ARMY AND RED CROSS NURSES 

Doing service in the Great War implied above all the 
obligation of giving oneself, heart and soul, to a cause To 
the soldier it brought the test of giving up home, comfort, 
friends and all the surroundings of his daily life and endan- 
gering himself to enemy fire, but with the knowledge that 
he was as well prepared and as well armed as the foe who 
faced him. To the civilian it was the sacrifice of time and money 
and the curtailment of routine pleasures to which he was 
accustomed, but with the element of personal danger erased. 

To the nurse the sacrifice was a combination of both 
Her home life was dissolved and as she sailed away, behind 
her were left friends, comfort and the ample necessities of 
life, while before her was intimate danger, for unlike her ward 
the soldier, she was not armed, nor was she prepared by months 
of preliminary physical training to endure the hardships 
that were to follow. 

It was the National's privilege to place on its Honor 
Koll the names of five women who volunteered their services 
to the American Red Cross or Army Nurses Corps,— Miss 
Moore, Miss Colquhoun, Miss Fahy, Miss Ashford and Miss 
Carlton. These Yankee women served in France and were 
ocated in American and British hospitals where they were 
kept busy from dawn to dusk. Their task was of a dual nature 
for not only did they minister to the physical ailments of 
the sick and wounded, but they had to see that the morale 
of the patients was kept up,— and in this they were very 
successful. All reports emphasize the sterling qualities dis- 
played by these nurses, and the rank and file of American 
citizenship takes off its hat to the accomplishments of the 
bearers of mercy. The civilian praises them for their valor- 



J g Th e National in the World War . 

the soldier honors them for the gentle and invaluable aid 
which they rendered to the sick and wounded. 

War Workers Miss Laura E. Moore, at the time she vol 
/„ White unteered her services, was in charge of the 

Service Department at the East 152nd 
Street plant, Cleveland. She enlisted September nth 1918, 
in Cleveland, in the .American Red Cross. Overseas she was 
on duty at Military Hospital No. 5 at .Autcu.l, France. Her 
story is told here in her own words: 

"I found my entire service very niterestmg but, as 1 
look back over it all now, it seems to me that I was needed 
most and able to render the most service wh.le crossmg th 
ocean when they were dying faster than we could care tor 
them.'Our second dav out,'they commenced being taken down 
with a severe form of influenza and pneumonia. We nurses 
were pressed into immediate duty, and worked from twelve 
To fifteen hours a day our whole trip. We bur.ed one hundred 
and sixty-five at sea during our voyage, and when we reach d 
Liverpool many more were taken to hospitals and left- When 
I reached France, I was fortunate in being placed in the 
largest tent hospital in the world, where I remained during 
mv entire overseas service. We accommodated twenty-five 
hundred men at one time, and our experiences there were 

wonderful." , 

Her record speaks for itself, and nothing need be added 
to illustrate her sincerity and devotion unless it be an extract 
from a letter which she wrote to her friends at h. iP^d it^ 
as an appreciation for the kindness shown her before she sailed 
for France. She wrote in part: 

"I would like to shake the hand of each and every one 
of you and thank you from the bottom of my heart for your 
kindness and thoughtfulness at this time and even th^s would 
not express the sincere appreciation I have in my heart tor 
this very wonderful help. So when I am 'over there, rendering 
in my small way what help I can to those who have given their 
all I shall think of you, my friends, back here in Cleveland, 
who have helped to make it easier for me to do what I am able 

to do." _ , ., 

Miss Moore was released from service February 12th, 



Army and Red Cross Nurses 



^39 



I9i9> and her return to East 152nd St. was a happy event for 
ail concerned. 

Another nurse who saw considerable service was Miss 
Beatrice A. Fahy, Service Secretary at the Minnesota Mazda 
Lamp Division. Miss Fahy enlisted in the Armv Nurse Corps 
in Minneapolis on April ' " 

nth, 1918, and was sent 
to Fort Des Moines, 
Iowa. She was soon or- 
dered to France, where 
she was stationed for a 
time with Base Hospital 

No. 66 at Neufchateau, 

and later with Camp 

Hospital No. 12 at Val- 

dahon. In referring to 

her service, Miss Fahy 

said: 

"Aside from fight- 
ing the battle of spinal 

meningitis with the 'Wild 

Cat' Division (the 26th 

Division) in Camp Hos- 

ttL^°'- " ^'.^'^:^t^°"' F™'<:e. living on cold boiled 
pota o s, corn w.U.e,' hard tack, 'gold fish' and baked beans 
for three months, and being attired in raincoats, rubber 
boots and rain hats throughout our stay in 'Sunnv' France 
our work was hke the work of any of the nurses who left' 
<jod s country to do our mite." 

head^nur'se'"''- "" ''"'"^^'' ^""^ '"' '5 '9, ranking as 

The third army nurse was Miss Frances Marie Ashford 

Ts As^tart-"' 'I ''^ ''• ^""^ ^'^'"^^ Lamp dIvS 
as Assistant Service Secretary and Emergency Nurse She 
enlisted August -Sth ,9,7 and was assignfd to a det'hme 

\n n . K ' ^^"?'"' ^"" ^°- '-'■ She sailed for France 

in October, ,917, where she joined the original unit. Miss 
Ashford narrated that "there were many amusing inciden s 
as well as many sad and terrible experiences. We worked from 

"nt'sTd"? T\ '''\'' "'S*^'- °"^ l^^P"^' consisted of 
tents and boarded-up huts, with no conveniences, but I 




140 The National IN THE World War 

enjoyed the work and was loath to return, even on account 
of illness." 

Miss Ashford was in service as late as January ist, 1920. 

Miss Emily E. M. Colquhoun, who previous to enlisting 
in the Lakeside Unit of the Army Nurse Corps, August 14th, 
19 17, was a Service Secretary at the 45th Street Properties, 
was attached to the British Expeditionary Forces at Rouen, 
France. Her time was spent at Base Hospital No. 4 and Mobile 
Hospital No. 5. From a letter which she wrote under date of 
January 28th, 1918, we get some idea of the service she 
rendered. She says, in part: 

"It is so strange to be cut off from people; we can hardly 
realize it as we go along being just ourselves and living our 
lives from day to day and meeting all the new sensations 
and thrills. It is so strange to have vanished from all you 
people into the gray cloud which veils France from the rest 
of the world. 

"I wish you people could share all this life of ours with 
us. It is full of the charm of feeling that one really counts in 
the work the world has to do. It is full of sad things, but it 
is also full of the most delightful bits of humor and fun, 
and in our wards there is lots of laughter and the boys have 
many happy hours. 

"Last week we had in our ward a man who had been 
in one of the big opera companies, and next to him was a man 
who had played first violin in the Grenadier Guards Band. 
We hunted around until we found a violin, and for several 
days we worked to the most beautiful music. Our singer 
sang and our violinist played and we had bits of opera and 
bits of Tommy songs and those who were not too sick joined 
in. I wish you could hear the ones left behind sing 'Take Me 
Back to Dear Old Blighty' as the lucky ones who are going 
home are carried out on stretchers. Tommy is an awfully 
good sport, you know, and laughs over his troubles more 
often than he weeps over them." 

Her letter continues in that mood and shows clearly 
the fascination which the work held for her, despite its dangers 
and hardships. 

Miss Colquhoun was discharged in August, 19 19, returning 
to 45th Street. 

Miss Anne M. Carlton, Service Secretary of the Cleveland 
Wire Division, was closely associated with Miss Colquhoun 



The National and Its Service Men 141 

during her career as an army nurse. Miss Carlton entered 
the Lakeside Unit of the American Nurses Corps May 5th, 
1917, in Cleveland, and in France was stationed at American 
Base Hospital No. 4 and at the British Expeditionary Force 
General Hospital No. 9. Miss Carlton's most interesting 
experience was "returning to the United States," but her 
thorough devotion to her army work can be readily understood 
by anyone who reads the following extract from a letter 
written "Somewhere in France" in July, 19 17. 

"We are very busy of course, but we like it — I can't 
tell you how much — the people, the country and everything. 
We are so happy to be really in this big game that nothing 
else really matters. We work very hard from nine to twelve 
hours each day, and then we have to be within call. We play 
as hard as we work. I wish I could tell you everything, but 
we can write only about the play part. We hear nothing 
but war, war, war, but I don't believe we have a single fear 
in the world." 

The spirit of fearlessness mentioned by Miss Carlton 
was characteristic of the National's overseas nurses. They 
were all so interested in their work, so mindful of the suffering 
and weal of their patients, that their own safety was never 
uppermost in their minds. They tackled an exacting and 
important service; performed it thoroughly and cheerfully; 
and proved — insofar as individual records could prove it — 
that American womanhood can stand the test of danger and 
personal deprivation as magnificently as Yankee manhood. 

The National and Its Service Men 

The foregoing pages register the service of a majority 
of those who represented the National Lamp Works in the 
World War. These records in some instances may seem exas- 
peratingly brief but this fact is easily explained. The average 
American soldier went into war with a set determination to 
give his best efforts to the struggle and with the thought of 
getting the affair over within the shortest possible time. 
Military service meant supreme effort and, on the part of 
many, extreme hardships and suffering. When the war was 
won, action was followed by reaction and more than one man 
desired to wipe entirely from his mind the miseries and un- 
pleasant events he had experienced. Modesty prevented 



14^ The National in the World War 

Others from giving fuller details of their military career and 
in these cases, too, one must read between the lines, remem- 
bering that the service which the lad rendered his country 
is not to be measured by the few bare facts recorded in this 
volume. 

A considerable number of National men were still in 
government employ at the time our volume went to press. 
This accounts for the omission of certain service records which 
some of our readers may be particularly interested in. Wherever 
possible, information has been solicited from these men, but 
in some instances, as they moved from camp to camp, it 
became impossible to trace them to their latest addresses. 
A list of the National employees in service on January ist, 
1920, may be taken from the Roll of Honor appearing on 
page 147. The asterisks denote those in service at that date. 
This number comprises about twelve per cent of the Na- 
tional's contribution in manpower to the war. Of those dis- 
charged from service about 65 per cent returned to the 
National. This figure illustrates remarkably well the bond of 
harmony prevailing between the organization and its men. 
The list of National men from whom no service information was 
received may also be found by referring to the Roll of Plonor 
at the end of this Part. They are denoted by the mark §. 

National's Attitude Toward the Returned 
Service Man 

The National's attitude toward the returned soldier is 
amply illustrated in Terry and Tremaine's General Letter 
1 138, of November nth, 1918. 

"Our managers and other employees have given a hearty 
response to all requests that we have made for their assistance 
in war work. It has enabled us to fulfill the responsibility that 
we have felt for the war work of our organization as a whole. 
In all war endeavors our organization has made a splendid 
showing, and we believe that our employees have shown a 
higher degree of patriotism than have the employees of most 
other organizations. 

"Probably none of us has done everything that was 
possible, or that he should harve done, for when our American 
boys gave up their homes and their positions and went away 
to fight for us and others, they made real sacrifices, and few 



The Attitude of the Returned Service Man 143 

of us have done more than to submit to a few unimportant 
self-denials. Our boys did more than to earn our gratitude. 
It is a big debt that we owe them. The best way for us to 
pay this debt is to assist them so that they may make their 
lives the most useful, and retain the greatest amount of 
self-respect. Some of them may have temporarily lost their 
interest in useful civil occupations, or there may be difficulty 
in finding positions that correspond to their abilities and 
make the best use of their talents. Some will have lost 
limbs, and we must see that they are supplied with the very 
best artificial substitutes, and that care is taken in their 
re-education, until they are fitted for useful occupations. We 
may occasionally find those who, because of discouragement 
or the acquirement of unfortunate habits, will not readily 
respond to our endeavors. We must remember that their 
attitude has nothing to do with the fulfilling of our obliga- 
tion, which is to restore to them as nearly as possible what 
they have given up for us. We must have consideration, tact 
and persistencv until we have accomplished our part. 

"Our policy with respect to this matter will be to make 
ourselves responsible for the return to useful life (not merely 
supplying them with 'jobs'), of a larger number of young men 
than the number that left our employ to engage in the war. 
As far as practical, we will take those who left our employ and 
restore them to positions at least equal to those that they held 
when they left us. We shall appoint some one who will make 
this whole subject his sole responsibility, until it is fully 
accomplished. {Note. — Mr. J. E. Kewley was so appointed.) 

"The work of reconstruction and adjusting ourselves 
to normal conditions will be an immense task, and will grad- 
ually be taken in charge by the different governments, but 
this cannot be done in a moment. So long as there is work 
to do we must continue our interest, and this is particularly 
true of the care and attention of soldiers. We shall expect 
to continue seeking for such opportunities as our organization 
is fitted to undertake, and we shall count upon the continued 
loyal support of our managers and our employees." 

The Attitude of the Returned Service Man 

The ex-service man has embedded in his heart recollec- 
tions of the support accorded him by those who stayed at 



144 The National in the World War 

home while he did his bit in uniform. Those individuals and 
concerns which backed him to the limit are thought of as 
true partners in helping to defeat the monster of militarism. 
Those ^yhose support was half-hearted, or in other words of 
negative value, can scarcely expect to receive the hearty 
approval of boys who willingly sacrificed themselves for 
others. 

Attitude Toward the National 

National men who were in service — and these lines are 
written by one of them — appreciate the support accorded 
by the National organization and by those of its employees 
who were unable to enter the military establishment. A few 
of the many ways in which the National Lamp Works backed 
up the boys are enumerated below, not because it invites 
praise for its efforts but because the war veterans acknowledge 
the spirit in which these things were done: 

1. The National dedicated its efforts to winning the 
war. Making lamps was secondary. 

2. The organization subscribed liberally to all Liberty 
Loans, contributed abundantly to relief funds and 
backed up the government in all other financial 
undertakings. 

3. It gave willingly of its employees' time to make all 
government activities successful. 

4. Offered re-employment to those returning from 
service. 

5. National Divisions and Departments remembered 
their men in service throughout the year by many 
kind favors. For example, Minnesota Mazda had 
a committee appointed to take care of its people in 
service, furnishing, them with information, news 
items, candy, gum, cigarettes and the like. A mailing 
schedule was established, and each week something 
was forwarded to show the absent members of the 
organizations that they were remembered. 

6. A month's pay was given to every employee upon 
entering service, providing he had been in the Com- 
pany's employ six months. 



The American Legion 145 



Attitude Toward the Government 

The new civilian is a far better American today than when 
he first donned military attire. Months of strenuous service 
in which he thought America, talked America and gave his 
whole existence to America, have inculcated in him firmly 
the principles for which America stands, so that today he 
loves everything that builds for true Americanism and hates 
everything which opposes it. 

The United States Government has done much, and will 
continue to do much, for its World War veterans. Likewise, 
the latter are doing a great deal for Uncle Sam. Organizations 
of men who saw service in 1917-18 are lending thought and 
diligent effort to the problems which confront us today. 
Chief among these service organizations may be cited the 
American Legion, whose members have been active in quelling 
riots and spreading the principles on which our republic 
is founded. The formation of East Cleveland Post, No. 163, 
which was organized wholly through the efforts of ex-service 
men at Nela Park, may be interesting to our readers. 

The American Legion 

In war and out of war, one hundred per cent American! 
That is the slogan to which this body of honorably 
discharged soldiers, sailors and marines have 
pledged themselves. In war they fought for 
justice, freedom and democracy. Today they are 
upholding and perpetuating the fruits of their 
victory and are receiving the encouragement of all America- 
loving people. 

Early in September, 19 19, several ex-soldiers at Nela 
Park decided to organize an American Legion post to which 
the fellows at Nela and East 152nd Street could belong. 
Russell P. Askue (see page 40) was extremely active in in- 
teresting others in the movement. Colonel F. M. Dorsey, 
Chief of the Development Division of the Chemical Warfare 
Service, was called upon and, being already familiar with 
the aims of the Legion, was more than willing to do his bit. 
At Colonel Dorsey's request Colonel J. R. McQuigg, com- 
mander of the II 2th Engineers, agreed to address National 
men at Nela Park, September 19th, on the American Legion. 
Notices of this meeting were posted at Nela Park, E. 152nd 




146 The National in the World War 

St., and E. 45th St. and a large number of service men were 
in attendance. 

At the close of Colonel McQuigg's spirited talk, given 
in the lecture room of the Engineering Building, Chairman 
Dorsey called a meeting for September 25th. At this later 
meeting the following temporary officers were elected. 

Ed. Du B. Stryker, Chairman. 

W. W. Loveland, Secretary. 

The temporary officers presented the application for a 
post charter, which was approved and granted September 
30th, 1919, as East Cleveland Post, No. 163. On the same 
date Messrs. Leroy Lemon, M. H. Keys and H. W. Vanderwerf 
were chosen to represent the Post in the county council. 

At a subsequent meeting, held October 20th, 19 19, the 
following permanent officers were elected for the year ending 
October 20th, 1920. 

Leroy Lemon (of the Ohio Blower Co.) — Post Com- 
mander. 

Ed. Du B. Stryker — -Post Vice-Commander. 

M. D. Cooper — Post Adjutant. 

J. W. Dunbar — Post Historian. 

F. W. Hild — Post Finance Officer. 

D. C. Hughes — Post Chaplain. 

The following members were appointed as an executive 
committee to serve with the foregoing officers: 

Messrs. L. E. Smith, F. M. Dorsey, J. F. Donovan, 
O. L. Brunner and D. C. Herrick. 

East Cleveland Post No. 163 is not limited to Nela 
employees; any honorably discharged service men and women 
are eligible and eagerly welcomed to membership. Regular 
meetings are held in the lecture room at Nela Park. As of 
May, 1920, 168 men were enrolled in this post. 

So ends the story of the five hundred and ninety-seven 
National men and women who gave themselves to the cause 
of humanity by entering government service during the dark 
days of 1917-1918. A complete account of their service can 
never be written, except as these patriots have already written 
it in their deeds. 



The National in the World War 147 

ROLL OF HONOR 

Below are listed the 597 men and women who left their 
civilian employment with the National Lamp Works and 
entered the forces of the United States or her allies during the 
period of the war. The asterisk (*) denotes those who, 
according to our best information, were in service as late as 
January i, 1920. The section-mark (§) denotes those concern- 
ing whose service no detailed information could be obtained 
by the editors of this volume. The dagger (f) denotes those 
who died in the service. Those marked (N) were in the Navy; 
all who are not otherwise marked were in the Army. 

Name Rank When Department or Division 

Discharged Before Entering Service. 

Abrams, Haroki M OrdinarySeaman(N)Cleveland Wire. 

Acker, William A § Cleveland Wire. 

tAllen, John S Returned Lamp Inspection. 

Allen, Louis B Private, ist Class.. .Nela Operating. 

AUsopp, William Sergeant Equipment Development. 

Anderson, Earl A Lieutenant, senior 

grade (N) Engineering. 

*Anderson, George § Rhode Island Glass. 

Anderton, Herbert L. . . Corporal Rhode Island Glass. 

Arrinda, A §Private Lamp Equipment. 

*Ashdown, Gerald J § Cleveland Wire. 

Ashford, Miss Frances. .Nurse St. Louis Mazda Lamp. 

Askue, Russell R. ..... . Private (Officer 

Candidate) Ivanhoe-Regent Works. 

*Atchley, Shird P (N) Ohio Division. 

Austin, Frank § Niles Glass. 

Baeckler, Walter Private Youngstown Mazda. 

Baker, Robert F ist Lieutenant Engineering. 

Baldauf, Harry E Wagoner Euclid Glass. 

Ballou, Lance C 2nd Lieutenant Bryan-Marsh (Central Falls). 

Bard, Rudolph T Sergeant Nela Press. 

Barker, Altamont S Corporal Engineering. 

Barry, Ovide L Private Rhode Island Glass. 

Beake, Gower L Private, 1st Class.. .Niles Glass. 

Beals, Gillson W 2nd Lieutenant . . . Commercial Development. 

Beauregarde, Louis §(N) Central Falls Mazda Lamp. 

Bechhold, Myron J Private, 1st Class. . .Nela Operating. 

Beck, Horace W. Jr Private Columbia Lamp. 

Beckman, Elmer H Private, 1st Class.. .Chemical Laboratory. 

Bedaka, Andrew § Cleveland Wire. 

Belford, John §Private Engineering. 

Benoit, Dona § Rhode Island Glass. 

Berry, Clarence J ist Lieutenant Engineering. 



The National in the World War 



Name Rank When Department or Division 

Discharged Before Entering Service. 

Beutel, Frederick Yeoman (N) Transportation. 

Billington, Joseph § Rhode Island Glass, 

Billitter, Lewis § Niles Glass. 

Birster, Charles M Lamp Equipment. 

Boehning, William C. . .Private Minnesota Mazda Lamp. 

Boggis, H. P § Engineering. 

Boiles, Frank H Private (Marine 

Corps) Youngstown Mazda Lamp. 

Boucher, Edward §(N) Central Falls Mazda Lamp . 

Bouvier, Albert E Cook Central Falls Mazda Lamp . 

Bova, Thomas § Providence Base Works. 

•Branch, Frank § Lamp Equipment. 

Brennan, Edward Mechanic St. Louis Mazda Lamp. 

Briggs, Walter E § Central Falls Mazda Lamp. 

Broadbent, William H . . Private Euclid Glass. 

fBrooks, Enoch E §Private Niles Glass. 

Brooks, George H Sergeant Niles Glass. 

Brown, Andrew J 2nd Lieutenant Federal Miniature(NewYork) 

Brown, Edward § Cleveland Wire. 

Brown, L. C Engineering. 

Brown, Norman A § Rhode Island Glass. 

Brown, Roland S Corporal Providence Base Works. 

Brown, William D Corporal Ohio Division. 

•Browning, Parker §(N) Lamp Equipment. 

Brundage, Arthur §(N) St. Louis Mazda Lamp. 

Buel, Edward A 2nd Lieutenant Commercial Development. 

Bulla, Oscar M Private Youngstown Mazda Lamp. 

Burdette, Donald § Engineering. 

Burdick, Lewis E Private, ist Class.. .Central Falls Mazda Lamp. 

Burns, James B Private Niles Glass. 

Burns, John J Carpenter's Mate, 

3rd Class (N) ... .St. Louis Mazda Lamp. 

Butler, Clifford Cleveland Wire. 

Cadle, Ivor H Ordinary Seaman 

(Merchant Marine)Nela Lamp. 

Callahan, Ernest L Machinist's Mate, 1st 

Class (N) Providence Base Works. 

Cameron, Stanley G. . . . §Private Lamp Equipment. 

Cannon, John F Private Niles Glass. 

Cardinale, Joseph Private, ist Class. . .Providence Base Works. 

Carlson, Albert B Machinist's Mate, 

1st Class (N) . . . .Providence Base Works. 

Carlton, Miss Anne M Cleveland Wire. 

•Carroll, James § Rhode Island Glass. 

•Carter, John §(N) Niles Glass. 

Casey, Edward P Apprentice Seaman. 

(N) Niles Glass. 

Castrovillari, Cosmo. . . .Private, ist Class . .Providence Base Works. 



The National in the World War 149 

Name Rank When Department or Division 

Discharged Before Entering Service. 

Caswell, Sydney C ist Lieutenant Nela Specialties. 

Catano, Paul Nela Press. 

Catatto, Nick Euclid Glass. 

Catugno, Antonio § Providence Base Works. 

Chadwick, Theodore G Ohio Division. 

Chapman, Earl J § . . . • Lamp Equipment. 

Chapman, George J. . . . 2nd Lieutenant .... Large Lamp Sales 

Chasson, Emil § Rhode Island Glass. 

Chiconi, Arthur H Troop Mechanic. . .Lamp Equipment. 

fClancy, George C Euclid Glass. 

Clark, Clarence Bugler, ist Class. . .Lamp Equipment. 

*Cleal, Ray § Niles Glass. 

*Coates, Lawrence § Cleveland Wire. 

*Cobb, Percy W Captain Nela Research Laboratory. 

Coburn, Charles § Niles Glass. 

Colcord, Fred Oakland Mazda Lamp. 

Colquhoun, Emily M 45th St. Properties. 

Coman, Lucien D. Jr . . . Corporal (flying rat- 
ing) Nela Research Laboratory. 

fComisky, Lewis M Ivanhoe-Regent Works. 

Commery, Eugene W. . .Civilian Worker . . Engineering. 

Compton, Ralph O ist Lieutenant Engineering. 

Conte, C § Providence Base Works. 

Conway, T. C § Youngstown Mazda Lamp. 

Cook, Howard M Ensign (N) Nela Specialties. 

*Cook, William W § Niles Glass. 

Cooper, Marion D 2nd Lieutenant Engineering. 

fCoughlin, Robert T Corporal Cleveland Wire. 

Cousineau, Arthur A. . . .Private Central Falls Mazda Lamp. 

Cover, Leo G Captain Cleveland Wire. 

Coy, Ralph W § Euclid Glass. 

Cress, Phil J § Realty. 

*Crew, Bert § Lamp Equipment. 

Crossland, Elmer R Private (Marine . . . 

Corps) Central Falls Mazda Lamp. 

Cunningham, Albert Oakland Mazda Lamp. 

Cunningham, Thomas J.§ Nela Operating. 

Curth, Ralph Nela Research Laboratory. 

Dana, Junius Private, ist Class. . .Cleveland Carbon Filament. 

Dargie, Arthur § Rhode Island Glass. 

Davies, James L Chief Machinist's 

Mate(N) Equipment Development. 

Davis, Robert W Lieutenant, junior 

grade (N) Large Lamp Sales. 

Davis, W. G § St. Louis Mazda Lamp. 

Dawson, Carl H §Civilian Worker. . Standardizing. 

*Dearborn, William § Cleveland Wire. 



1 50 The National IN THE World War 

Name Rank When Department or Division 

Discharged Before Entering Service. 

*Debasky, Anthony § Cleveland Carbon Lamp. 

Derry, Ernest N Private Central Falls Mazda Lamp. 

Dick, Paul § Cleveland Flashlight Lamp. 

Dieckow, Walter W. . . .Private Lamp Equipment. 

Diehl, W § Engineering. 

Dipietro, Cormine «.Nela Operating. 

Doane, Le Roy C ist Lieutenant Ivanhoe-Regent Works. 

fDoll, James W Loudon Glass. 

Donovan, J. F Captain Equipment Development. 

Doran, Edward L Private, ist Class.. .Niles Glass. 

Dorsey, Frank M Colonel Lamp Development. 

Doty, Charles C Private Buckeye Electric. 

Doyle, J. M Cleveland Wire. 

Dubinsky, John H § Niles Glass. 

DufF, J. Roy §Captain Chief Accounting. 

DufF, Nicholas V Private Returned Lamp Inspection. 

Du Gar, Fred W §Ensign (N) Engineering. 

Dunbar, Edward V § (N) Engineering. 

Dunbar, J. Watson . . . .Cadet Flyer Engineering. 

Duncan, Robert N Private, ist Class.. .Miniature Bulb. 

Dunn, James H Private Rhode Island Glass. 

Dunnigan, Raymond A . Sergeant Niles Glass. 

Durst, Paul H Private Youngstown Mazda Lamp. 

Eddy, John L Private Nela Operating. 

*Edwards, Edward S. . . . § (N) Providence Base Works. 

Egeler, Carl Edward. . . .Lieutenant, senior 

grade (N) Engineering. 

Ellis, Herbert W Sergeant, 1st Class. Engineering. 

Endress, Clarence H. . . . §2nd Lieutenant. . .Standardizing. 

Ensign, Leland R Corporal Ohio Division. 

*Evans, George A § Providence Base Works. 

Evans, Roy H Private Miniature Lamp Sales. 

Exall, John § Cleveland Mazda Lamp. 

Fahy, Miss Beatrice A. .Head Surgical NurseMinnesota Mazda Lamp. 

Fahy, Raymond § (N) Minnesota Mazda Lamp. 

Falge, Robert N Ensign (Naval 

Aviation) Engineering. . 

*Fatica, John § Miniature Bulb. 

Fatigo, Mike § Cleveland Mazda Lamp. 

Feder, Milton S § Central Falls Mazda Lamp. 

Fee, Francis T Private St. Louis Mazda Lamp. 

Felske, Elmer Private Cleveland Wire. 

Finnigan, Frank R Private Niles Glass. 

Finnigan, Harry Niles Glass. 

Firm, David O Private Euclid Glass. 

Firman, Harry § (N) St. Louis Mazda Lamp. 

Fisher, Fred T § Euclid Glass. 

*Fisher, Grover L § Nela Operating. 



The National IN THE World War 151 

Name Rank When Department or Division 

Discharged Before Entering Service. 

Foley, Dennis D Private, ist Class. . .Rhode Island Glass. 

Forrest, Alphonse W .... § Central Falls Mazda Lamp. 

Foster, Charles Ohio Division. 

Fotte, Carmelo Providence Base Works. 

Fournier, Joseph R Seaman,2ndClass(N)Rhode Island Glass. 

Frear, Perry M ist Lieutenant Nela Specialties. 

Frechette, George § Rhode Island Glass. 

Freer, Clyde P (Marine Corps) . . . .Ohio Division. 

Fricke, Walter C Yeoman (N) Columbia Lamp. 

Fried, Monroe J Corporal Nela Press. 

Fullerton, Richard Cleveland Wire. 

Gage, John H ist Lieutenant Fostoria Incandescent Lamp. 

Gaiser, Erich § Cleveland Wire. 

fGardner, Jesse S Ohio Division. 

Garrison, Ralph H 2nd Lieutenant Bryan-Marsh (Chicago). 

*Gerlach, Irving H § ; . . . . Bulb and Tubing. 

Getson, Harry (N) Ohio Division. 

Gibbs, Arthur D Private, ist Class.. .Niles Glass. 

Gilbert, Herschel R Standardizing. 

Gilmour, Fred Niles Glass. 

*Gionannucci, Savior. . . .Private Providence Base Works. 

Glasser, Joseph § Engineering. 

Glave, Herman Cleveland Wire. 

*Goetz, Joe § Illinois Miniature Lamp. 

Gormly, George C Apprentice Seaman. 

(N) Engineering. 

Gorton, Daniel § Rhode Island Glass. 

*Graves, G. S § . ; Lamp Equipment. 

Gregory, Fred S Sergeant Ohio Division. 

Greisen, Anthony S Corporal Minnesota Mazda Lamp. 

*Griffin, James J § (N) Niles Glass. 

Griffin, Patrick Private Rhode Island Glass. 

Griffiths, Ernest J §Sergeant Niles Glass. 

Grooms, William §Private, ist Class. .Loudon Glass. 

Grossberg, Maurice § Cleveland Wire. 

Guntner, Frank G Private, ist Class.. .Lamp Equipment. 

Guntner, Jay A Private, 1st Class. ..Lamp Equipment. 

Gustafson, Evald Private Euclid Glass. 

Haefeli, Edwin J Civilian Employee. .Lamp Development. 

Hagan, John H Sergeant Providence Base Works. 

Hagensen, Theodore A Minnesota Mazda Lamp. 

Hall, Walter Captain Bryan-Marsh (Chicago). 

Hamel, Louis A Private Central Falls Mazda Lamp. 

Hamey, Joseph V Private Euclid Glass. 

fHammell, Clarence Private Oakland Mazda Lamp. 

Hamrich, Paul R Lamp Equipment. 

Handel, Albert Private Youngstown Mazda Lamp. 

Handrigan, Joseph L.. . . Private Central Falls Mazda Lamp. 



152 The National IN THE World War 

Name Rank When Department or Division 

Discharged Before Entering Service. 

Hankison, George E. . . .Private, 1st Class.. .Credit. 

Hannemann, Joseph J. .Corporal Bryan-Marsh (Chicago). 

Hannemann, William F.. Sergeant Bryan-Marsh (Chicago). 

Hardin, Lorraine G ist Lieutenant Engineering. 

*Harris, Walter L § Lamp Equipment. 

Harris, William § Loudon Glass. 

fHartman, Edward F St. Louis Mazda Lamp. 

Hartman, Roger F Sergeant Puritan Refilled Lamp. 

Harwood, John W Private Lamp Equipment. 

Hathaway, George E. , .Sergeant Nela Research Laboratory. 

Hayman, George B Sergeant Cleveland Miniature Lamp. 

Henderson, Wayne G. . .Private Chemical Laboratory. 

Hennecke, Robert C. . . .Sergeant, ist Class.. Federal Miniature (Chicago). 

Hennessey, John F Private Rhode Island Glass. 

Herkner, Walter F Ordinary Seaman(N) Cleveland Carbon Lamp. 

Herman, Charles Seaman,istClass(N)Miniature Bulb. 

Herrick, DeWitt C Lieutenant, junior 

grade (N) Engineering. 

Herrmann, Henry § Credit. 

*Hertzog, Thomas § Lamp Equipment. 

Hild, Frederick W Ensign (N) Nela Lamp. 

Hill, Shelden G Private Puritan Refilled Lamp. 

Hilling, William G Cleveland Wire. 

* Hilton, J § Rhode Island Glass. 

Himeon, Everett W. . . .Corporal Central Falls Mazda Lamp. 

Hitch, Horace M Statistical. 

fHitchcock, Datzel F. . . .Marine Engineer, 

3rd Class (N). . . .Engineering. 

Hoerlein, Benjamin H.. .Sergeant Buckeye Electric. 

Holm, Charles L 2nd Lieutenant Engineering. 

Holmes, Wayne Moore. . 2nd Lieutenant Engineering. 

Holt, Paul A 2nd Lieutenant Ohio Division. 

Horr, Edward N Captain Engineering. 

Howatt, Earl Oakland Mazda Lamp. 

Hughes, Dale C ist Lieutenant Lamp Development. 

Hulbert, Thorne L § (N) Lamp Development. 

Hull, Edwin J Captain Cleveland Wire. 

Hunsicker, Walter D . . . Seaman, 2nd Class 

(N) Colonial Electric. 

Ibele, Walter C (N) : . Lamp Development. 

flngram, Joseph R Loudon Glass. 

Janidlo, Steve Private Lamp Equipment. 

Jeffries, Paul J Private Minnesota Mazda Lamp. 

Jensen, Holgard V § Minnesota Mazda Lamp. 

Jewell, Theodore S Private Nela Operating. 

*Johnson, Harry M Captain Nela Research Laboratory. 

Johnson, Hugo Private, 1st Class.. .Euclid Glass. 

Johnson, Orval E Musician, 2nd Class. Oakland Mazda Lamp. 



The National in the World War 153 

Name Rank When Department or Division 

Discharged Before Entering Service. 

Johnson, Oscar E Private, ist Class.. .Lamp Equipment. 

Johnson, Roy § (N) Minnesota Mazda Lamp. 

Johnson, Wilbur M 2nd Lieutenant Engineering. 

Jones, Benjamin Private (British 

Army) Ohio Division. 

Jones, Charles H Niles Glass. 

*Jones, Granville W § Illinois Miniature Lamp. 

Jones, Robert Niles Glass. 

Jones, William D Ohio Division. 

tjudd, Francis L Private Oakland Mazda Lamp. 

Kavanaugh, William J. .Private Engineering. 

Kaye, Elmer A Corporal Euclid Glass. 

Kaye, Roy P Private, ist Class.. .Euclid Glass. 

fKearney, Frank J Sergeant Niles Glass. 

Keenan, W. Carroll . . . .Sergeant Nela Operating. 

Keiser, Elmer G Private Loudon Glass. 

Keiser, Guy Private, ist Class.. .Niles Glass. 

Keister, Baird § Engineering. 

Keister, Lowell M. Jr.. .Private Realty. 

Kelley, James § (N) Oakland Mazda Lamp. 

Kelley, William B § Rhode Island Glass. 

Kelly, Walter A Private Euclid Glass. 

Kent, Lee C 2nd Lieutenant Engineering. 

Kenyon, Bradford H. ...2nd Lieutenant Providence Base Works. 

Kesler, Charles C Private, ist Class.. .Loudon Glass. 

Ketch, James M 2nd Lieutenant Engineering. 

Khoury, Nicholas § Nela Lamp. 

Kilroy, Edward A § Realty. 

King, Henry § Rhode Island Glass. 

King, Walker J Lamp Development. 

Kirwin, William J Carpenter's Mate, 

3rd Class (N) .... Central Falls Mazda Lamp. 

Knallay, William § Euclid Glass. 

Knealy, Willis M § Cleveland Wire. 

*Kois, Steven § Rhode Island Glass. 

Komick, John Private Nela Operating. 

Koons, David F Corporal Euclid Glass. 

Kopecky, Frank E Private Shelby Lamp. 

Kremm, Arthur L Sergeant, ist Class.. Euclid Glass. 

*Kubiski, John J § (N) Rhode Island Glass. 

Lacasse, Arthur W Fireman, 2nd C. (N) Rhode Island Glass. 

Lane, William Cleveland Wire. 

Larkman, Rowland E. . .Private Cleveland Mazda Lamp. 

Larremore, Floyd M. . . .Sergeant Euclid Glass. 

Laufketter, Fred C Production Engineer Fostoria Incandescent Lamp. 

*Lawton, L § Rhode Island Glass. 

Lea, Herbert S § • Trumbull Mazda Lamp. 

Leach, O. M § (N) Bryan-Marsh (Detroit). 



154 The National IN THE World War 

Name Rank When Department or Division 

Discharged Before Entering Service. 

*Ledeger, Martin § Nela Operating. 

Lehmann, E. E §Private Standardizing. 

Leighton, Roy L Master Signal 

Electrician Lamp Equipment. 

Lemaire, Joseph Bugler Rhode Island Glass. 

Lemr, Charles Private Nela Lamp. 

*Lenney, James § Niles Glass. 

Leonard, Arthur § Lamp Equipment. 

Levitt, William T Sergeant, ist Class.. Ohio Division. 

Lightner, Clyde (Marine Corps) Oakland Mazda Lamp. 

"Lincoln, R. D § (N) Niles Glass. 

Lindblom, Sven O Corporal Providence Base Works. 

Lindsay, James C Cleveland Wire. 

Linerode, Charles C Auditing. 

fLintz, Noble C Detroit Miniature Lamp. 

Lippman, F. D § Youngstown Mazda Lamp. 

Loucks, Roxy § Euclid Glass. 

Loveless, Carl § Trumbull Mazda Lamp. 

Lucas, Leo § Niles Glass. 

*Lunberg, John § (N) Loudon Glass. 

Lynch, George H Apprentice Seaman 

(N) Puritan Refilled Lamp. 

Lyons, John J Private, ist Class.. .Euclid Glass. 

Lyons, Lester W Sergeant Sunbeam Lamp (New York 

City). 
*Madigan, Thomas § Niles Glass. 

Madison, Elisha P Private Rhode Island Glass. 

Maganini, Arthur § (N) Oakland Mazda Lamp. 

Mahoney, Charles § Niles Glass. 

Mahoney, James § Niles Glass. 

Mall, Frank § Euclid Glass. 

Marcogliese, Vitaliono. . § Providence Base Works. 

Marks, D. W § Euclid Glass. 

"Marshall, Floyd C § Providence Base Works. 

Marshall, Herman H. P.. Private, 1st Class. . .St. Louis Mazda Lamp. 

Martin, Earl T Corporal Illinois Miniature Lamp. 

Martin, Ward F Private Nela Lamp. 

Martine, J. Leon § Columbia Lamp. 

Masonbrink, Herbert C. Private Lamp Equipment. 

*Mastronardi, John § Providence Base Works. 

Mattern, Walter R Corporal Nela Operating. 

Mattis, Harry Private Equipment Development 

Mayer, Frank § Nela Operating. 

Mayhew, William § Rhode Island Glass. 

McCartney, Jack § Oakland Mazda Lamp. 

McDermott, Robert J.. . §Private Providence Base Works 

McElhaney, Harry H . . . § • Loudon Glass. 

*McFarland, Edward J . . § (N) Miniature Bulb. 



The National in the World War 155 



Name Rank When Department or Division 

Discharged Before Entering Service. 

McGrath, William C . .Corporal Columbia Lamp. 

*McKeown, F § Rhode Island Glass. 

*McShane, M § Lamp Equipment. 

Merrick, Joseph S Private, ist Class.. .Loudon Glass. 

Merrick, Walter F Private Loudon Glass. 

Metz, J § Lamp Equipment. 

Metzger, Francis C Lamp Equipment. 

Metzger, R § Lamp Equipment. 

Michelson, S. Emil Musician, ist Class . Youngstown Mazda Lamp. 

Miller, Ormsby D (N) Illinois Miniature Lamp. 

Miller, Walter' M Oiler (U. S. Shipping 

Board) Oakland Mazda Lamp. 

Minncuci, Sylvester. . . .Private Providence Base Works. 

Mitrovich, Joseph M . . . Private Ohio Division. 

Molloy, Joseph A Private Nela Operating. 

Molloy, Thomas J Corporal Nela Lamp. 

Molloy, Richard (Canadian Army) . .Cleveland Wire. 

Monaco, Giovani Del . . . (N) Providence Base Works. 

Monahan, Andy Private Niles Glass. 

Mondi, S (N) Providence Base Works. 

Montagano, Arthur Providence Base Works. 

Moore, Laura E Nurse Nela Operating. 

Moredock, Albert R. . . .ChiefStorekeeper(N)Columbia Lamp. 

Morgenstern, Herbert J. .Private, ist Class. . .Standardizing. 
*Morris, Dewey § Cleveland Wire. 

Morrison, Carrol B Oakland Mazda Lamp. 

Morrison, William E. . . .Lieutenant, junior 

grade (N) Cleveland Miniature Lamp 

Moss, Septie § Niles Glass. 

Motto, Charles J § Cleveland Wire. 

*Muir, Leland J § Law. 

Mullarky, Michael T. . .Sergeant Youngstown Mazda Lamp. 

Murphy, Howard H. . . .Private Euclid Glass. 

Murphy, Patrick Private Euclid Glass. 

Murray, John C Private Buckeye Electric. 

Murtaugh, James Niles Glass. 

Myers, George W Private Euclid Glass. 

Mylechraine, R Cleveland Miniature Lamp. 

Nash, Ralph C 2nd Lieutenant Peerless-Brilliant Lamp 

Nesbitt, Alfred § (N) Niles Glass. 

Newmeister, R § Lamp Equipment. 

Nibeck, George M Corporal Euclid Glass. 

Nick, Worbert § (N) . Loudon Glass. 

Niehus, Oswald H Cleveland Wire. 

Niess, George Niles Glass. 

Nixon, Crawford G 2nd Lieutenant Standardizing. 

Norris, George E Private Youngstown Mazda Lamp. 

Norton, Glenn E Corporal Ohio Division. 



i<;6 The National IN THE World War 

Name Rank When Department or Division 

Discharged Before Entering Service 

Nottage, Charles T Private, ist Class.. .Lamp Equipment. 

Nungesser, Ralph A. . . .Lieutenant, junior 

grade (N) Commercial Development. 

O'Dea, Richard § Lamp Equipment. 

fO'Donnell, Michael Nela Operating. 

O'Grady, Charles F Sergeant, ist Class.. Central Falls Mazda Lamp. 

Olson, Harold A Ensign (N) Engineering. 

Ostiguy, Wilfred § Rhode Island Glass. 

Owen, Fred B 2nd Lieutenant Oakland Mazda Lamp. 

Paine, Russell A Private Minnesota Mazda Lamp. 

Palermo, Joseph Private, ist Class.. .Lamp Equipment. 

Pantonlis, Gret § Trumbull Mazda Lamp. 

Papenfuse, Charles A ... § Euclid Glass. 

fParker, Leslie W (N) Minnesota Mazda Lamp, 

*Parmelee, Luther § Nela Lamp. 

Parshall, Ray W Corporal (Marine 

Corps) Lamp Development. 

Paterson, Lorenzo W.. . . Seaman, 2nd C. (N) Cleveland Wire. 

Pearson, Joseph § Cleveland Wire. 

tPeffer, Harry E Niles Glass. 

Pelton, Lawrence P Ohio Division. 

Perry, Raymond ist Lieutenant Ivanhoe-Regent Works. 

*Persiani, Antonio § Providence Base Works. 

*Petas, Nick § Rhode Island Glass. 

Peters, Walter L 2nd Lieutenant Illinois Miniature Lamp. 

Petosky, Nick Cook Euclid Glass. 

*Pettit, Marvin § Bryan-Marsh (Chicago). 

Phillips, Chester § Oakland Mazda Lamp. 

Pierce, Harold E Private Minnesota Mazda Lamp. 

Pindell, William H. Jr . . Captain Sterling Electric Lamp. 

Pion, Romeo F § Rhode Island Glass. 

Porter, Wilbur N Seaman,istClass(N)Nela Operating. 

Potteiger, Hurley Corporal Loudon Glass. 

Potter, Joseph Private Lamp Equipment. 

Powers, Alman § Detroit Miniature Lamp. 

Price, Le Roy F §Private Engineering. 

Price, Wayne F Wagoner Euclid Glass. 

Prince, Harold E Seaman, 2nd Class 

(N) Cleveland Wire. 

Prunckunog, L § 45th St. Properties. 

Pupke, William H (Marine Corps) .... Fostoria Incandescent Lamp. 

Purser, Raymond C Ohio Division. 

Putka, Joe § 45th St. Properties. 

Quinlan, Herbert E Chief Quartermaster 

(Naval Aviation) . Nela Lamp. 
*Quinn, Raymond §(Marine Corps) . . .Niles Glass. 

Racey, J. C Cleveland Wire. 

*Rayl, Robert W § Lamp Equipment. 



The National in the World War 157 

Name Rank When Department or Division 

Discharged Before Entering Service. 

"Real, Frank § Niles Glass. 

Reed, William J Private Illinois Miniature Lamp. 

Reider, Kenneth G Sergeant Glass Technology. 

Reisinger, James C § (N) Engineering. 

Rensel, John V Private Nela Lamp. 

Rice, John § Engineering. 

Rick, Joseph J Sergeant Sterling Electric. 

Riendeau, Henry § Rhode Island Glass. 

"Riser, Andrew J § Niles Glass. 

Ritter, Forest L Sergeant Ohio Division. 

Rodgers, Duke § Oakland Mazda Lamp. 

Roffee, Arthur P Boatswain's Mate, 

2nd Class. (N) . . . Providence Base Works. 

Ronan, N. T § Bryan-Marsh (Chicago). 

Rosborough, William M. ist Lieutenant Shelby Lamp. 

Ross, Gabriel J § Cleveland Mazda Lamp. 

Ross, William Private Credit. 

Rossington, Laurence. . .Private (Canadian 

Army) Publicity. 

Rossington, Wallace M.. Regimental Sergeant 
Major (Canadian 
Army) Large Lamp Sales 

Roth, Herman A § (N) Realty. 

"Rummell, Edward § Niles Glass. 

Russell, M. H Ensign (N) Cleveland Wire. 

Russell, John §....•. Niles Glass. 

Rust, Louis J §Ensign (N) Engineering. 

Ryan, James E Private Niles Glass. 

Ryan, John E § Law. 

Sack, Edwin L Lamp Equipment. 

Sambol, Frank (Serbian Army) ... Lamp Equipment. 

Samsel, Carl § Euclid Glass. 

Samples, George E § Minnesota Mazda Lamp. 

Sanborn, Norman P . . . . Ensign (N) Engineering. 

Sankey, T. Harold Private Nela Operating. 

Santangelo, Domenico. Private Providence Base Works. 

Santoro, Emilio Private Providence Base Works. 

Savage, Charles E Private, ist Class.. .Engineering. 

Savage, Francis J Private Nela Press. 

Savo, George Chief Yeoman (N)..Law. 

Scalley, William F § Rhode Island Glass. 

"Schaefer, William W. . . .Sergeant, ist Class.. Bryan-Marsh (Central Falls). 
*Scharch, E. J § Nela Lamp. 

Scharringhausen, Clyde.. Private Columbia Lamp. 

Schiene, Anthony § St. Louis Mazda Lamp. 

Schmoll, N § Euclid Glass. 

Schroeder, William E. . .Private, ist Class.. .Nela Press. 

Schuler, Fritz Corporal Oakland Mazda Lamp. 



158 The National in the World War 

Name Rank When Department or Division 

Discharged Before Entering Service. 

Sealey, G. L § (N) Engineering. 

*Sertell, Aloysious § Niles Glass. 

Shimonek, Edward R. . .2nd Lieutenant Oakland Mazda Lamp. 

Sincere, Vincenzo Private Providence Base Works. 

Skebe, M § Euclid Glass. 

Sliger, George D Private Auditing. 

Sloan, R. M § Engineering. 

Smith, Albert Private Rhode Island Glass. 

*Smith, Albert § Cleveland Wire. 

*Smith, Alonzo § Niles Glass. 

Smith, Beryl S Private Lamp Equipment. 

Smith, George F Private Chemical Laboratory. 

Smith, George H 2nd Lieutenant Engineering. 

Smith, Otto § Niles Glass. 

Smith, Robert H Private Minnesota Mazda Lamp. 

Smith, Roy W § Trumbull Mazda Lamp. 

Smith, Sidney C Niles Glass. 

Smith, Uhl M Master Engineer, 

senior grade Youngstown Mazda Lamp. 

Smoots, Philips P Private Euclid Glass. 

Snee, Bernard § Rhode Island Glass. 

Snouffer, John C Private Euclid Glass. 

*Soder, Edward § Niles Glass. 

Sotzen, Howard 2nd Lieutenant Shelby Lamp. 

Sponsler, Coursen W. . . . Corporal Bulb and Tubing. 

Sproull, John R § Euclid Glass. 

Staggers, Elery §Corporal Loudon Glass. 

Stambler, David Private Puritan Refilled Lamp. 

Stark, Lawrence W Sergeant St. Louis Mazda Lamp. 

Starn, Wayne E Private Loudon Glass. 

Steinhurst, William F. . .Corporal Loudon Glass. 

*Stephan, Steve Musician (N) Cleveland Miniature Lamp. 

Stock, John J. Sergeant St. Louis Mazda Lamp. 

*Strang, John J § Bryan-Marsh (Chicago). 

Streng, E. C §2nd Lieutenant .... Engineering. 

Sturrock, Walter ist Lieutenant Engineering. 

Sullivan, Arthur ist Lieutenant Shelby Lamp. 

Sullivan, Chester M. . . .Gunnery Sergeant. . 

(Marine Aviation)Minnesota Mazda Lamp. 
jSuUivan, James E Niles Glass. 

Svec, John § Nela Operating. 

fSwartz, Ray L Ohio Division. 

Sweetland, A. A § (N) Youngstown Mazda Lamp. 

*Sweed, Harry § Niles Glass. 

Sykes, Wesley P § Seaman, 2nd Class 

(N) Cleveland Wire. 

Tait, Howard J Regimental Sergeant 

Major Ivanhoe-Regent Works. 



The National in the World War 159 

Name Rank When Department or Division 

Discharged Before Entering Service. 

Talbot, Ira D Private Equipment Development. 

TefFt, Lincoln J Private Administration. 

*Terry, Kenneth § Nela Operating. 

Teschke, Emil Private, ist Class.. .Lamp Equipment. 

Theberge, Napoleon. . . .§ Rhode Island Glass. 

Thorn, Victor § Euclid Glass. 

Thornburg, Clarence W. Private Niles Glass. 

Thornton, Lloyd M Ensign (N) Providence Base Works. 

Thurber, Harry § Rhode Island Glass. 

Titus, William R Private Ohio Division. 

Townsend, Hollis L Master Signal Elec- 
trician Nela Operating. 

Tragresser, Joseph C. . . . Private Niles Glass. 

Trimble, William L Private Ohio Division. 

Trisko, George F Private Minnesota Mazda Lamp. 

Trittipo, Walter E Major Ivanhoe-Regent Works. 

*Trotter, James § (N) Oakland Mazda Lamp. 

Tucker, Edward J Seaman (N) Rhode Island Glass. 

Turner, John J 2nd Lieutenant Statistical. 

Vanderwerf, Howard W. Ensign (N) Engineering. 

Vanness, Joseph L Private Euclid Glass. 

Van Sickler, Donald .... §Private Oakland Mazda Lamp. 

Varnam, Joseph E Cleveland Wire. 

*Vaughan, David § Cleveland Wire. 

Vernon, Vinton B Apprentice Seaman. 

(N) Engineering. 

Vililo, Patrick Private Nela Operating. 

Vise, Joseph A Cook Euclid Glass. 

Voccola, Ernest § Providence Base Works. 

Von Bank, Ray J Private Minnesota Mazda Lamp. 

Wagner, Charles § Euclid Glass. 

Walker, Carl C Private, ist Class.. .Engineering. 

*Wallace, Dallas § Nela Operating. 

Wallace, William A Sergeant Sunbeam Lamp (Chicago). 

Walsh, John A 2nd Lieutenant . . Equipment Development. 

Walsh, John M Private Niles Glass. 

Walsh, William R Private Euclid Glass. 

Walters, Robert J Sergeant, ist Class.. Euclid Glass. 

Wanamaker, Eugene. . . . Radio Operator (N) Ohio Division. 

Warren, Walter L Private, ist Class. . . Engineering. 

Weaver, Alfred J § Returned Lamp Inspection. 

Webb, H. Leslie Sapper (Canadian 

Army) Nela Lamp. 

Weeks, Walter H Mechanical EngineerBryan-Marsh (Central Falls). 

Weir, Thomas L Corporal Nela Operating. 

Welton, Joseph A Private Glass Technology. 

Wennerstrom, Albert E . Production Work. . . Administration. 

Wentworth, Percy § Providence Base Works. 



i6o The National IN THE World War 

Name Rank When Department or Division 

Discharged Before Entering Service. 

*Wentz, Frank § Niles Glass. 

*Whipple, Howard § Cleveland Wire. 

White, Arthur J Private Youngstown Mazda Lamp. 

fWhiteman, Harmon E Niles Glass. 

Whiting, Bradford Private, ist Class.. .Returned Lamp Inspection. 

fWilcox, W. A Euclid Glass. 

*Wilkinson, Paul § Nela Operating. 

Williams, Frank C Corporal Youngstown Mazda Lamp. 

Williams, John § (N) Niles Glass. 

Williams, Robert J Private Niles Glass. 

Wilson, James H Private Nela Lamp. 

Windenberg, Earle L. . . §AerialPhotograph'r Cleveland Wire. 

Wirth, Roy T Lieutenant (N) Filament Laboratory. 

Wishon, Frank J Private, 1st Class.. .Nela Operating. 

Wolfe, Harry Cleveland Wire. 

Wolfford, Luke P Major Cleveland Carbon Lamp. 

Wood, Douglas M Major Bryan-Marsh (Chicago). 

Wood, Joseph § Rhode Island Glass. 

*Woodman, Courtney Puritan Refilled Lamp. 

Woods, Wallace W § Rhode Island Glass. 

Worley, L. P §Private, ist Class. .Loudon Glass. 

Wright, Donald B Sergeant Nela Lamp. 

Yoakam, Wilbert Ohio Division. 

♦Youngblood, J. C § (N) Cleveland Wire. 

Zeisler, Jake § 45th St. Properties. 

Zeller, Raymond H Seaman, and Class 

(N) Ivanhoe-Regent Works. 

Ziegler, Gus Niles Glass. 

Ziegler, John H Private Niles Glass. 





PART II 



WAR ENGINEERING, 

DEVELOPMENT AND 

RESEARCH 



How THE Men and Facilities of the General Laboratories 

OF the National Lamp Works Contributed 

Towards Making America's 

Fighting Machine 

Effective 



WAR ENGINEERING, 
DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH 

THE STORY IN BRIEF 

When the United States declared war against miHtaristic 
Germany on April 17, 1917, she immediately found herself 
in a state of such unpreparedness as to dishearten even the 
most optimistic of all the millions of Americans who so quickly 
rose in defense of her ideals. From the military point of 
view, the conditions were appalling. None of the allied coun- 
tries had entered the war so woefully unprepared as we. 
With practically no standing army, with practically none 
of all the vast quantities of guns and ammunition so necessary 
in .modern warfare, with airplanes so few in number as to 
be the laughing-stock of European countries, with many 
battleships in our naval fleets long superseded in tonnage 
and in range of guns by the battleships of foreign powers, 
and with practically no submarine force at all, it was not 
surprising that Americans began to question the ability of 
this country to acquit herself in a manner in any way compa- 
rable with her achievements in the past. 

It was "up to the United States," and the manner in 
which she attacked the problems and came through to victory 
with flying colors is now a matter of history. The preparations 
made between the time that war was declared and the signing 
of the armistice, even when viewed in the perspective which 
the lapse of time affords, were so stupendous as to defy com- 
prehension. And the great force, or the great combination 
of forces and resources which made this enormous program 
possible, was the industrial army of the United States ^ numbering 
more than 38,000,000 well-generaled and well-organized men 
and women. 

The outstanding feature of the entire program undertaken 
by this industrial army was the quickness with which large 
organizations, efficiently handled, were able to adapt their 
immense resources and trained personnel to the war needs of 
the government. All companies perhaps, large and small, were 
alike patriotic and alike desirous of serving their country 
to the best of their ability, but the results produced by large 



164 The National IN THE World War 

companies which had vast capital and thousands of skilled 
men and women working in unison for the same general pur- 
pose, by organizations which were able to go ahead with 
investigational and research work for the government without 
waiting for the usual appropriations, and by enormous plants 
which had long been using certain processes very similar 
to the processes demanded by the government in the rush 
and strain of the war — these results were phenomenal and far 
outran the original programs. 

One of the large organizations which was among the 
earliest to offer its resources and trained personnel to the 
government for war work was the National Lamp Works 
of General Electric Company. All of this organization's corps 
of experts, engineers and scientists, were offered to the govern- 
ment for any kind of work which the latter might suggest; 
special equipment and special processes which might possibly 
result in any saving of time or money were donated as a part 
of the National's war contributions; and, more especially, 
all of the advantages to be derived from perfected organization 
and co-ordination of effort were immediately put at the 
government's disposal. 

Although primarily a lamp manufacturing concern, the 
National Lamp Works through its General Laboratories 
in Cleveland, undertook and brought to a successful con- 
clusion an enormous amount of experimental and development 
work on such a variety of problems as would seem impossible 
to anyone not familiar with the adaptability and resource- 
fulness of a large staff of highly trained specialists. 

In one of the Nela Park Laboratories exhaustive exper- 
iments on carbon were undertaken, the results of which led 
to the production of the most efficient gas mask introduced 
overseas. Extensive laboratory investigations were also made 
on toxic gases, especially mustard gas, and were directly 
responsible for the early commercial production of these 
gases. When the armistice was signed, a new gas, the most 
deadly ever known, was ready to be put on a production 
basis, prior to its shipment to the^^Western front. 
\i , The only branch of the war work which closely approx- 
imated that usually done at the National Lamp Works was 
the work on vacuum tubes and X-Ray tubes. While not 
previously familiar with many of the intricate operations 
required to produce these highly complicated tubes^ the 



The National IN THE World War 165 

personnel of both the Vacuum Tube Division and the X-Ray 
Tube Division proceeded to apply their own expert lamp 
manufacturing experience and produced tubes by the thousands 
of a quality, uniformity, and efficiency that had never before 
been reached. 

Nela Research Laboratory conducted extensive tests 
regarding the relative advantages of monocular and binocular 
field glasses. A signalling unit, employing a ribbon filament 
lamp, was also developed and proved to be decidedly superior 
to the older types of signalling apparatus adopted by the 
U. S, Army, The results of the work on airplane camouflage 
were exceptionally interesting because they represented 
pioneer work in an absolutely new field of investigation. 

Numerous war activities and investigations of a more 
or less miscellaneous nature were conducted by the Engi- 
neering Department of the National Lamp Works, chief 
among them being the work on the lighting of aviation fields 
for night flying, landing lights for airplanes, protective lighting 
for industrial plants, and many different types of indicator 
lamps. Probably the largest contribution of the Engineering 
Department was in man-power, the Department being prac- 
tically stripped of men during the entire war. 

The Chemical Laboratory and the Glass Technology 
Department also conducted valuable research work for the 
government. A detailed record of all these war activities is 
given in the following pages. 



1 66 The National in the World War 



WAR DEPARTMENT, 

WASHINGTON, 



April 17, 1919. 



National Lamp Works, 
Neltt park, 

Cleveland, Ohio. 

Gentleman: 

The Director of the Chemical Warfare Service has 
brought to my tttentlon both the nature ard the extent of 
the oonspicuouB service rendered to our country by the 
r-'ational Lamp Works of the General Electric Company, in 
placing every resource of their splendid organization at 
the command of the Developmeut Division of the Chemical 
Warfare Service throughout the period of the war. 

Not content with releasing for Government service one 
of your most energetic and resourceful chemical engineers, 
Mr. F. M. Dorsey, to become Chief of the Development Division, 
C.W.S., I am advised that you aided him in every wfty within 
your power, by supplying fully equipped laboratories and a 
trained personnel, advancing funds to carry out the important 
experiments necessary in translating laboratoiy results into 
successful large scale manufacturing production, loaning 
office space and land for the erection of buildings, and In 
a host of other ways speeding the work along to the best of your 
ability. 

It la difficult to overestimate cooperation of this kind. 
Its contribution to the defensive side of chemical warfare is 
measured In soldiers' lives saved at the front, while its 
notable achievements on the offensive side undoubtedly played 
a role in determining the final decision of the Central powers. 
It was the unsel'leh patriotism an? devoted loyalty of such 
corporations and such men that made nossible America's part 
in the defense of Liberty and Justice. 

The Secretary of T/nr, therefore, takes this occasion to 
convey to the officers of the National Lamp Works and esnecially 
to Messrs. F. 3. Terry, 3. G. Treraaine, J. 5. Randall, and 
S. E. Doane, his heartiest thanks for their p£.triotlc assistance, 
and to exrress his high appreciation of the value of the services 
so generously given. 

Very respectfully, 

Benedict Crowell 
Acting Secretary of TJar. 



An appreciation from the Secretary of War of the part played by 
the National Lamp Works in the achievements of the Development Divi- 
sion, Chemical Warfare Service. 



THE STORY OF THE CHEMICAL 
WARFARE SERVICE 

When the United States entered the war against Germany, 
in April, 1917, there was, perhaps, no phase of the stupendous 
undertaking that demanded swifter attention than did the 
problem of combating the use of poison gases, which had been 
developed by the Germans. And in order that the reader 
may better appreciate the great importance of the experimental 
work fostered by the National Lamp Works, in bringing about 
a satisfactory solution of this problem, we give the following 
brief resume of the introduction of poison gases in warfare. 

The first authentic records we have of the use of suffo- 
cating gases in warfare, indicate that about 431 Before Christ, 
sulphur fumes were used in besieging many cities during the 
war between the Spartans and Athenians. Centuries later, 
in August, 1855, in an attempt to reduce Sebastopol, the 
British Admiral Dundonald recommended the use of sulphur 
fumes and even worked out the details of the problems atten- 
dant with their use. The English government^ however^ refused 
to sanction the proposition on the grounds that no honorable 
combatant would be willing to inflict the horrible eflects that the 
sulphur fumes had. 

It is quite evident that the probable future use of some 
form of a poisonous gas was still in the minds of military 
men when the Hague Peace Conference convened in 1899 
for, at this time, many of the prominent European and 
Asiatic nations pledged themselves not to employ in any form 
whatsoever, suffocating or poisonous gases in warfare. Among 
the nations who so pledged themselves was Germany, who 
ratified this resolution on September 4, 1900. The anti-gas 
declaration was again considered, and again ratified, at the 
Second Hague Conference, in 1907. A peculiar circumstance 
attending both of these conferences was the fact that the 
United States never signed the resolution. 

On April 22, 1915, the Germans broke their solemn 
agreement and delivered their first gas attack against the 
Canadians at Ypres. The agonizing effects of this attack are 
well known. The practical annihilation of the troops who 
were exposed to the deadly effects of the wicked green chlorine 



l68 The National IN THE World War 

gaSj and the utter lack of any accurate knowledge of the means 
of combating it, will always stand as historic evidence of 
the treachery and ruthlessness of militaristic Germany in 
the Great War. 

Only those who have seen men badly gassed can realize 
the horror that accompanied this first attack. Thousands of 
those in the midst of the cloud were suffocated. Those on the 
fringe of the cloud saved themselves from the pungent stifling 
fumes by burying their faces in the earth, or by wrapping 
mufflers around their mouths and noses. All manner of ex- 
pedients were resorted to, from handkerchiefs and socks filled 
with earth moistened with urine, to anything else that could 
be thought of. 

The women of England and France were appealed to, 
and provided the soldiers with respirators in the form of veils 
enclosing a handful of cotton wool, which was to be dipped in a 
solution of sodium thiosulphate (hypo), sodium carbonate 
and glycerine immediately before using. Within three days 
about 1,000,000 such respirators were made in England. 
In the case of one British army, a new respirator was devised 
and the women in the town immediately behind the front 
were requested to make a supply. Material was rushed from 
Paris by every car available and within a few days those 
French women had provided 80,000 of the new respirators 
for use in the line of battle. The original veils were reasonably 
effective against chlorine, but were difficult to operate in 
the trenches owing to the need of keeping the soaking fluid 
everywhere convenient. An improvement became imperative 
as soon as the Germans began to use new and more powerful 
gases. 

Deadly Effects Whether the German high command had 

of Gas on Huns underestimated the probable effect of this 
Themselves first attack and had made no plans for 

the use of the gas over a more extensive 
front, or whether they did not realize the actual weakness 
of the Canadian line, is not known. The fact remains, however, 
that they did not press their advantage and, with reinforce- 
ments rushed up, the immediate danger was over. Strangely 
enough, too, although the Germans were the first to use 
poison gas, they were not prepared to defend themselves 
against it when it was hurled back at them. Their masks were 



The National in the World War 169 

extremely inefficient, and in no way comparable to the masks 
developed within a very short time by the allies. 

How many months, or years, the Germans had been 
planning for this first gas attack is a mere matter of conjecture. 
It was probably a pre-war idea, but why a project of such 
enormous possibilities was not developed to a really practical 
basis during the years of planning and anticipation is unknown. 
The utter lack of any preparation by the Germans for meeting 
a similar emergency in the form of a gas attack launched by the 
aUies would suggest that the German Staff thought that 
the mere use of the gas would be decisive, or else that the 
war would be over before the allies had time to strike back 
with the same weapon. 

The necessary arrangements for the launching of a gas 
attack were quite complex. The gas had, first of all, to be 
highly poisonous; it had to be available in large quantities; 
it had to be in such a form as to be easily transportable; and 
it had to be of such a density as to keep close to the ground 
when liberated. 

Effect of With such a gas on hand, the first serious problem 
Prevailing to be considered was the choice of country and, 
Winds in general, a flat country was preferred. Since 

the gas would go with the wind, care had to be 
taken that the attack was not launched in a strong wind 
which would either disperse the gas cloud or blow it over the 
enemy trenches too rapidly. Too gentle a wind was dangerous 
because of the suddenness with which this type of wind 
changes direction, and it would be disastrous for a gas cloud 
to be blown back to the trenches whence it came. Natural 
conditions of the country favored the allies in this respect, 
since about three-quarters of the prevailing winds were 
usually blowing away from them toward the German lines. 
In connection with this initial gas attack, it is interesting 
to note that whenever any such act of extraordinary vileness 
was perpetrated by the German military staff, it was accom- 
panied by considerable exonerating propaganda with the 
evident purpose of preparing both the home conscience, as 
well as that of neutral countries, for the proposed innovation. 
Thus an official German communication was issued, stating 
that gas warfare originated with the English Admiral Dun- 
donald, whom we have previously mentioned. Again, before 



170 The National IN THE World War 

the Germans made their first attack (April 19 15), charges 
were made in a similar official communication, that the 
English were using poison gas against German soldiers, claim- 
ing this had been done as early as March i, 19 15. The first 
British gas attack actually did take place in September, 19 15 
and not before. 

Since Germany had chosen to employ poisonous gases in 
warfare, self-preservation made it immediately necessary 
for the allied nations to adopt similar tactics. Accordingly 
England and France, with feverish haste turned their attention 
not only to devising methods of protection for their own 
troops, but also to developing large-scale methods of manu- 
facturing toxic gases to be used against the German army. 
A German chemist originated most of the new and more 
powerful forms of gases, but the Teutons were totally unable 
to produce them on the large-scale basis of production that 
was rapidly attained both in the allied nations and in America. 

NATIONAL LAMP WORKS ENTERS THE FIELD 

Hence, it was with a very definite purpose in mind that, 
early in 19 17, various scientific and industrial societies in this 
country instituted an elaborate census of the facilities and 
personnel available that might be of assistance in this work. 
One of the many companies to answer the questionnaires sent 
out was the National Lamp Works, and one of the many men 
to reply was Mr. Frank M. Dorsey, Chemical Engineer of 
the Lamp Development Laboratory at Nela Park. 

The problems of gas warfare had been detailed by the 
army and navy of this country to the Bureau of Mines, and 
Dr. W. K. Lewis was appointed Assistant in Charge of Defense 
Problems, War Gas Investigations. Accordingly, after an in- 
vestigation of Mr. Dorsey 's questionnaire. Dr. Lewis appeared 
in Cleveland on April 28, 19 17 to enlist the aid of the National 
Lamp Works and the National Carbon Company in developing 
an absorbent material for use in gas masks capable of protecting 
the American soldier. 

The first order for gas masks was issued on May 16, I9I7> 
when delivery on 1,100,000 masks was requested before June 
30, 1918. At the same time, an immediate request came for 
25,000 masks for General Pershing's First Division, who were 
to sail for overseas within three weeks' time. To produce such 




Mr. J. E. Randall 

Consulting Engineer of the Lamp 

Development Laboratory 

National Lamp Works 




Major-General W. D. Sibert 

Director 

of the Chemical Warfare 

Service 




Colonel Frank M. Dorsey 

Chief of Development Division 

Chemical Warfare Service 




Upper Photos — Different types of gas masks at various stages of development. 

Lower Photo — Picture of gas in use in France. The photo clearly shows the density 
of the gas cloud and its tendency to cling to the depression in the ground. 



The National IN THE World War 171 

an order within this time meant to compress England's two 
years' experience into twenty-one days. Consequently, on 
May 21, 19 17 the making of these first 25,000 masks was started 
with frantic haste. The processes of manufacture and the 
number of parts involved called upon the immediate service 
of various industrial plants. The spirit of co-operation, and a 
desire to serve the Government, were evident among all the 
manufacturers from the start, and all available facilities were 
put into operation. 

The situation was indeed a critical one. The American 
soldier was soon to appear on the battlefields of France. These 
battlefields were being swept by German gas in ever-increasing 
quantities, and as yet no satisfactory canister material for 
gas masks had been developed by any of the allies. Circum- 
stances demanded immediate action. Fortunately, the Govern- 
ment omitted the too-frequent step of "appointing a committee 
to investigate" and, as a result. Dr. Lewis had come to the 
National Lamp Works the day after he received his appoint- 
ment from the Bureau of Mines. 

What A Gas Mask Is 

The fundamental principle underlying the common type 
of gas mask is probably well known to all. The air to be 
breathed by the soldier is drawn through a small tin box or 
"canister"; thence, by a hose connection, into the face-piece, — 
an air-tight rubber compartment that fits tightly around the 
face of the wearer and is provided with suitable glass eye- 
pieces. The exhaled air passes out of the face-piece through 
an ingeniously constructed rubber valve. The tin box had to 
be filled with some material that would remove the poison-gas 
from the air as the air passed through the box on its way to the 
lungs of the soldier. Obviously, a perfect mask is one which will 
completely remove every trace of the poisonous fumes from 
the air, while it is passing through the tin box and before it 
can reach the eyes, nose or throat of the wearer. The part of 
the "mask" which filters out the poison is really not the mask 
proper, or face-piece, at all, but it is the stuff contained in the 
little tin box. 

The story of the charcoal which was used in the tin box 
or canister of the American gas mask is one of the most in- 
teresting phases of the entire undertaking. Various canister 



172 The Nationai, IN THE World War 

materials had been tried by the different allies, with results 
which were far from satisfactory. However, different forms of 
charcoal, as used by the Russians, had given the greatest 
degree of protection. Scientists had long been vaguely aware 
of the general properties of charcoal as a good absorbent for 
gases, and, consequently, the decision was made in this coun- 
try to develop a form of charcoal that would be a sufficiently 
active absorbent to serve as a canister filler. The National 
Carbon Company knew as much about charcoal as any other 
concern in the United States and, together with the National 
Lamp Works, were best prepared to undertake the develop- 
ment of a satisfactory absorbent. Mr. Dorsey had had con- 
siderable experience in wood distillation and was chosen by 
the Bureau of Mines as one of the men to help tackle the 
problem. 

The two Cleveland companies first began independent 
investigations, but later pooled their energies, maintaining 
a close spirit of co-operation throughout the entire work. By 
midnight of April 28, an entire research laboratory at the plant 
of the National Carbon Company, under the direction of Mr. 
H. D. Batchelor and Dr. N. K. Chaney, were busy carbon- 
izing woods. 

The Start of the Work at Nela Park. 

The National Lamp Works went at it with equal energy. 
Mr. J. E. Randall, Consulting Engineer of the Lamp Develop- 
ment Laboratory, patriotically agreed to release Mr. Dorsey 
for this work, and an entire laboratory together with the 
services of four of the Lamp Development men — Messrs. 
Hughes, Ibele, King and Cathers — was turned over to Mr. 
Dorsey for this investigation. In addition, the company agreed 
to meet all expenses involved, stating that such would be a 
part of their contribution toward the winning of the war. A 
special appropriation was made by authority of Messrs. 
Terry and Tremaine, Managers of the National Lamp Works, 
for this work. It should be noted that this arrangement, with 
respect to the Gas Defense Investigation at Nela Park, con- 
tinued up until February 1919, when the work was ordered 
discontinued. 

Mr. Dorsey and his assistants started work immediately. 
It is safe to say that the hours observed by these men would 
have been the cause of grave concern for any union. The results 




The three photographs at the top show the cocoanut (with and 
without the husk), trom which much of the charcoal for gas masks 
was made. 

The lower picture is the Tissot Gas Mask with the charcoal used 
and the canister. The Tissot mask was the latest type developed 
and was considered by many to be the best type. 




Airplane View of Carbon Plant of Defense Section, Development 
Division, at Astoria, Long Island 




The Defense Station of the Gas Defense Detachment, Nela Park 



The National in the World War 173 

of the work at Nela Park, however, together with the results 
secured at other plants where similar investigations were being 
carried on, soon served to materially alleviate the situation. 
By the middle of August, 1917, Mr. Dorsey was assisting in 
the installation at Astoria, Long Island, of a large-scale pro- 
duction equipment for the manufacture of a form of charcoal 
which would be most satisfactory as a canister filler. Assist- 
ance was also rendered in the initial operation of this plant, 
the first drum of activated charcoal being shipped September 

24,1917-. 

It will be remembered that the Nela organization was 
not the only organization engaged upon the charcoal develop- 
ment problem. The policy the Bureau of Mines had originally 
adopted was to start investigations independently at a number 
of places. The most successful process evolved, either through 
the individual or combined efforts of the different organizations 
working on the problem, was to be adopted by the Govern- 
ment. The first procedure installed at Astoria represented the 
combined efforts of both the National Lamp Works and the 
National Carbon Company. In fact, the entire development of 
activated charcoal as a canister filler was largely due to the 
work of these two organizations. This was a rare example of 
two rival organizations working harmoniously together on 
the same problem, the work being so arranged as to avoid all 
unnecessary duplication. 

Obtaining the Best Grade of Charcoal 

To most of our readers, no doubt, "charcoal is charcoal," 
just as "p^gs is pigs," but, as a matter of fact, there are as 
many different kinds of charcoal as there are woods from 
which the charcoal is derived. And there are also many varied 
methods of preparing charcoal from any particular wood. All 
of these factors affect the absorptive qualities of the charcoal 
for gases. Any charcoal will absorb a definite percentage of its 
weight of gas. Hence, the densest charcoals will be most effi- 
cient, weight for weight, in a given space. The dense material 
immediately surrounding the meat of the cocoanut, commonly 
called the cocoanut hull, was found to be the most compact form 
in which carbon exists in nature in commercial quantities, and 
was capable of giving the best, or most porous form of charcoal. 

The most efficient procedure for carbonizing cocoanut 
hulls was next evolved, but while it was found that the char- 



174 The National in the World War 

coal so produced was a very effective absorbent for chlorine, 
it was not sufficiently absorbent for chlorpicrin or phosgene 
to be used as a canister filler. During the process of carboniza- 
tion, numerous impurities had condensed in the pores of the 
material and had prevented maximum contact between the 
carbon and the gas, retarding the rate of gas absorption. Con- 
sequently, it became necessary to devise some method of 
removing these impurities or, as the process is generally known, 
of "activating" the charcoal. 

The first procedure installed at Astoria involved the pro- 
duction of charcoal from cocoanut hulls, and the removal of 
the impurities by a process of burning. The later "activation" 
process consisted in giving the charcoal a second highly special- 
ized heat treatment which gave it a greatly increased absorp- 
tive power. 

Formation of Defense Section, Development Division, 
Chemical Warfare Service 

At this point, however, the investigation did not cease 
but, on the contrary, expanded rapidly. Major Bradley Dewey, 
then officer in charge of Gas Defense Service, asked that work 
in connection with this and related problems be continued 
both at the National Lamp Works and the National Carbon 
Company. He agreed to furnish Mr. Dorsey with the required 
number of chemists and engineers for carrying on the new devel- 
opment work and on November nth, 19 17, 30 soldiers were 
sent to Nela Park to assist the overworked organization there. 

The soldiers, of course, received their pay checks from the 
Government, but the National Lamp Works continued to 
provide laboratory space, equipment and supplies for carrying 
on the work. Everything was done to make the work of the 
men as pleasant as was consistent with the strenuous duties 
in which they were engaged. Frequently, in the year 1918, be- 
between 150 and 250 soldiers were quartered at Nela Park. 
Through the efforts of the Service Department of the National 
Lamp Works all the recreation facilities that could be given 
them were thrown open, and they made good use of the tennis 
courts, the baseball field, bowling alleys, etc. In baseball they 
had their own team in the Service Department's Twilight 
League, incidentally winning the championship. 

The Operating Department furnished laborers, carpenters 
and plumbers to the detachment so as not to delay the work 



The National in the World War ^jr 



which was being carried on. They also gave the detachment 
first call on all automobiles and trucks for transporting material 
until the necessary equipment was obtained. The manager of 
the Operating Department, Mr. P. C. Lynch, aided the men 
at different times to find suitable rooms when the detach- 
ment was not able to take care of them. 

Mrs. Lynch placed as high as 125 boys every Sunday 
during the influenza epidemic, sometimes for both lunch and 
dinner. This saved the boys a trip down town, as the restau- 
rants around Nela Park were seldom open on Sundays. 

The detachment grew as the work expanded. In August, 
1918, with the authorization of the Chemical Warfare Service 
and the formation of the Development Division of this service 
with Colonel Dorsey as Chief, the Nela Park Defense Detach- 
ment became the Defense Section of the Development Divi- 
sion, where, at the time of the armistice, 250 officers and men 
were engaged on gas defense problems. From April 28, 1917, 
when the problem was first under consideration, until the sign- 
ing of the armistice, Cleveland was the center for the develop- 
ment work on "activated" charcoal, the material which helped 
to make the American gas mask the best on foreign battlefields. 

Mustard Gas The old axiom that "history repeats itself" 
Comes to the was strikingly demonstrated at Ypres on July 
^^^"^ 20, 1 9 17, when the Germans introduced 

"mustard gas" (so-called on account of its 
odor, and not because ordinary mustard has anything to do 
with Its manufacture) in an attack covering practically the 
same point in their salient as did the original gas attack two 
years before. Shortly afterwards, similar bombardments with 
this material were made at Nieuport and Armentieres. During 
a period of ten days, the Germans used about one million gas 
shells, corresponding to approximately 2,500 tons of this power- 
ful toxic compound. The use of "mustard" thereafter became 
general and it was immediately realized that for certain pur- 
poses of fighting this chemical was the most efl^ective product 
so far employed; in fact, it was considered such an efl^ective 
weapon that it was immediately termed "The King of War 
Gases. The tactical advantage of this poison gas lies, not in 
Its immediate killing power, but in its persistence and the 
great sensitiveness of the eyes, lungs and skin of men exposed 



176 The National in the World War 

to small concentrations of this material in the atmosphere. 

A large number of Government experts at once concen- 
trated their energies on developing large-scale methods of 
manufacture, and the production of mustard gas in huge 
quantities became one of the principal objectives of those in 
charge of gas warfare problems. Nobody in any of the allied 
countries or in America had ever produced the gas in 
commercial quantities and, upon examination, the clumsy, 
expensive methods used by the Germans proved to be totally 
inadequate for extensive production. No definite manufacturing 
procedure had been submitted to the U. S. Ordnance Depart- 
ment, and Colonel Walker, Commanding Officer of the Gun- 
powder Reservation, at Edgewood, Maryland, later known as 
Edgewood Arsenal, where it was proposed to manufacture 
"mustard," suggested through Dr. Lewis that development 
work be started immediately by Mr. Dorsey in Cleveland. 

The National Lamp Works had permitted Mr. Dorsey 
to give his entire time to war work, and he readily agreed to 
take over the new problem. The National agreed to meet all 
expenses involved in the new development, reimbursement to 
be made at the convenience of the War Department. By this 
arrangement, it was possible to avoid the initial delay for se- 
curing the proper appropriations from the Government. 

Preliminary information was received from the American 
University at Washington, D. C, on the basis of which a small 
experimental plant was established March 12, 1918 in Cleve- 
land, at East 131st Street and Taft Avenue, for the purpose of 
further developing this process for large-scale manufacture. 
This station was originally established as a branch of the Edge- 
wood Arsenal, and Mr. Dorsey was appointed technical 
director. This arrangement continued until August, 1918, 
when, with the authorization of the Chemical Warfare Ser- 
vice, the East 131st Street station became the Offense Section 
of the Development Division, Chemical Warfare Service, with 
Colonel Dorsey as Chief. The function of this Division, as 
authorized, was to take processes for the manufacture of war- 
gas material as worked out on a laboratory scale by the Re- 
search Division (located at the American University) and de- 
velop these processes to a large-scale production basis. 

No time was lost in putting the Cleveland plant in shape 
for experimental work and from April and, 191 8, when the 
first run was made on the new installation, until the signing 



k 






1 



'*.at.iirtr>»»-3 



Plant used by the Offense Section, Development Division, at E. ijist 
Street and Taft Ave., Cleveland 




Another View of the Offense Station, indicating the Size of the Plant 




Airplane View of Mustard Gas Plant at Edgewood Arsenal, xMarvland 




Maj. L. J. Willien Mr. Henry L. Doherty Lt.-Col. W. G. Wilcox 

(of H. L. Doherty & Co.) 

Capt. Dale C. Hughes Capt. J. R. Duff Capt. Duncan MacRae 

Capt. C. S. Venable Capt. W. H. MacAdams Capt. O. L. Barnebey 

Miss T. A. Dromont Mr. P. B. Test 



The National in the World War 177 

of the armistice, this plant was the development center for 
"mustard." Within a short time, the original personnel of ^S 
men was increased to 175 officers and enlisted men. No barracks 
or mess halls were provided, the men being permitted to make 
their own arrangements in this respect. The majority found 
rooms in the immediate vicinity and patronized the numerous 
restaurants within easy walking distance of the plant. 

Colonel Dorsey Organizes "Mustard" 
Development Work. 

The men did their work well. Most of them actually 
seemed to enjoy it. On the day that each man reported, he was 
informed of the nature of the problem before him and of its 
tremendous importance. Consequently, they performed 
willingly all of the hazardous and tedious duties required of 
them. The men had but one ambition — they were determined 
to "put mustard across." 

In general, while no attempt was made at this plant to 
produce mustard in quantities beyond that required for ex- 
perimental purposes, the results obtained were immediately 
submitted to the Edgewood Arsenal, the Hastings-on-Hudson 
plant, the National Aniline and Chemical Company plant at 
Buffalo, and the Dow Chemical Company at Midland, 
Michigan, where mustard was to be made. In May, Mr. 
Dorsey was placed in charge of all the large-scale manufactur- 
ing development work conducted by the Bureau of Mines. To 
avoid duplication, all experimental work on mustard save that 
conducted at the Midland and Cleveland stations, was dis- 
continued. It was originally intended to expand the experi- 
mental work at Midland to actual production, but in Septem- 
ber, 19 18, the work at Midland was ordered discontinued. 

On May ist, Mr. Dorsey was placed in charge of the 
Manufacturing Development Division of American University. 
He held this position until August 22, 1918, at which time he 
was commissioned as Colonel in the Chemical Warfare Service. 
While in charge of this work, Mr. Dorsey worked not only 
on "mustard" gas, but also on "tear" gas, "sneeze" gas, 
and several others of an extremely toxic nature. In addition 
to the work in Washington, he had charge of the development 
work at Midland, at Hastings-on-Hudson, the East 131st 
Street Laboratory, and the Nela Park Laboratory. Mr. 



lyS The National IN THE World War . 

Dorsey also acted as technical advisor for the defense work 
at Astoria, Long Island. 

In connection with the production of mustard gas itself, it 
will probably be of interest to include here a few words with 
regard to the nature and properties of the compound under 
consideration. As a matter of fact, "mustard gas" is not a 
gas at all. When pure, it is a colorless liquid, having a slightly 
oily appearance. Contact with the liquid itself gives a very 
serious burn unless the substance is removed by hot water 
and soap within one minute's time. To breathe for two minutes 
air saturated with mustard gas at ordinary room temperature 
would most certainly be fatal. Bare skin exposed to such an 
atmosphere for two minutes would be badly blistered twelve 
hours after the exposure. The mustard fumes readily penetrate 
ordinary clothing. An insidious feature of this particular 
gas was the fact that its action is practically always delayed. 
Several hours might elapse after a man was gassed, even 
fatally, before he became aware of it, and then it was too late 
to administer the treatment that might save his life. Hence, 
the utmost precaution had to be observed in handling the 
material, expecially in large quantities. 

For the mustard production experiments, a part of the 
plant was partitioned off and a ventilating system so arranged 
as to create a strong draft around the exposed parts of the 
apparatus, the air in the whole room being changed once a 
minute. The "crew" were all equipped with gas masks, oil- 
cloth suits and rubber gloves. The accompanying photographs 
show some of the protective measures taken by the men 
handling the mustard. 

Mustard Gas By June i, 1918, a complete plant equip- 

Produced in Large ment together with a satisfactory oper- 
Amounts ating procedure had been worked out; 

a large part of the apparatus necessary 
for large-scale production had been designed, assembled, and 
shipped to the Edgewood x'\rsenal, Maryland; and a number 
of men loaned from the East 131st Street station were assisting 
in the actual operation of the mustard plant at Edgewood. 
A number of important developments and modifications 
were subsequently made in parts of the original procedure 
recommended for use at Edgewood. In x'\ugust 191 8, for in- 
stance, a much superior process, suggested by the British, 







Upper Photo — The Mustard Suit (at the left) shows the care taken 
to protect the wearer from the effects of contact with the gas. 

Upper Photo (right) — Burying Mustard to avoid accident to the 
men working with it. 

Center — Picture of the Booster Casing of a Gas Shell, stripped, 
to show the different parts. 

Lower Photo — The Booster Casing assembled. 




Headquarters Building of the Development Division, Nela Park 



. 1 




^■^3^^^^ *""' ( ^^s» 


W^^Sl 




Btll3aaiEi 


'--^j-' 


«Et "" "i^^^^^^^* 


^^^^K^^^^^^^^^^^ V\ 



Private residence, leased by National Lamp Works, used by Purchase, Contract, and 
Transportation Sections, Development Division. 




Officers attached to Headquarters, Development Division. 
Top Row — left to right — Lts. Hart, Dobe, Buckley, Hoffman, Westbrook, Fulks, 

Penfield, Staley. 
Bottom row — left to right — Capts. Duff, McAdams, Col. Dorsey, Capts. MacRae, Cover. 



The National in the World War 179 

was developed at the Cleveland station and later put into 
operation at the Edgewood plant. The whole mustard manu- 
facturing process was thus gradually developed to such an 
extent that at the end of October the American plants were 
turning out more of this material than all the plants of Eng- 
land, France and Germany combined. 

It is a simple statement of fact — not a boast — to state 
that, had the proposed allied drive for the spring of 19 19 
been found necessary, the quantity of mustard that would 
have been showered upon the German armies would have 
made Ypres, July 20, 1917, a painful memory to the German 
nation for years to come. 

From June ist on, the East 131st Street station was 
engaged in problems related to mustard gas manufacture, 
particularly those related to the purification of the product, 
and to the production of mustard by the new British scheme 
mentioned above. Development work on two other poison 
gases was begun, but this work was discontinued by order 
of the War Department before final development stages were 
reached. When the end of the war put a stop to all activities 
at this post, the entire plant was being turned over to the 
development of a third gas. 

With the formation of the Chemical Warfare Service, 
as already stated, the East 131st Street station became the 
Offense Section of the Development Division. By August ist, 
the financial side of this new branch of the service had become 
sufficiently well established to make it possible for the National 
Lamp Works to withdraw from the arrangements by which 
the Company had been advancing the money necessary to 
meet the expenditures at the East 131st Street station. 

On February 27, 191 8, Dr. A. W. Smith, of the Bureau 
of Mines, established a station at the plant of the Dow Chem- 
ical Company at Midland, Michigan, for the purpose of secur- 
ing raw materials for both mustard and chlorine gas. The 
Dow Chemical Company is one of the largest plants in the 
United States manufacturing chemicals only. The brine 
wells at Midland run unusually high in the percentage content 
of certain chemicals used in the manufacture of poison gases 
and, after an investigation conducted by Dr. Smith, plans 
were laid for the sinking of seventeen brine wells. Work on 
this project was not begun until March, 19 18, but the project 
was practically completed when the armistice was signed. 



i8o The National IN THE World War 

The experimental work at Midland was mainly concerned 
with the design and construction of large-scale apparatus 
for the production of mustard gas, using procedures evolved 
on a laboratory scale at other stations. Comparatively little 
laboratory work itself was done at Midland. 

In August, 1 91 8, with the formation of the Chemical 
Warfare Service, the Midland station became the Midland 
Section of the Development Division, with Colonel Dorsey 
of the National Lamp Works as Chief. The actual supervision 
of the work, however, was maintained by Dr. Smith. By 
August 20, an entire plant for the production of mustard 
had been developed and operated successfully with a plant 
capacity of five tons per day. The original plans were that, 
should the development work at Midland prove successful, 
the plant of the Dow Chemical Company should assume 
actual production on a scale of forty tons per day. This same 
month, however, the War Department ordered the work 
discontinued". 

It is thus seen that the work performed at the Defense 
and Offense Sections, in the support of which work the National 
Lamp Works had taken such an active part, was largely 
concerned with the development of the most important gas 
warfare materials produced by the Chemical Warfare Service — 
namely, activated charcoal by the Defense Section, and 
mustard gas by the Offense Section. According to the original 
plan, the work performed at Cleveland was development 
work, that is, the processes evolved elsewhere on a laboratory 
scale were developed in Cleveland to a large-scale production 
basis. The finished apparatus and designs were then turned over 
to other stations where the actual production was accomplished. 

The Military Situation Demanded a More 
Powerful Gas 

In July, 19 1 8, the military situation was by no means 
all that could be desired. As a result of a series of tremendous 
drives, the German army had almost accomplished ^their 
two-fold object of capturing Paris and, at the same time, of 
driving a wedge between the French and British armies. These 
drives had been characterized by a greatly increased use of 
poison gas by the Germans, especially mustard gas. Though 
all of the allies used the same forms of gases as the Germans, 
in every case the use of a new poison gas by the Germans 



The National in the World War 



preceded its use by the allies. Consequently, the latter were 
always at a great disadvantage in this respect, and were 
always somewhat behind in these "up-to-date" methods of 
wholesale man-killing. 

There was no lack of realization in our own War Depart- 
ment that the German supremacy in the use of poison gas 
formed a very serious obstacle to the complete success of 
the plans outlined by the allied general staff. Strenuous 
efforts were being made, both at Edgewood Arsenal and 
elsewhere, to make up our deficiencies in this respect by 
producing those gases, which so far had proved to be most 
effective against the Germans, on such a scale as would assure 
to our armies an adequate and constant supply of poison 
gases of the highest possible quality. At the same time it 
was hoped that the American chemist would hasten the end 
of the war and contribute largely to our share in the final 
victory by producing, in sufficient quantities, a new poison 
gas which would be more effective than anything previously used. 

The Research Division of the Chemical Warfare Service 
at American University, Washington, D. C, had been working 
for several months on the laboratory development of such a 
gas, and it is sufficient to say that a new material had been 
found, an intensely poisonous liquid somewhat similar to 
mustard gas in its effect on the human system but enormously 
more effective. It was felt that the introduction of this material 
into gas warfare, if made at a critical moment and as a complete 
surprise to the Germans, might easily prove decisive. 

There remained, however, the problem of working out 
the details of large-scale manufacture of the new gas which 
will be known herein as the G-34, and the task of producing 
it in quantity sufficient for use on the Western Front in the 
spring of 19 19. This was the problem assigned to Colonel 
Dorsey as Chief of the Development Division on July 12, 
1918. It was further ordered that this Division was to be on 
a production basis by December i, 1918. 

Work on the Most Colonel Dorsey attacked these problems 
Poisonous War~Gas^^\t\i characteristic vigor and lack of 
Ever Known ^ceremony. On July 12th, he had been 

notified of the new task assigned to him. 
By the 26th of the same month a suitable location for the 
Experimental Plant had been found at Willoughby, Ohio, 



i82 The National IN THE World War 

and was occupied by a guard of twenty-five men from the 
Offense Laboratory in Cleveland, Lieutenant-Colonel Wilcox in 
charge, whose splendid work as an executive was responsible 
for the progress of the organization. An idea of the accom- 
plishments of the men who formed the group stationed at 
this plant may be obtained only when one considers the many 
difficulties which were successfully overcome and the many 
expedients resorted to in order to secure material with the 
least possible delay. A direct appeal to the mayor of the 
town resulted in getting all of the contract work completed 
in the plant in the shortest possible time. The utter lack of 
transportation service was finally remedied after every possible 
type of conveyance had been impressed into the work. 

By August 1 2th, the laboratory equipment had been 
installed and the research work was started under the direction 
of Major James B. Conant. The progress made in this labo- 
ratory research work, under the inspiration of Major Conant's 
energetic supervision, was truly wonderful, and as a result 
of the work revolutionary changes were made in some of the 
processes as originally planned for the manufacture of the G-34. 

By November i, 1918, practically every detail of the 
plant organization had been provided for. All of the plant 
lay-outs had been completed; all the equipment had been 
ordered, and much of it delivered; and in general the work of 
converting plans and research results into the actualities 
of large-scale production was nearing completion. By the 
time the armistice was signed, practically all of the large-scale 
units for the various steps of the manufacturing procedure 
were completed, sufficient raw material was on hand to make 
a good beginning of quantity production, and plans for the large 
plant were complete, awaiting the approval of the Secretary 
of War. 

The Special Investigations Section 

As the general work of the entire Development Division 
progressed, need was felt for a separate organization having 
for its purpose the solution of various problems which con- 
stantly came to attention and yet which could not be directly 
attached to any already existing section. The work which 
already had been assigned was amply sufficient for each 
section, and there was an acute need for a new section which 
would be able to devote its entire attention to the miscella- 



The National IN THE World War 183 

neous problems demanding immediate investigation. As a 
result, the Special Investigations Section was formed on August 
10, 19 1 8, with Captain Duncan MacRae in charge, and began 
work at once on the problem of obtaining a satisfactory 
"booster casing" for the 75-millimeter gas shell. 

The "booster casing" derived its name from the fact 
that it is the container that holds both the boosting explosive 
charge and the "spark" which is used to ignite the explosive 
in the shell. Any explosive confined within the walls of a 
shell requires a certain amount of air and a certain spark to 
"set it off" properly. The spark obtained from the fuse used 
in the gas shell is very small and must be greatly increased 
or "stepped up" in order to cause the explosion of the main 
charge. 

The booster casing itself was a hollow steel or alloy 
tube, about one inch in diameter and four inches long, fitted 
with external threads on one end so that it could be screwed 
into the nose of the gas shell. A powerful explosive, usually 
"TNT," in such a form that it could be handled easily without 
danger of unintentional explosion, was packed in the bottom 
of the tube. Then a small tube or cup of fulminate of mercury 
was set in and attached to the tube fuse controlling the firing 
action. The small spark from the fuse explodes the fulminate 
of mercury which, in turn, sets off the main charge of TNT, 
rupturing the shell itself and allowing the poison gas to be 
released. 

Various methods of manufacture of the booster casing 
were investigated, and a number of different materials tried. 
The conclusion drawn from these investigations was that the 
best solution of the problem lay in the manufacture of the 
casings from one piece of steel. An experimental production 
unit was established at the plant of the U. S. Automatic 
Company at Amherst, Ohio, capable of producing 2000 
booster casings per 24-hour day. 

On August 17, 19 18, the problem of duplicating the 
French process of lining gas shells with glass was assigned 
to the Special Investigations Section. The object of the glass 
lining in the shell was to prevent the corrosion of the steel 
casing of the shell which would occur if the gas were in direct 
contact with the steel. The glass-lined shell was absolutely 
necessary for the use of Brom-Benzyl Cyanide, the most 
effective tear-gas known. As early as June 191 8, Dr. A, W. 



184 The National in the World War 

Smith of the Bureau of Mines had asked Mr. W. M. Clark, 
manager of the Glass Technology Department of the National 
Lamp Works, for advice and assistance on this problem. On 
August 6, 1 9 18, Dr. Whitney, who as a member of the Naval 
Consulting Board was familiar with government needs, 
telegraphed Mr. Clark to meet him at the Ordnance Depart- 
ment in Washington. At this conference, Mr. Clark was shown 
a cablegram from General Pershing, dated June i6th, covering 
the matter of glass-lined shells as used by the French artillery. 
Immediately following Mr. Clark's return to Cleveland, a 
series of experiments was begun in Mr. Clark's department 
at the National Lamp Works, paralleling the work undertaken 
by the Special Investigations Section, 

Some experimental work on the problem had been carried 
out at the Corning Glass Works, Corning, New York, under 
the direction of this Section, and it had been concluded that a 
glass-lined shell, on account of its fragility, was inferior to 
an enameled or lead-coated shell. The experiments were 
conducted for the purpose of improving details of manufacture 
so as to produce a glass lining more capable of withstanding 
the shock and jar of long transportation and storage. More 
than 700 shells were lined, and a lining developed that would 
withstand a drop of fifteen inches on a concrete floor. Out of 
1 25 of these shells which were shipped from Corning to Cleve- 
land, a distance of 311 miles, only two linings cracked. The 
seal between the booster casing and the glass lining was so 
arranged that cracking the glass would not result in any 
leakage of the gas. 

Thanks partly to the efforts of Mr. Clark and the other 
National Lamp Works men who were engaged on this problem, 
production at the rate of 500 per day could have been attained 
on a week's notice at the time of the signing of the armistice. 

The complete organization of the Development Division 
is given in the chart on page 187. 



CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE— PROBLEMS 
AND METHODS 

It is quite obvious from the foregoing discussion of the 
work fostered and carried on by the National Lamp Works 
in co-operation with the Chemical Warfare Service, that the 
entire personnel in charge of the organization consisted of 
highly trained and highly specialized engineers and scientists. As 
such, it is obvious that the greater amount of their work was 
of a character unintelligible to the layman. Consequently, 
for the sake of these chemists and those who worked with them, 
many of whom will read these pages, it has been considered 
best to include a separate account of the actual problems 
investigated; the methods used to solve those problems; 
the names of the men engaged in the work; and the final 
successful accomplishment of the problems turned over to 
the National Lamp Works for investigation. 

Headquarters, Development Division 

In May, 1917, when the charcoal development work began at Nela 
Park, there was not even a definite headquarters office. Room 104 in the 
Lamp Development Laboratory had been taken over for the experimental 
work, and Mr. Dorsey shifted his desk around in this room so as to interfere 
as little as possible with the work at hand. In November, 1917, Room 248 
in the same building was given to Mr. Dorsey for an office. Here Mr. Dorsey, 
with his secretary, Miss T. A. Dromont, kept all the files and records, and 
transacted all the business details connected with the investigation. 

Any reference to the large amount of clerical work which went through 
the Development Division Headquarters would be incomplete without 
particular mention being made of the capability and efficiency with which 
this work was handled by Miss Dromont. Originally connected with the 
National Lamp Works, Miss Dromont was transferred to the Chemical 
Warfare Service in June, 191 8, continuing her work in this Service until May 
1st, 1 91 9. She had complete charge of all secretarial work for Mr. Dorsey, 
including the handling of correspondence, bookkeeping, filing and technical 
reports. She also satisfactorily took care of all stenographic work for the 
entire Headquarters personnel from November 11, 1917, to August 20, 191 8, 
at which time the organization had grown to such proportions as to make it 
impossible for one person to handle. 

At this tim.e the activities of the different experimental stations had 
increased to such an extent that the technical reports coming into Head- 
quarters for approval threatened to swamp Captain McAdams, who was 
acting as executive assistant to Mr. Dorsey. Accordingly, on July 15, Lieut. 
L. R. Westbrook was transferred from the East 131st Street Station to aid 
in the revising of all outgoing technical reports. A little later a Confidential 



i86 The National IN THE World War 

Information Section was established for this purpose, with Lieut. West- 
brook in charge. 

On August 1st, the Development Division was established and Mr. 
Dorsey was appointed Chief, with the rank of Colonel. On August loth, 
Capt. J. R. Duff was appointed Adjutant for the newly formed division and 
immediately assumed the duty of organizing a General Office. Captain 
Wright and Lieutenants McCurdy and Fulks were transferred from the East 
131st Street Station, and Lieutenant Dobe from the Defense Station. A 
number of stenographers were secured. For temporary quarters for this 
office, a room in the Sales Building, Nela Park, previously used as a gym- 
nasium, was secured. Colonel Dorsey, Captain McAdams and Lieutenant 
Westbrook, however, retained their offices in the Lamp Laboratories Build- 
ing. At this time also, a Special Investigations Section was formed, with 
Capt. MacRae in charge. A third adjoining room to the Lamp Development 
Laboratory Offices was secured for use by the Confidential Information and 
Special Investigations Sections. 

On October 4th a substantial frame structure, shown in the accompany- 
ing photograph, was erected on the ground of the National Lamp Works 
and, with Captain Duff in charge, was used as offices by the Finance Divi- 
sion. Colonel Dorsey, together with the General Office, the Confidential 
Information Section, and the Special Investigations Section, moved into 
this building. The Engineering Section, under Lieut. Penfield, was also 
transferred from the East 131st Street Station to the Headquarters building. 
This building was more or less crowded, and many changes and transfers 
were made. November ist, a house located near the Defense Section build- 
ing was leased by the National Lamp Works for use by the Purchase, Con- 
tract and Transportation Sections, under Lieutenants Hoffman and Staley. 

The accompanying chart gives the organization for Headquarters 
on November 11, 1918. The duties of all the different sections are clearly 
defined by this chart, with the probable exception of the duties of the Special 
Investigations, Engineering, and Confidential Information Sections. The 
work of the Special Investigations Section will be discussed in detail in 
later pages. It is well at this point to describe somewhat in detail the func- 
tions of the Engineering and Confidential Information Sections. 

Engineering Section 

The function of this section had to do with the design and construction 
of all buildings, apparatus and equipment to be erected at the different 
stations of the Development Division, with the exception of the Midland 
station. The work at Midland was taken care of by the Engineers of the 
Dow Chemical Company. Lieut. Richard Penfield was in charge of the 
Engineering Section, with Capt. Edward Hering as his assistant. About 
twenty draftsmen were employed in this section, the names of these men 
being included in the Headquarters and Personnel lists. (A branch of this 
section was established at Willoughby to take care of work at that station.) 

The duties of this section not only involved the design of buildings 
and equipment, but also the supervision of the actual construction according 
to these designs. Too much cannot be said with regard to the success of the 
Engineering Section in solving the many problems that confronted it. 



The National in the World War 



187 




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The National in the World War 



These problems ranged from the design of small pieces of special plant 
apparatus to a complete plant lay-out such as that at Willoughby. 

Confidential Information Section 

This section consisted of three men, Lieut. L. R. Westbrook (in charge) 
and Sgts. Beckett and Hartley. The work of this section had to do with the 
making of chemical engineering calculations, the censoring of outgoing 
reports, the procurement and distribution of technical information, and the 
maintenance of the technical files in the Headquarters library. 

Due to the urgent need for speed in chemical warfare work, there was 
a natural tendency for those in charge of different technical investigations 
to report the results of these investigations in a hurried and consequently 
inaccurate manner. Largely through the agency of the Confidential Infor- 
mation Section, it was possible for the work of the Development Divi- 
sion to be reported clearly and accurately to other Divisions in the Service. 

The Headquarters officers are shown in the accompanying photograph. 

Defense Section, Development Division 

Preliminary In the first phases of the charcoal development work at Nela, 
Period the investigation was carried on by the following men loaned 

from the Lamp Development Laboratory, the work being 
under the personal supervision of Mr. Dorsey: D. C. Hughes, Walter Ibele, 
W. J. King and Arthur Cather. For this work. Room 104 in Building 314 
of the National Lamp Works was fitted up as a laboratory. The story of 
the work accomplished during this preliminary period of investigation, 
though highly important as to results obtained, can be told very briefly. 

In beginning the development of an absorbent charcoal, the first 
obvious step was the determination of the most suitable form of raw material. 
A preliminary survey of the available literature on the subject showed that 
whereas the ability of various charcoals to absorb gases had been utilized, 
namely, willow charcoal in medicinal work and cocoanut charcoal in the 
production of high vacuums, still no data was at hand to show the exact 
relationship between the relative absorptive values of charcoals obtained by 
carbonizing different woods. In addition, though it was known that the 
carbonization schedule affected the absorptive value, or activity of the re- 
sulting charcoal, the information available indicated only that carboniza- 
tion at temperatures above 650° C. gave a less active charcoal than car- 
bonization at lower temperatures. The first work at Nela Park, therefore, 
was concerned with the distillation of all the more common woods by a 
definite schedule, the temperature being 625° C, This work, beginning 
about May 15, 1917, was performed by Mr. Dale C. Hughes under the 
direction of Mr. Dorsey. Some 300 distillations were made, and the ab- 
sorptive power of the resulting products tested against chlorine gas. 
The direct result was the adoption of cocoanut hulls as the standard raw 
material for the production of absorbent charcoal. 

Probably no individual engaged in any of the work on carbon put more 
self-sacrifice and devotion into his work than did Mr. Hughes. Originally 
connected with the Lamp Development Laboratory of the National Lamp 
Works, he worked as Mr. Dorsey's right-hand assistant from May, 1917 



The National in the World War 



to April 1st, 1918. Later he had complete charge of the experimental carbon 
plant at Toledo, Ohio. In August, 1917, when Mr. Dorsey was sent to Astoria, 
Mr. Hughes was placed in complete charge of all the work at Nela Park. 
On April ist, 191 8, he was transferred to the Astoria plant, co-operating 
with the other men engaged in the carbon work there. About the first of 
June he was commissioned as First Lieutenant in the Sanitary Corps, and 
in July he was transferred, with the same rating, to the Chemical Warfare 
Service. His work from this time until February 21, 1919, when he received 
his discharge, consisted of further experimental work on carbon, and the 
application of the experimental results to carbon manufacture. 

In connection with the above-noted results, considerable confusion 
was first experienced in the matter of judging the absorptive value of a 
given charcoal. This value was at that time given in terms of the time re- 
quired for penetration by chlorine gas, but as yet the method for making 
the test had not been standardized. As a consequence, the absorptive effi- 
ciency of a given charcoal as determined at Nela Park would not check 
with values obtained on the same material as tested at other government 
stations. 

The Nela Park organizations, therefore, undertook the development 
of a standard procedure for testing charcoal on the basis of chlorine gas. 
This work was largely performed by Messrs. Ibele and King. A satisfactory 
procedure was evolved, but just at this time it became apparent that chlorine 
as a gas warfare weapon would soon be superseded by phosgene and chlorpi- 
crin. This necessitated a shift from chlorine to phosgene and chlorpicrin 
in the matter of testing the serviceability of experimental canister charcoal. 

A method evolved by the Bureau of Mines, and based upon the use 
of chlorpicrin as the test gas, enabled a very accurate determination to be 
made. However, the Bureau of Mines procedure required entirely too long 
a period of operation for use in a laboratory where a large number of such 
tests had to be made daily. This "long method" was accordingly modified by 
Mr. King. The resulting "accelerated method," after certain later improve- 
ments, was ultimately adopted in this country as the standard procedure 
for testing the activity of the canister charcoal. 

About June 30, 1917, work was begun by Mr. Dorsey and Mr. Hughes 
on the determination of the proper carbonization schedule for cocoanut 
hulls. A schedule was first evolved on a laboratory scale at Nela Park, 
and then the investigation was transferred to the plant of the Erie Street 
Gas Works, Toledo, Ohio, for large-scale experimentation. Here, through 
the kindness and courtesy of Mr. Henry L. Doherty, who for many years 
had been a highly valued friend and customer of the National Lamp Works, 
and the operators of the Toledo Company, a bank of unused gas retorts was 
loaned for the experimental work, Mr. Doherty personally assuming all 
the expense involved. Mr. Doherty also turned over his entire Toledo gas 
laboratory to Mr. Dorsey for a full week. Mr. Dorsey and Mr. Hughes 
spent a large part of the next six weeks in Toledo. The final schedule as 
worked out at Toledo became the standard carbonization practice in the 
production of absorbent charcoal, and was used at the Astoria Plant through- 
out the course of the war. 

During the progress of the work at Toledo, the Research Laboratory 
of the National Carbon Company had developed on a laboratory and semi- 



190 The National in the World War 

plant scale a procedure for increasing the activity, that is "activating," 
the charcoal coming from the ordinary qarbonization retorts. This procedure, 
called the "Air Activation Procedure," consisted essentially of reheating 
the charcoal in a current of air at 300° to 350° C, thus burning out the 
hydrocarbon impurities. The cocoanut charcoal obtained at Toledo was 
found to respond readily to this treatment. 

Large-scale apparatus for the continuation of this development at 
Nela Park was ordered, but before this apparatus was received, the demand 
for canister charcoal became acute. Consequently this equipment was 
shipped to Astoria, where the Nela Park organization assisted in the 
installation of the complete equipment for carbonizing cocoanut hulls and 
air-activating the charcoal so obtained. Assistance was also rendered in 
the initial operation of this plant, the first drum of activated charcoal 
being shipped September 24, 1917. 

During the installation of the Air Activation plant at Astoria, it 
became evident due to the increase in the charcoal program that there would 
be a shortage of cocoanut hulls. The Nela Park Laboratory, therefore, 
began a search for a substitute. This work was done largely by Mr. Hughes. 
The initial tests were made on the basis of air-activated material. However, 
during the progress of this investigation, work by the National Carbon 
Company demonstrated the apparent advantage of superheated steam over 
air as the oxidizing agent in charcoal activation. The final tests on cocoanut 
hull substitutes were accordingly made on the basis of steam-activated 
material. The result of this investigation led to the later adoption at Astoria 
of the "mixed" charge, mixtures of cocoanut and various fruit pit charcoals 
being activated together. 

It was just at this time that the Steam Activation procedure, as 
evolved by the National Carbon Company, was turned over to Mr. Dorsey 
for large-scale development work. At this point begins the story of the Nela 
Park Gas Defense Detachment. 

Gas Defense Detachment 

By November i, 1917, Mr. Dorsey had completed the installing at 
Astoria of equipment for the production of absorbent charcoal by the Air 
Activation process and was ready to take the new steam treating process 
developed by the National Carbon Company, and work out the different 
difficulties arising in putting it on a commercial production basis. Although 
Mr. Dorsey had several assistants from the National Lamp Works working 
under him, the development of the steam treating process demanded a 
much larger personnel. 

Major Bradley Dewey, then officer in charge of the Gas Defense 
Service, agreed to furnish Mr. Dorsey with the required personnel of chem- 
ists and engineers for carrying on the new development work, and the 
National Lamp Works generously agreed to pay all costs for the work done 
at their plant. On November 14, 1917, Sgt. T. M. Rector, later Lieutenant, 
arrived in Cleveland with ten men. On November 15th, Lieut. J. R. Silver, 
Jr., was transferred from the National Carbon Company to take charge 
of the new detachment. Thus begins the history of the Nela Park Gas 
Defense Detachment. 

One of the garage rooms of the National Lamp Works was taken over 
the morning of November 15th. Sgt. Rector was designated to plan, equip. 



The National in the World War 191 

and organize a laboratory for the necessary chemical control work. Privates 
were set to work at once assisting the carpenters in partitioning off the room. 
Sgt. Rector went to Pittsburgh and brought back as baggage the apparatus 
needed. One week from the morning that the garage was taken over, the 
laboratory was turning out tests on charcoal. At the same time work was 
started on the design of the first commercial-size unit. 

The charcoal development work divided itself along two separate 
paths — the development of a commercial process for manufacturing charcoal, 
and the development in the laboratory of control tests and research work. 
Due to his experience in plant work, Lieut. Silver was in direct charge of 
the former, and Sgt. Rector, on account of his laboratory experience, was 
in charge of the latter. The organization of the detachment proceeded as 
the work expanded and as new men arrived. When first put into operation, 
the laboratory had a personnel of five men, consisting of Sgt. Rector in 
charge, assisted by Privates John P. Cheever, L. W. Larsen, J. A. O'Calla- 
ghan and Andrew Carsten. When the first furnace was started, the plant 
organization consisted of Lieut. Silver in charge, assisted by Privates Kean, 
Etter, Markovitz, Uhl, Thompson and Gair. 

Although Major Dewey had kept his promise to Mr. Dorsey and sent 
him chemists and engineers, he seemed to have forgotten that such poor 
human beings had never been educated to War Department rules and 
regulations. Before many days had elapsed, unknown War Department 
orders began to drift in, and it was necessary to get a stenographer to keep 
the records, etc. For this purpose. Private Pipkin was "drafted," in spite 
of his protests that he was a chemist and not a stenographer. In spite of 
the hard work of the C. O. and Pipkin, it was necessary to send out an 
S. O. S. call to Washington for a real, skilled-in-paper workman. This 
S. O. S., for the time being, could not be answered and Pipkin continued 
to bear the burden of the office routine. On December 7th, Sgt. Frank Dobe 
reported for duty, in answer to the S. O. S. above noted. From this date on, 
most of the burden of solving military red tape orders rested on Sgt. Dobe's 
shoulders and to him belongs most of the credit for the fact that the Nela 
Park detachment was never "in Dutch" with Washington. 

Men were being sent to this station daily, and as a man's ability was 
proven for either laboratory or plant work, he was shifted so that his ability 
could be best utilized. 

On December 17th, Pvt. Keese reported for duty, having been in- 
ducted into the service for his ability as a draftsman. As constant changes 
in the design of the furnace required a man for designing alone, Keese 
spent most of his time in keeping designs up to date and in drawing up 
proposed changes. 

On January i6th, Sgt. G. M. Rollason reported for duty and shortly 
afterward was designated to serve as Mr. Dorsey's special assistant. Much of 
the development work from this time on was due to suggestions of Rollason. 

On January 25th, Pvt. Gracey joined the detachment and, due to 
his previous business experience, was immediately assigned to assist in the 
purchasing of materials and the keeping of accounts. Gracey gradually 
took over all work relative to the expenditure of money and the ordering 
and shipping of materials. 

Throughout the entire first five months this station was run twenty- 
four hours per day, seven days a week. Men often worked seventy-two 



192 The National IN THE World War 

hours straight. The work was hard and tedious, and only by the entirely 
unselfish efforts of each individual man was success attained. 

The specific object of the investigation at Nela, as before noted, was 
to develop, to a large-scale production basis, the steam process for the acti- 
vation of charcoal, as evolved by the National Carbon Company organiza- 
tion. This process consisted essentially in exposing charcoal, obtained by 
carbonizing cocoanut hulls, to steam at a temperature ranging from 850° C. 
to ICX30° C. until the required density reduction was obtained. The average 
time of treating was one hour, using a steam-charcoal ratio of about one to 
one by weight. 

The problem now to be solved was a difficult one. For the sake of 
heat conduction, it was essential to use a metallic installation. At the same 
time, no furnace tube had as yet been developed with a demonstrated 
ability to withstand the conditions proposed. One large manufacturing 
concern, when approached on the subject, declared that the thing was 
impossible. The successful answer to this problem at Nela Park represented 
a real engineering feat. 

No attempt will be made to give a detailed account of the development 
of this furnace, or "Dorsey Treater" as it is called. It is a very interesting, 
but at the same time a very long story. This particular investigation at 
Nela Park began in November, 1917, and continued until November, 1918. 
In all, nine furnaces or units were erected and operated. It so happened, 
however, in February, 191 8, while the Nela organization was still experi- 
menting with Unit Number 4, the canister charcoal situation became so 
acute that it was deemed inadvisable to await the development of a more 
perfect process. Unit No. 4 was giving fairly satisfactory results, so, in 
March, the Nela organization began assisting in installing at Astoria ten 
units of this type. The investigation was continued in Cleveland and, 
through the results obtained from Units Nos. 4 to 9 inclusive, certain 
modifications in designs and operation were evolved for the benefit of the 
Astoria plant. The basic principle embodied in Unit No 4, however, was 
never really changed. A brief description of this unit will be sufficient in 
an account of this nature. 

Unit No. 4, the unit adopted at Astoria, consisted of a vertical nichrome 
tube 7 feet long by 7 inches inside diameter, set in the middle of a combustion 
chamber of firebrick, and heated by surface combustion with natural gas. 
The charging device consisted of two slide valves so arranged that charcoal 
could be introduced into the tube without allowing the escape of gases or 
the access of air into the tube. Similar valves were provided for the lower 
or discharge end. Suction was applied to the top and bottom of the tube 
in order to draw off the water gas formed in the reaction. 

The introduction of steam in such a manner as to give the proper 
distribution had required considerable experimentation, and in fact in 
Unit No. 4 the problem of this steam distribution had by no means been 
solved, in Unit No. 4, however, the steam was introduced by means of 
two-inch pipes perforated with l/g-inch holes. These pipes brought the steam 
into the tube in two places, one just above the hottest zone in the furnace, 
and the other about 18 inches to 20 inches above the first. 

The tube was to be filled with charcoal brought to the proper tem- 
perature, and the superheated steam admitted. As the finished product 




The G-25 Absorption Apparatus which was used to determine the 
Absorption Value of different Forms of Charcoal 




Dorsev Treater Number Four, Used tor the Large-Scale Steam Activation 

of Charcoal 



The National IN THE World War 193 

was discharged below, new material was charged into the top of the furnace. 
This material, as it travelled down the tube, gradually heated up until it 
reached the upper steam zone. The partial activation received here was to be 
completed by the second activation treatment received when the material 
passed the second or hottest zone. 

At least thirty runs were made with this furnace, and it was found 
that under normal operating conditions, charging 40 pounds of charcoal 
per hour, an activated charcoal could be obtained having very satisfactory 
absorbing qualities. Certain modifications were made in the unit when 
installed at Astoria, but these were all of minor character, the principal 
design of the unit being retained. 

In the development of the steam activation process, Mr. Test of the 
Cleveland Wire Division of the National Lamp Works was loaned to Mr. 
Dprsey by Mr. Benbow to assist in the development of furnaces using 
surface combustion as a heating medium. The efficiency of the various 
units used in the development of activated charcoal is due to the splendid 
efforts of Mr. Test. 

As stated above, the investigation was continued at Nela Park, and 
other furnaces were erected. An account of the results obtained from these 
furnaces is given in later pages. 

While the development of the Dorsey Treater was progressing in 
the plant, the laboratory side of the investigation was being well cared tor 
by the men to whom this duty had been assigned. When first put into 
operation, the personnel of the laboratory consisted of five men, with Sgt. 
Rector in charge. From this nucleus the laboratory force grew until, on the 
first of March, 1918, a total of seventeen men was on its staff. 

At this time Lieut. Silver, then Commanding Officer of the Detachment, 
was transferred to Astoria, and Sergeant Rector was commissioned ist 
Lieutenant, and given the position of Commanding Officer. This necessitated 
reorganization of the laboratory personnel. Sergeant Cheever was placed 
in charge of the operation of the control laboratory, and Sergeant O'Cal- 
laghan was given direction of the activities involved in the research work. 
This arrangement was in force for about two months, when it was deemed 
expedient to turn over all the laboratory work to Sergeant O'Callaghan, 
thus making Sergeant Cheever available for plant work. At the time of the 
organization of the Chemical Warfare Service, the laboratory had a force 
of twenty-six men engaged in research and control work. 

In connection with the development of the steam treating process, 
one of the first tasks facing the control laboratory was to produce a method 
of testing charcoal which would be quick and accurate. Mr. Dorsey's lab- 
oratory was using the "accelerated method," which took about one-fifteenth 
of the time required by the "long method." The details of this method, 
however, had not been as yet perfected. Under the personal direction 
of Sergeant O'Callaghan, the apparatus was improved and its 
operation rapidly standardized. The unreliability of the various 
methods in use at other laboratories and the apparent advantages of the 
Nela Park method brought it to the front when a conference was called 
in January for the purpose of adopting a standardized procedure for uni- 
versal use. The Nela Park method was adopted at this conference, and, 
from that time on, was used at all laboratories of the Defense Service. 



194 The National IN THE World War 

Later, with the development of other absorbents, it also became necessary 
to modify the existing procedures for testing charcoal against phosgene 
and arsine. 

In following up the plant development work, a large number of these 
control tests were required. In fact the control laboratory was one of the 
busiest spots at Nela Park. 

The first research work undertaken in the laboratory was to determine 
under what conditions one gas is replaced by another in the charcoal. This 
work was performed by Private Etter, who was the first man to be put on 
work of a purely research nature. The results obtained were interesting but 
never attained to any practical application. 

During the latter part of January, 191 8, research work was started on 
impregnating charcoal with various compounds, the idea being to increase 
its neutralizing power for such gases as arsine, cyanogen chloride, etc., 
which had not been used by the Germans as yet, but against which it was 
believed we should be prepared. No results of any importance were obtained 
in this respect until later in the year, as will be noted. 

While the charcoal impregnation work was just beginning it became 
quite evident that research work was being handicapped through the lack 
of laboratory facilities. The numerous control tests necessary for checking 
up the experimental steam treating furnace had been increasing in number, 
and the control work was practically utilizing all the floor space of the labo- 
ratory. So, early in February, another laboratory, to be used exclusively 
for research work, was built and equipped. This laboratory was completed 
by the end of the month and an increased impetus was thereby given to 
work on research problems. 

One of the first discoveries to come from the new laboratory was the 
fact that the activity of charcoal for phosgene could be enormously increased 
by the introduction into it, under certain conditions, of hydrated manganese 
dioxide. This development was due to the work of Pvt. Marvin Pipkin. It 
was later shown that other related metallic hydrates would perform the same 
function to a greater or less degree. It was also afterward shown that the 
efficiency of the impregnated charcoal was due to the water held and not to 
the hydrate itself. This led to accurate determinations of the effect of 
water on the absorption of gases by charcoal. 

Another development arising from the results on impregnation with 
metallic hydroxides was the discovery by Pvt. Lawrence W. Larsen, that 
charcoal impregnated with ammonia gas and afterwards evacuated, had 
its capacity for absorbing arsine enormously increased. The increase 
in many cases was more than one hundred per cent. This discovery would 
undoubtedly have gone into production but for the fact that the laboratory 
soon turned out an absorbent equal to "Larsenite" in arsine absorbing 
power and much superior to it with regard to phosgene, namely, "Ran- 
kinite A." 

In the work on Rankinite A, the research laboratory thus returned 
to its earlier work on impregnated charcoals. It soon became apparent that 
in this material the research laboratory had made a very promising dis- 
covery. All the men available were shifted upon the new problem. At the 
time of the formation of the Chemical Warfare Service, Rankinite A was 
being made at Nela Park in fifty-pound batches. Its later development 



The National in the World War 195 

proved to be one of the big achievements of the Defense Section of the 
Development Division. However, the only thing we are allowed to divulge 
about Rankinite A is the fact that the name is a composition of the names 
of the two men largely responsible for its discovery, Pvts. Randolph and 
Pipkin. 

In addition to the independent investigational work performed in the 
laboratory, a great deal of co-operative work was done in connection with 
plant development. Both the research and control laboratories had been 
constantly at the disposal of the development department to work out any 
details as requested. A large amount of data on the flow of gases in the 
treater unit and of thermo-chemical data on the chemical reactions involved 
was the product of the research staff. Plant development and research men 
were continually interchanged between the two departments, whenever 
such changes were to the advantage of the work and to the men themselves. 

On March i, 1918, Lieut. Silver, who up to this time had been Com- 
manding Officer of the Nela Park Detachment, was transferred to Astoria, 
L. I., for the purpose of supervising the installation and operation of the 
new steam-treatment process, as then developed. Lieut. Silver's work was 
thereupon turned over to Lieut. Thomas M. Rector. The detachment 
at this time consisted of thirty-five men and two officers, divided into two 
approximately equal divisions, one division devoted to the plant develop- 
ment work, and the other to laboratory research and control work. In 
August, when the Nela Park Gas Defense Detachment was transferred to 
the Chemical Warfare Service, as the Defense Section of the Development 
Division, the personnel of the detachment had been increased to about 
eighty officers and enlisted men. At that time Lieut. Rector was transferred, 
and the command passed first to Captain Guy Cowan, and, a month later, 
to Capt. O. L. Barnehey. 

Transition From Gas Defense to Chemical Warfare Service 

On June 28th, Lieut. T. M. Rector left his post and duties as Command- 
ing Officer of the Nela Detachment to assume duties at the Long Island 
Laboratories ot the Gas Defense Service in New York City. He was suc- 
ceeded in command by Lieut. J. R. Silver, Jr., who had just returned for 
duty in Cleveland. Lieut. Silver, however, was only technically in command 
of the detachment, being engaged at this time on work in the Offense 
Department. The actual executive duties were performed by Sgt. J. A. 
O'Callaghan. 

The detachment was just at this time in the process of re-organization, 
being transferred to the Chemical Warfare Service. As a result of the trans- 
fer, the Development Division of the Chemical Warfare Service was formed. 
Under this new organization the old Gas Defense Service Detachment 
became the Defense Department of the Development Division, Chemical 
Warfare Service. 

The commissioned and enlisted personnel was increased rapidly at 
this time. The enlisted personnel increased from 35 men in June to 80 men 
in July. The commissioned personnel was increased far more in proportion. 
Of the original Gas Defense Detachment, the following men were com- 
missioned as Second Lieutenants in the Chemical Warfare Service — Graoey, 



196 The National in the World War 

Dobe, Rice, O'Callaghan, Cheever and Weber. The following civilians 
were also commissioned as Captains — O. L. Barnebey, R. G. Cowan, Edward 
Hering. M. B. Cheney was commissioned First Lieutenant. 

By the original plan of organization, Capt. Cowan was scheduled 
to act as commanding officer of the Department, but due to a change in 
plans he was transferred to the Experimental Plant. In his stead, Captain 
O. L. Barnebey was made commanding officer of the Defense Department, 
with Lieut. M. B. Cheney second in command. 

During this brief and somewhat unsettled period, July ist to August 
1st, the organization had materially changed. When Lieut. Dobe was trans- 
ferred to Headquarters to act as Adjutant for the Development Division, 
the army paper work and personnel record suffered for a time until the 
duties were finally assigned to Supply Sergeant Laubenstein. 

When Lieut. Gracey was transferred to the Experimental Plant, the 
duties of purchase and procurement were taken up by Lieut. L. V. Weber. 
Later Lieut. Weber was transferred to the Zanesville Detachment, 
where he worked in connection with the operation of the Dressier Tunnel 
Kiln. He was succeeded in his responsibilities by Regimental Supply 
Sergeant H. M. Miller, assisted by Sgt. C. A. Humel. Sgt. Miller had been 
identified with the Defense Department for almost a year, and in that time 
he had acquired a thorough understanding of all business requirements of 
the Department, and of the more or less complicated relations of the War 
Section to the National Lamp Works. 

In the drafting room, Sgt. Keese was with the Department for over a 
year and a multitude of drawings bear his initials. Sgt. KrafFt and Pvt. 
Salisbury were also identified with this work. 

When the Defense Department of the Development Division was 
definitely established on August ist, the organization was headed by 
Capt. O. L. Barnebey, with First Lieut. M. B. Cheney as his assistant. 

The work of the department was divided into separate sections for 
the different problems and processes being developed. These sections were 
in the immediate charge of various men, as is explained later in detail. 
However, Capt. Barnebey kept in very intimate touch with every problem 
in progress, and in most cases was very active in working out all the details. 
To do this meant that he had to be on the job every minute of the day, and 
some of the men would be willing to vouch that this last statement is 
literally true. 

Lieut. Cheney, right-hand man to Capt. Barnebey, was later made 
Commanding Officer of the Defense Detachment at the plant of the Amer- 
ican Encaustic Tiling Company, Zanesville, Ohio, where the Dressier Tunnel 
Kiln was adapted for the activation of carbon. 

It should be stated here that while the organization was divided into 
small units working on the various problems, there had at all times been 
the closest co-operation among the men. Any man who was especially 
adapted for some special problem in another department promptly lent 
his entire knowledge to that work. In this way the technical knowledge and 
man-power of the departments was always utilized to a maximum of effi- 
ciency. 





Upper Photo — The G-52 Absorption Apparatus used to determine 
the Absorption Value of Charcoal for various Impregnated Compounds. 

Lower Photo — The Research Laboratory of the Defense Section, 
Development Division. 




Upper Photo — The Control Laboratory which was used in the Devel- 
opment Work on Methods for Testing the Absorption Value of 
Charcoal. 

Lower Photo — The G-25 Testing Boards used in the Control 
Laboratory. 



The Nati onal in the World Wa p j - 



Research Laboratory 

nd ?he ^r^' '."'"". '^ '•'^^ P'"^^'^'^^ ^^^^-1-^ were changed 

and the efforts were directed entirely toward commercial development 

Because of the nature of these new problems above mentioned the 
personnel was greatly enlarged until there was at one timTa maj^^um 
of thirty men engaged in research work Lieut T A O'r.II /"^T 
in charop TU^ f^^'v^' c i t^ vvuii.., i.ieut. J. /\. U Lallaghan being 

"creased at thi.r?'? '^? ^T"''^ Laboratory were correspondingly 
increased at this time to satisfy the needs of the larger organization. 

Ihe problems of the Research Laboratory were so varied that anv 
comprehensive survey of the work done is impossible here. Sev ral problems 
on which a very extended study was made deserve special men" on Se 
problems can be summarized under the following titles: . 

I. The development of an impregnated charcoal suitable for the 
absorption of all war gases and a method for its manufacture, 
cartr'"' '""^ ^'^' ^""""^^^ ^°'- ^he activation of 

3. A study of the effect of humidity on the activity of charcoal. 
purpTsS'"' ' ' ^" '°'°'""' '^''•^°^^ ^°^ absorption 

5. Possibilities of the utilization of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen 

sttmr/t" ''"^""" ^""^^'"§ ^^"^"^^ ^- -^l'- - 

6. The effect of pressure on absorptive capacity of charcoal. 

7. The removal of salt from peach and apricot pit charcoal. 

mZZ A^ ^''f '"-"^ ^°' '^^'■^°" ^"^^ ^"d various binders. 

9. Microscopic studies of various absorptive charcoals. 
10. Special studies conducted in a small horizontal gas-fired treater 
(a modification of the Dressier Tunnel Kiln) 

Control Laboratory 
and Ji"^ 'r''''^ laboratory was well equipped for the control of all plant 

fn charge of LieuT?"p Jt ^"'^^^"^^ ^^"^^°' '^^^^^^^^ -- ^irSy 
R E Sdkh-k n /h^'l K ^"""''' ^''''''^ ^y ^S'- T- C. Smith and Sgt 
K. L. Selkirk. In this laboratory considerable work was done in the devel 
opment of analytical methods, especially those for testinrthe a Wi^^^^^ 
value of charcoal. Mr. E.J. Haefeli, whose services wefe g ven by tL 

gr etlv t th?w r'V^K^'^ '^P^^'"^"^ ^°^ ^^^ ^-^^-" °^ ^'e war 'aided 
greatly in the work of the construction of apparatus by his expert glass 
blowing ability. He also materially aided the Gas Defense PI ntTt Asfor a' 
L. L, by his work there. In fact, testing boards made by him weretn'lli 



The National in the World War 



over the country. Almost all the chemists of the Department at one time 
or another had an opportunity to work in this laboratory 

When the Zanesville Detachment was formed, Lieut. Cheever andbgt. 
Smith established a model control laboratory in record ^ime. Supervision 
of the Nela analytical laboratory was performed by Sgt. Selkirk until the 
close of the activities of the Department. 

PLANT ACTIVITIES 

In the plant itself, a large number of interesting developments were 
realized in connection with the activation of charcoal. 

Compression Based on the preliminary work performed at the Forest 
Retort Products Laboratory at Madison, Wis., by Dr. L. F. Hawley 

Development and Mr. Ernest Bateman, there was built in the Defense 
Department a semi-plant-size unit which was called the 
Hawlite Compression Retort. This unit was designed to accomplish car- 
bonization of wood waste which had been previously briquetted at high 
pressure. The carbonization was carried out at relatively low temperatures 
and the briquetted material which was being carbonized was subjected 
to pressure during the entire process of carbonization 

^ The experimental work performed in the Defense Department at 
Nela was directed by Dr. Hawley personally. He was assisted by bgt. W. H. 
Watt and Sgt. A. T. Cowley. . 

An elaborate series of experiments was performed with this unit, 
carbonizing briquetted material and woods of various kinds. The possibility 
of using this method of treatment of wood and wood waste to produce 
charcoal in case of shortage of other material for activation purposes, was 

proven to be very good. ^ j„ ^f ^V,^ 

In connection with this work Mr. Bateman carried on a study of the 
activation of carbon by means of carbon dioxide with results analogous to 
those obtained at Nela Park. 

Dorsey Lieut. W. W. Rice was directly in charge of the later devel- 

Treater opment of the Dorsey Treater. Sgt. ist-Class D. W. Rose 

Development was his assistant in this work. Under Lieut. Rice s direction 
there were constructed five Treater Units (Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8 
and 9) in an effort to improve the Dorsey Treater as developed by the Gas 
Defense Detachment, from a standpoint of durability, ease of operation 

and quahty of product. _ . ^a^^^ 

With Unit No. 5, a composition graphite tube was used in an ettort 
to replace the more expensive nichrome. The use of this type of tube was 
abandoned by reason of its low heat conductivity. Unit No. 6 was another 
nichrome furnace. This furnace was run at a higher operating temperature 
in an effort to secure a higher quality of product. A better quality product 
was obtained but the temperature was so intense that the life ot the in- 
stallation was limited to a few days of continuous operation. 

Unit No. 7 was the first unit to be entirely free from gas pockets and 
the various troubles arising from them. This unit marked the first real step 
toward the elimination of the operating difficulties that were experienced 
in all previous installations. However, this was done at the expense of the 




The Dorsey Treater Number Nine — the Latest Type of Vertical 
Steam Activator Developed at Nela Park 




Upper Photo — '1 he small Lxptrimu.tui iieniu li.inae^ b(,\eloptu tor the Steam 

Activation of Charcoal. 
Lower Photo — ^Wedge Furnace No. i, which was the first Horizontal Activator Developed. 



The National IN THE World War 199 

chlorpicrin activity of the material produced. The relatively low chlorpicrin 
activity of the material produced in this unit was found to be due to the very 
uneven vertical temperature distribution, caused by the withdrawal of 
all the gases incidental to the process of reaction from the bottom of the 
furnace. 

In Units Nos. 8 and 9 progress was made in the further elimination 
of the operating difficulties, in the improvement in the vertical temperature 
distribution and subsequent increase in the chlorpicrin activity of the 
product. 

Unit No. 9 represented the very latest type of vertical steam acti- 
vator developed at Nela Park. It was nearly free from all mechanical defects, 
as well as from operating difficulties. It was the opinion of this department 
that this unit represented the best that was obtainable with this particular 
type of steam activator. 

The Dorsey Treater had been a pet of the Defense Department. 
There was never a time in the life of this department when there was not 
a treater of this type either in construction, operation or in the process 
of being dismantled. 

Electric The work of developing an electric furnace suitable for the 

Furnace activation of charcoal was in charge of Lieut. Wm. D. Van 

Development Arnam. Lieut. Van Arnam came to the Defense Department 
from Midland, Mich., where he had been stationed as a 
civilian doing experimental work in connection with mustard gas manu- 
facture. He was commissioned just before his arrival at Nela Park. He was 
assisted in this work by Master Engineer Atwell, Sergeant R. G. Lafean 
and Sergeant C. A. Teeple. 

The problem of developing a satisfactory electric furnace for the acti- 
vation of charcoal was one of the most difficult experimental processes that 
the organization encountered. The work was in reality a pioneer investigation 
and was undertaken to find out if the carbon activating process could be 
more rapidly brought about at a temperature of 1500° to 1600° C. 

The advantage of an electric furnace over the ordinary furnace for 
heating any kind of material lies in the higher temperature that it is possible 
to obtain with such an installation. 

In attempting to fulfill the temperature requirements, much difficulty 
was encountered in securing suitable refractory material. Charcoal offered 
a very high resistance to the passage of the electric current and required 
a large power input which necessitated the installation of special electrical 
equipment, i. e., switches, transformers, bus-bars, etc. 

It was necessary to conduct an extensive experimental study to 
establish the adaptability of commercially obtainable, suitable refractories. 
An extended study of the varying resistance of various types of charcoal 
had to be made also. Several units were erected for the activation of charcoal. 
The experimental results obtained seemed to prove quite conclusively 
that the high temperatures were not desirable for the activation of carbon, 
and hence no adaptation of the electrical resistance principle was employed 
on a commercial production basis. 



200 The National IN THE World War 

Wedge The development of the Wedge Furnace design was directed 

Furnace by Mr. Utley Wedge, Consulting Engineer from Philadelphia, 

Development Pa., in co-operation with the Department. Part of this work 
was performed at Nela Park and part at Philadelphia. Mr. 
Wedge, a furnace man of wide experience, was assisted throughout all the 
work by Sgt. ist-Class W. G. Randolph. In the performance of the original 
work, much credit is also due to the careful working out of detail by Sgt. 
Andrew Karsten, Pvt. R. K. Carleton and Sgt. James Burns. All the carbon 
activation experience of the department was available for this work and the 
facilities were utilized until the completion of the first design. 

Under Mr. Wedge's direction, a small unit known as Wedge Furnace 
No. I was erected. This installation was a departure from any carbon 
activator then in use. The purpose of this work was to find out if carbon 
while flowing mechanically over a series of hearths could be activated by 
steam in the presence of the furnace gases. Inasmuch as the hearths in this 
furnace were horizontal, a rabble system was used to give movement to 
the charcoal charge. To work out the data on flow of carbon over inclined 
hearths, suitable hearths of wood and ceramic construction were erected 
and the necessary data on angle of inclination and control of movement 
was obtained. 

After the completion of the experimental work, Mr. Wedge, accom- 
panied by Sgt. Randolph, returned to Philadelphia, where they continued 
and completed the work of the design of a furnace of the Scott type. In 
this type of furnace the flue gases are used to carry heat into the furnace 
In the activation of carbon, the flue gases furnish the carbon dioxide and 
some of the necessary steam for the process. The remainder of the steam 
is introduced as such. At the time of the signing of the armistice, the furnace 
design had been accepted and contracts were pending for the materials 
for the construction of the Wedge Furnace at the National Carbon Company, 
Cleveland, Ohio. 

Development of Dressler Tunnel Kiln 

At the completion of the experimental work applied to the Wedge 
design of the Scott type of furnace, the work of activation of uniform layers 
of various carbon materials was started. This work was carried out on a 
very thorough and elaborate scale. The work was pioneer in that it relied 
upon the penetration of the re-active gases into the varying depths of 
charcoal in even uniform layers. This method of activating charcoal utilizes 
a low temperature and prolonged time, thus giving small loss and maximum 
activation. The preliminary work and subsequent investigational work 
added greatly to carbon activation problems. The theory and practice of 
this development were entirely new and the Dressier Tunnel Kiln was the 
first commercial application of the same. 

The work required very careful control of operating conditions, es- 
pecially as regarded temperature. The original Wedge furnace in which 
this work was started was poorly adapted to this study. It was used for some 
time inasmuch as it was already erected, but was later discarded and a special 
furnace constructed for the purpose. This work progressed rapidly and the 
final application to the Tunnel Kiln type furnace was made with the Dressier 
Kiln, available at Zanesville, Ohio. 

This furnace was made available through the kindness of the American 




The Charge End of the Tunnel Kiln Type of Furnace. An empty 
and a loaded truck are seen in the left foreground 




The Tunnel Kiln Furnace Shifts Unloading Respirator Carbon, 
Filling and Striking Trays and loading Crude Carbon 




The Nela Camp Dining Room. It was equipped as a temporary 
hospital for the Defense Section during the Influenza Epidemic 




The Personnel of the Defense Section, Development Division 



The National in the World War 201 

Encaustic Tiling Company, of which Mr. H. D. Lillibridge was manager. 
The Defense Department was indebted particularly to Mr. Lillibridge, Mr. 
F. K. Pentz, Mr. Wm. McCoy and Mr. J. G. Whitmer of the American 
Encaustic Tiling Company for the courtesies and technical information 
received from them. 

A detachment of about seventy men was formed at Zanesville with 
Lieut. Cheney as Commanding Officer, assisted by Lieuts. Weber and 
Cheever. Experimental work was carried on for about two months, to work 
out the necessary mechanical details required for successful activation. 
The kiln as a carbon activation plant was successful. This process is unques- 
tionably the best developed for the activation of carbon during the war. 

It may be said of this process that the only matter of regret is the fact 
that it was not discovered until the urgent need for activated carbon was 
over. The kiln had a great advantage in being equally suited for activation 
of all classes of carbon material. The activation secured, being in all cases 
almost the maximum obtainable, was secured in a single treatment of the 
material and without excessive loss. In connection with this adaptation 
there were many difficult problems involving a great deal of hard, mechanical 
work. 

Steam As a final development in the experimental work on the 

Lift activation of charcoal by the air or steam lift principle, a 

Furnace plant-size steam lift furnace was constructed in the Defense 

Department. The design adopted was the outcome of pre- 
vious work by the Research Laboratory, and was made by Master Engineer 
L. W. Larsen. Capt. Hering and Sgt. Watt had charge of the construction 
of the unit. 

Operation of the unit was successful and, with slight modifications 
in design, it was recommended for the production of a large amount of good 
quality material at a minimum expense for installation and operation. 

Vertical As has been said under the account of the Research Labora- 

Treaters tory, a number of small vertical treater units were erected 

in the Defense Department for the study of the relative 
value of different gases as activating agents. These vertical treater units 
were essentially small-size Dorsey Treaters. ist-Sgt. J. G.Williamson de- 
signed, erected, and was in charge of operation of two gas-fired units of 
this type, and Pvt. ist-Class N. P. Uhl constructed a number of small 
electrically heated units of this type. 

From the operation of these units, much valuable data was obtained 
on the use of steam, carbon dioxide, and mixtures of steam and carbon 
dioxide as activating agents. Many small-scale experimental runs were also 
made to test the efficiency of the Dorsey Treater for the activation of pro- 
posed Dorsite substitutes, and for the manufacture of Rankinite "A." 

Distillation For the carbonizing of raw material, a gas-fired distillation 

Retort retort was erected on a semi-plant scale. ist-Sgt. Williamson 

designed, constructed and operated the unit. Many different 

kinds of wood and nuts proposed as substitutes for cocoanut hulls were 



202 The National in the World War 

carbonized in the retort, the charcoal so produced being subsequently 
activated in the small vertical treater units. 

Records and The many kinds of experimental investigations which were 
Reports conducted simultaneously in the Defense Department re- 

quired a large amount of work on the keeping of records, 
the collecting and systematizing of experimental data, and the writing of 
reports on the work done. By far the greatest part of this work was done 
by Sgt. L. C. Lamb. As the work increased in volume, Sgt. L. H. Hauth 
was added to the report department, and later Reg. Sgt. -Major P. Learoyd 
was recruited from the Research Laboratory. 

Plant Con- In the earliest stages of the department, all the men having 
struction construction capabilities were identified with plant con- 

struction work. In fact this relationship of construction 
was never completely divorced from the work at any time. Prominently 
identified with the supervision of construction appear the names of Lieut. 
Rice and Sgt. Forrer, who were for several months connected with erection 
work of large-scale units in the Defense Department. 

Sgt. Watt was the man who handled the later" construction work for 
the Defense Department. 

Akron Detachment 

To assist Major Pierce in the development of the latest form of gas 
mask, known as the "Pierce Mask," a small detachment of men from the 
Defense Department was established in Akron, Ohio, at the plant of the 
Goodrich Rubber Company. The detachment consisted of Lieut. T. M. 
Rector, Sgt. Roland Etter and Pvt. Proser. 

Various phases of gas mask construction were studied, and the work 
successfully resulted in one of the best masks developed during the war. 

Honor Roll of Defense Section 

Private J. L. Jordan. Died October 15, 1918, from Influenza. 

Private E. E. Washburn. Died October 16, 1918, from Influenza. 
Private E. M. Anderson. Died October 20, 191 8, from Influenza. 
Private John Schwartz. Died October 22, 191 8, from Influenza. 
Private C. E. Cooper. Died December 8, 1918, from Influenza. 

To the men who worked with them, lived with them and knew them 
for what they were, their deaths were indeed a loss, a source of deep sorrow 
and of sincere regret. 

At the time of the influenza epidemic, a hospital was improvised on 
the Nela Camp grounds, Nela Park, for the care of the men of the Chemical 
Warfare Service. It is at least a source of satisfaction to know that every- 
thing possible was done for the men of the detachment who were afflicted 
with this insidious disease, and that all received the best that intelligent 
nursing and efficient medical attention could produce. 




The Tray Production Crew, Zanesville Detachment, Development Division. 




Tlie Material Handling Crew, Zanesville Detachment, Development Division. 




-f^'^^^^^^^ri^s^f^^f^:!^^ 



'••1-11 JI '• i- w 



The Zanesville Detachment, Development Division, Zanesville, Ohio. 



^1^^^ 






PMI^ 


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l^^ll^ iif^^i^ Sk jMk ^T * 


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Shift Number One — Furnace and Control Laboratory, Zanesville Detachment, 
Development Division. 



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S , .^"k-m ' m i M i &» , S, . Ml '■ m 



■11 . il' %£■- ■ 



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Shitt Number Two — Furnace and Control Laboratory, Zanesville Detachment, 
Development Division. 



-japr- 






W 11 



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Shift Number Three — Furnace and Control Laboratory, Zanesville Detachment, 
Development Division. 



OFFENSE SECTION, DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 

Early Production of Mustard Gas 

On pages 16710 170 we have briefly outlined the introduction of mustard 
gas into modern warfare by the Germans at Ypres, July 20, 1917. It is 
the purpose of the following discussion to give, in some detail, the general 
nature and properties of the gas itself, and the various problems and in- 
cidents connected with its development and production. 

Mustard gas, or dichlorethyl sulphide, when pure is a water-white 
liquid boiling at 219° C. It was first prepared in 1886 by the German chemist 
Victor Meyer, who recorded its peculiar toxic properties. However, dichlo- 
rethyl sulphide had been generally regarded solely as a chemical curiosity, 
until the time when it appeared on the battlefields in Flanders. 

Nobody in the allied countries had ever attempted to produce the 
stuff in any quantity and, on examination, the procedure used by Meyer, 
namely the chlorhydrin procedure, proved to be very unsatisfactory 
for large-scale production. In addition, the development ofa satisfactory 
generator for producing ethylene gas had proved to be a stumbling block. 
It was as late as February, 191 8, before Professor Pope in England reported 
the synthesis of thiscompound by the absorption of ethylene gas in sulphur 
monochloride. Strangely enough, the British cablegram anticipated by 
just two days the discovery of the same reaction at the American University 
in Washington. 

The American University immediately put an entire laboratory on 
the problem, and by the middle of March a procedure had been indicated 
on a laboratory scale for the manufacture of this material, using sulphur 
monochloride and ethylene gas as the raw materials. 

To develop this procedure, an experimental plant, shown jn the 
accompanying photograph, was established March 12, 1918, in Cleveland, 
Ohio, at East 131st Street and Taft Ave. The plant taken over for this 
work, formerly the property of the Great Lakes Refining Company, consisted 
of a small, brick, two-story office building connected with a large single- 
story structure suitable for plant operations. This property, valued at $90,000, 
was located about six miles from the Cleveland Public Square, being adjacent 
to the Chandler Motor Company, the H. J. Walker Company and the Willard 
Storage Battery Company. 

The district was rather congested for the handling of a toxic material 
like mustard, and unusual caution had to be exerted at all times to avoid 
"gassing the neighbors." In spite of this handicap, no serious trouble was 
experienced, and in general but few outsiders were ever aware of the nature 
of the work being done at the East 131st Street post. 

The first commanding officer was Captain B. B. Wright, and the initial 
personnel consisted of seven officers and twenty-eight men, loaned from the 
Edgewood Arsenal. 

No time was lost in putting the plant in shape for experimental work. 
The second-story room was quickly converted into a control and research 
laboratory, being furnished with ten well-ventilated hoods and all the 
equipment necessary for a modern laboratory. This laboratory was placed 
in charge of Lieutenant W. A. Felsing (later Captain). Upon Lieutenant 



204 The National in the World War 

Felsing's transfer to Edgewood in July, Lieutenant R. A. Wilkins was placed 
in charge of the laboratory. 

In the plant itself, rapid progress was made in installing the experi- 
mental production apparatus. Sergeant G. L. Rollason (later Captain) was 
in charge of the ethylene generators. Lieutenant W. D. Marshall directed 
the work on the mustard reactor. Lieutenant R. Penfield had general super- 
vision of the design and construction work. Dr. Charles S. Venable (later 
Captain) was loaned by the American University to personally interpret 
the results on mustard production obtained on a laboratory scale in Wash- 
ington. In a similar manner, Dr. F. K. Bezzenberger (later Captain) aided 
in the ethylene investigation. 

The quick assembly of the materials required for plant and laboratory 
was only made possible through the generous co-operation of various Cleve- 
land manufacturing concerns. The attitude of these concerns toward the 
Development Division throughout the course of the war was, "If we have 
it, come and get it; if we haven't it, we will get it for you." 

On April 2, 191 8, the first run was made on the ethylene generator, 
and on April 26th Lieutenant Marshall with his "crew" started using this 
ethylene to make mustard. These operations will be discussed in more detail 
later. 

The personnel at this post was increased as the work expanded, the men 
being as a rule obtained from the different cantonments, where selection 
was made according to qualifications as registered on the service cards of 
the men. The following table gives the average number present at the post 
during each month from April, 1918 to February, 1919: 

March, 1918, 35; April, 1918, 50; May, 1918, 70; June, 1918, 80; 
July, 1918, 85; August, 1918, 160; September, 1918, 145; October, 1918, 140; 
November, 1918, 156; December, 1918, 55; and January, 1919, 25. 

Transfers were constantly being made to Willoughby, Nela Park 
and Edgewood, a total of 293 men actually being enrolled at the post. 

To assist Captain Wright, the first commanding officer. Sergeant G. 
M. Rollason, was appointed assistant technical director. Sergeant Rollason 
was commissioned Captain in July, and sent abroad on liaison work. On 
August 1st, Captain Wright was transferred to Headquarters and Major 
L. J. Willien was placed in command, as superintendent, with Captain 
F. K. Bezzenberger acting as assistant superintendent. This arrangement 
continued until January, 1919, when the station was abandoned. The 
staff on November 1st was as follows: 

Major L. J. Willien, Commanding Officer; Captain F. K. Bezzenberger, 
Captain J. F. Brewster, Captain J. R. Silver, Jr., Captain C. S. Venable, 
First Lieutenant W. M. Eaton, Second Lieutenant Howard Sotzen (see 
page 53), Second Lieutenant R. A. Wilkins; Civilian — Mr. William Green. 

Since this plant was producing mustard only in quantities sufficient 
for experimental purposes, it was necessary continuously to transmit the 
results obtained to the Edgewood Arsenal, the Hastings-on-Hudson plant, 
the National Aniline and Chemical Company plant at Buffalo, and the 
Dow Chemical Company at Midland, Michigan, where mustard was to be 
made. During the operation of the Cleveland plant, investigations were 
also begun on the development of superpalite and magnesium arsenide, 
but both of these investigations were stopped by the War Department 



The National in the World War 205 

before final development stages were attained. When the armistice was 
signed, the entire plant was being turned over to the development of the 
production of another gas. The main result attained by the Offense Section, 
therefore, was the development of mustard gas. 

The fundamental reaction involved in the production of mustard gas 
is that taking place between ethylene gas and sulphur monochloride. Sulphur 
monochloride was found available on the market in large quantities. The 
development problem, therefore, was concerned with (i) The commercial 
production of ethylene; (2) the development of suitable apparatus and 
plant procedure for absorption of this ethylene gas in sulphur monochloride; 
(3) the purification, if found necessary, of the product. 

As regards the production of ethylene, the process as finally evolved 
consisted essentially of introducing mixtures of alcohol vapor and steam, 
in the ratio of one to one by weight, into an eight-inch iron tube with a 
three-inch core, in contact with clay at 500° to 600° C. The gaseous products 
were removed through a water-cooled surface condenser. The generator 
tube was provided with a double system of cock valves, by which the cata- 
lyst in the tube could be replaced in a semi-continuous fashion. The accom- 
panying perspective drawing shows the complete ethylene installation. 

The introduction of steam along with the alcohol represents a distinct 
development accomplished by this laboratory, the steam rendering temper- 
ature control more uniform and accordingly giving a single unit greater 
capacity of a higher grade product. The tests on this unit were completed 
in the early part of May, 191 8, the furnace having a demonstrated capacity 
of 400 cubic feet per hour of ethylene of between 92% and 95% purity, with 
a conversion efficiency (alcohol to ethylene) of about 85%. Forty units 
of this type, an installation capable of producing in twenty-four hours 
sufficient ethylene to make forty tons of mustard, were assembled and sent 
to Edgewood, where they were operated successfully until after the signing 
of the armistice. As the prototype of the ethylene generators at Edgewood, 
the Cleveland unit, therefore, fully justified itself and no vertical kaolin 
generator has, up to this writing, been used on a commercial scale which 
has bettered the results obtained by this type of generator. 

Five gasometers of a combined capacity of 800 cu. ft. were installed 
behind the plant for ethylene storage. These tanks were never empty from 
April 2nd to November 11, 1918. 

The 60° C. procedure first used in the production of mustard gas 
consisted essentially in introducing dry ethylene gas into sulphur mono- 
chloride until further absorption ceases. Rapid agitation of the liquid is 
essential; the reaction is exothermic; and the reaction temperature must 
be kept between 55° C. and 60° C. The rate of absorption was found to in- 
crease with the concentration of mustard produced. The reaction should 
produce one molecule dichlorethyl sulphide plus one molecule free sulphur 
per molecule monochloride used. Under the above conditions, about one-half 
this sulphur reacted with the dichlorethyl sulphide to give polysulphides 
soluble in the mustard liquor. The remaining half of this sulphur, amounting 
to about 8% by weight of the crude product, separated out on standing, 
or separated out immediately if the product was treated with moist ammonia 
gas. The clear supernatant liquor was to be sent to the shell-filling plants. 

The attempt, on April 26th, I9i8,at the first semi-plant-scale operation, 
was exciting but was not a complete success. About fifty pounds of good 



2o6 The National in the World War 

mustard were produced but the reactor proved to have insufficient cooling 
capacity to warrant its further use. Accordingly a second reactor of the 
standard nitrator type, equipped for mechanical agitation, was constructed 
and successfully operated. This reactor had a capacity of seventy-five 
pounds of product. A filtros plug reactor, designed at the American Uni- 
versity and having a capacity of 350 pounds of product, was also operated 
at this laboratory. 

As a result of these investigations, four one-ton reactors of the mechan- 
ically agitated type were designed, assembled and sent to Edgewood where 
they were later operated by the Edgewood staff. 

On June ist. Lieutenant Marshall and a number of his men were 
transferred to Edgewood to assist in the production of mustard gas at that 
station. 

Medical and Surgical Care 

Every care was taken to preserve the health of the men. About the 
middle of April, a room in the main office was set apart as a dispensary, 
and on May ist Dr. M. J. Brickman of Cleveland was appointed contract 
surgeon and took charge of all the medical work at this post. At the time 
of his appointment. Dr. Brickman arranged with Dr. Wm. G. Zantiny to 
assist with the work, each visiting the laboratory on alternate days. Such 
an arrangement continued until August 27, 191 8, when Dr. Zantiny was 
employed as contract surgeon for the Defense Laboratory, Nela Park. 
Assisting these doctors, Sergeants L. D. Emery and Clarence A. Elden 
tied up fingers, anointed burns, and ministered as necessary to the needs of 
those suffering minor injuries. 

The general health of the men was exceptionally good, except for those 
affected with mustard gas and the epidemic of influenza. One serious accident 
only is on record, that of Private Julius M. Blum, who was killed in an 
automobile accident. Much bronchitis and conjunctivitis resulted from 
exposure to the low concentrations of mustard gas usually found in the 
mustard rooms, but few lasting or serious effects have been noted. Erythema 
or rash resulting from this situation also gave no serious results, but the 
effect was irritating and uncomfortable. The larger number of casualties 
was due to skin burns obtained from actual contact with the liquid. For 
the treatment of the most serious of these cases, by authority of an order 
from the Medical Department, Chemical Warfare Service, arrangements 
were made with the U. S. Marine Hospital by which a majority of such 
cases were treated at this hospital. 

In connection with the mustard burns, it may be interesting to give 
a few statistics. Of the 293 men employed at the East 131st Street station, 
183 in the course of their work might have possibly come in contact with 
mustard gas; 92 men, or 50% of those exposed, were burned; 31 men, or 
33% of those burned, were treated in the hospital. In at least three cases, 
the man was in the hospital for three months. The accompanying photo- 
graph shows a case of a bad hand burn. 

Purifying the "Mustard" 

With regard to the purification of the product, until the information 
came through on the 30° C. procedure, the 60° C. procedure had been ac- 
cepted in this country as most suitable. The problem of sulphur precipitation 




Upper Photo — A Bad Hand Burn Caused by Accidental Contact 
with Mustard Gas. 

Lower Photo — The Control and Research Laboratory of the 
Offense Section, Development Division. 




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The Dorsey Ethylene Furnace, which was used for Large-Scale 
Production of Ethylene 



The National in the World War 207 

was the greatest bar to its success from an operating point of view and also 
from the point of view of the shell-filling plants. In addition, it was desired 
to fill the shell with material as nearly 100% dichlorethyl sulphide as possible. 
For these reasons, experiments were undertaken, very shortly after the 
establishment of a successful absorber, on the purification of the crude 
material. Here again the line of investigation was a duplicate of laboratory 
procedure — in this case a vacuum distillation. 

Two more rooms were partitioned off" for this work. In the first room, 
under the direction of Mr. William Green of the Bureau of Mines, exper- 
imental work was performed on an enamel-lined pot still, aluminum flash 
still, iron flash still, and distillation by means of air at atmospheric pressure 
in a lead-lined dephlegmating column. In the second room, under the direc- 
tion of Captain Silver, experimental work was performed on the iron flash 
still. The result of all this work led to the adoption of the iron flash still 
as being the most satisfactory. 

The still consisted essentially of a set of parallel steam-jacketed iron 
pipes two inches in diameter and ten feet long, inclined at an angle of 30° 
with the horizontal. Crude mustard flowing down this tube was vaporized; 
the vapors entered an upright steam-jacketed foaming chamber, and thence 
were drawn over into a condenser. The residue dropped from the bottom 
of the foaming chamber into a suitable container. The whole system was 
kept under an absolute pressure of about one inch of mercury. 

The capacity of this still was demonstrated to be about one ton con- 
densate per tube per 24 hours, the condensate being 92% to 94% mustard, 
and approximately a 5% loss of the mustard in the original crude was 
suffered in the process. 

Due to the development of the 30° C. or "British" procedure, where 
a product was obtained in which the sulphur is held in solution and accord- 
ingly presents but slight operating and shell-filling difficultie's, the method 
of purification by the flash still procedure was never put into practice at 
any of the large-scale plants. 

This distillation work proved to be the most hazardous of all the work 
in connection with mustard gas. It was necessary to deal with mustard at 
temperatures about 100° C; the apparatus was complicated, and numerous 
changes in the various experimental installations required the handling 
of contaminated parts. Accordingly, many casualties were incurred among 
the personnel involved. 

During the latter part of August, the plant was engaged chiefly in 
work connected with the purification of mustard. The only procedure then 
in use (60° C. procedure) had by this time been fully developed and placed 
in operation at Edgewood. Although the Offense Section was experimenting 
with an installation for the continuous preparation of mustard by this 
procedure, it was not felt that this installation would prove to be practical. 
This feeling was later justified. 

At this time the information came through from the British on the 
30° C, or so-called Levinstein procedure, then in actual practice in England. 
The British scheme involved the use of coke impregnated with phosphoric 
acid as a catalyst in the production of ethylene and 30° C. reaction temper- 
ature in the production of mustard. The Off"ense Section immediately trans- 



2o8 The National in the World War 

ferred the major part of Its activities to an investigation of the British 
procedure. 

Captain Bezzenberger was placed in charge of the phase of this inves- 
tigation dealing with the production of ethylene, his chief assistants being 
Sergeant J. A. Kelley, Sergeant T. P. Kelly, and Corporal A. H. Hirschauer. 
Pots and drying ovens were installed and several tons of impregnated coke 
were prepared. The procedure using this catalyst was practically the same 
as that in which kaolin was used, with the exceptions that none of the 
steam was introduced with alcohol, and that the temperature required 
was 350° C. in place of 500° C. 

Attempts to use the new catalyst in the Dorsey furnaces failed. After 
numerous experiments, a furnace was designed and built that was capable 
of giving 2000 cubic feet per hour of ethylene 98% to 99% pure. Inasmuch 
as the kaolin type installation at Edgewood had proved satisfactory, no 
large-scale application of the phosphoric coke procedure for manufacturing 
ethylene was made at any of the American plants. 

Captain Venable had general supervision over that phase of the inves- 
tigation dealing with the production of mustard gas. His chief assistants 
were Sergeant G. H. Porter and Mr. C. H. Bollinger. 

The 30° C. procedure consisted essentially in bringing together sulphur 
monochloride and very pure ethylene gas, in the presence of crude mustard 
liquor as a solvent, at a temperature ranging between 30° C. and 35° C. 
A supply of un-reacted monochloride was constantly maintained in the 
reacting liquid until a sufficient sized batch was built up. Then the mono- 
chloride feed was discontinued and the ethylene feed continued until further 
absorption ceases. 

The great advantage of this procedure lies in the complete sulphur 
"hold-up" obtained when the reaction takes place at 30° C. Apparently 
the sulphur remains in colloidal solution. By controlling the ratio of un- 
combined monochloride to mustard according to a predetermined schedule, 
the reaction velocity is so increased that the lower temperature may be 
used. The obvious disadvantage is the refrigeration required. 

A satisfactory operating procedure was worked out in every detail 
and the information, as fast as evolved, transmitted to Edgewood, where 
plant units were in process of installation. The 30° C. procedure was being 
universally adopted when the armistice was signed. 

By the latter part of October, 191 8, the work on mustard was finished 
and the entire plant and laboratory were being switched over to the devel- 
opment of a new gas. Before this work was well under way, the news came 
of the signing of the armistice. On November 12th, the order was issued 
to dismantle the whole plant and discharge the men as rapidly as conven- 
ient. 

Influenza's Toll in the Offense Section 

The week following the celebration of the signing of the armistice, 
the influenza epidemic became prevalent again. During the first wave of 
this epidemic, beginning October 5, 1918, 15% of the men had contracted 
the disease. However, no pneumonia had developed and no deaths had been 
recorded. The second wave, however, gave much more serious results. ZZ^c 
of the men were affected, 13 cases of pneumonia developed, and nine deaths 



The National in the World War 209 

resulted. An order had been issued from Nela Park directing that all cases 
of influenza requiring hospital attention be sent to Mt. Sinai, St. Luke's, 
Charity, and City Hospitals, each of which had offered to take care of nine 
men. Thanks are particularly due to each individual hospital for the care 
and attention given to our men during this period. The names of those 
who succumbed to the disease are here recorded: 

Honor Roll of Offense Section 

First Lieutenant W. M. Eaton. 

Second Lieutenant G. L. Royce. 

Sergeant C. C. Ringler. 

Corporal Yaro Klepel. 

Private D. V. Kelly. 

Private C. H. Tudor. 

Private S. H. Rine. 

Private C. W. Van Houten. 

Private F. Korrumpf. 
These men died in the performance of their duty as soldiers in the army of 
the United States. We honor their memory. 

From the period November 13, 1918, to February i, 1919, the plant 
was in process of being dismantled. All apparatus was taken down. This 
apparatus, together with supplies and material on hand, was later shipped 
to Willoughby. The men, as fast as they could be spared, received their 
discharges. On March ist, all were gone and the plant was returned to its 
original owners in pretty much the same condition in which it was received 
March 12, 1918. 

Midland Section, Development Division 

On February 27, 1918, a station of the Bureau of Mines was established 
at the plant of the Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, for the 
purpose of developing a process for the manufacture of mustard gas. The 
Dow plant is one of the largest plants in the United States manufacturing 
chemicals only. The brine wells at Midland run unusually high in bromine 
constituents, and accordingly the activities of the plant are chiefly con- 
cerned with the production of chemicals involving bromine and chlorine. 
For instance, the plant produces large quantities of sulphur chloride, one 
of the raw materials used in the manufacture of mustard gas. Mr. Herbert 
Dow, President of the Dow Chemical Company, generously offered the 
facilities of the plant in furthering the manufacture of mustard. Dr. A. W. 
Smith, of the Bureau of Mines, directed the work at this station. In addition, 
the technical staff of the company showed a willing spirit of co-operation. 
Mr. Thomas Griswold, Jr., Chief Mechanical Engineer, and Mr. E. O. 
Barstow, Chief Chemical Engineer, in particular rendered material aid 
throughout the course of the work. 

The initial work at Midland, mainly laboratory experimentation, 
was carried out by Dr. Smith with the assistance of Mr. Ivan Harlowe, 
Mr. C. G. Smith, and several other men loaned by the Dow Chemical 
Company. In early March, 191 8, the Bureau of Mines, in answer to a call 
for assistants, sent the following men to aid in this work: W. D. Van Arnam 
and Edward Hobson, both later commissioned second lieutenants, C. W. S., 



2IO The National IN THE World War 

Messrs. Kinzie and Max Y. Seaton. On May 15th, Lieut. Wadsworth arrived 
with a detachment of enlisted men transferred from Hastings-on-Hudson. 
On May 20th, enough additional enlisted men were received through Amer- 
ican University to bring the total Midland enlisted personnel up to twenty- 
five. 

Midland was only a small town, and at that time was very crowded 
due to the wartime activities of the Dow plant. Upon the arrival of the 
soldiers, a house-to-house canvass was made in the search for rooms. Through 
the courteous response of the people of the town, a lodging for each soldier 
was provided. For their meals, the soldiers ran their own canteen in the 
parish-house of the Episcopal church. A rest room, equipped with victrola, 
books, periodicals, etc., was provided for the men by the Dow Company 
and the citizens of the town. 

The new arrivals lost little time in getting on the job. A number of 
them, especially the Hastings detachment, were already slightly familiar 
with mustard. The rest were quickly initiated under the tutelage of the more 
experienced Dow Company and Bureau of Mines operators. Large-scale 
construction and experimentation were just beginning and there was room 
for all. They worked hard, did those men at Midland. They felt more or 
less isolated from the rest of the world, due to the location of the town, 
but they also felt the importance of their task, an importance measured 
by the need for mustard and the really wonderful facilities available at the 
Dow plant for the production of this, the "king of war gases." Their work 
was hazardous and many were injured, but the complaints were few. 

Two serious accidents were experienced among the enlisted men. 
On May 30th, Private Linn suffered a fracture of the skull when struck 
by a falling timber. He was sent to the Mercy Hospital, Bay City, and 
subsequently furloughed home. On June 26th, a much more serious accident 
occurred. A leak developed in the large "tumble barrel" reactor, which 
necessitated certain repairs within the tumbler. The seven men engaged 
in this repair work were severely burned from mustard fumes. The result 
was fatal for two, Pvt. W. M. Hayward dying July 8th and Pvt. J. H. 
Speishandler July 22nd. Of the others injured, four of the more serious 
cases, Pvts. Mclntyre, Wickoff, Mendelsohn and Huntoon were carried 
on July 31st by motor to the Base Hospital, Camp Custer, Michigan. 

On May 30th, 191 8, Lieut. Wadsworth, the original Commanding 
Officer at Midland, was transferred to Edgewood. Lieut. Thorp then be- 
came Commanding Officer, serving in that capacity until the wartime activi- 
ties at Midland were discontinued. 

In August, as previously mentioned, with the formation of the Chem- 
ical Warfare Service, the Midland station became the Midland Section 
of the Development Division, with Colonel Dorsey as Chief. The actual 
supervision of the work, however, was maintained by Dr. Smith. Under 
this arrangement the work at Midland proceeded, and by August 20th 
an entire plant for the production of mustard had been developed and 
operated successfully on a five-ton-unit plant scale. It had been originally 
proposed that, should the development work at Midland prove successful, 
the plant of the Dow Chemical Company should assume actual production 
on a scale of forty tons per day. However, in August, the War Department 
ordered the work at Midland discontinued. The enlisted men were trans- 



The National IN THE World War 211 



ferred August 20th to Cleveland, and by October 1st the investigation of 
mustard at Midland had ceased. 

The experimental work at Midland wa,s mainly concerned with the 
design and construction of large-scale apparatus for the production of mustard 
gas, using procedures evolved on a laboratory scale at other stations, com- 
paratively little laboratory research work itself being done at Midland. 

At the time the Midland post was established, work was being con- 
ducted on a laboratory scale at the American University by which two 
procedures had been indicated for the production of mustard. The one on 
which the greatest progress had been accomplished was the so-called "chlor- 
hydrin" procedure. Accordingly, the first work done at the Midland plant 
was an attempt to develop the chlorhydrin procedure to a point where it 
could be put on a production basis. 

The procedure involves the production of chlorhydrin by the action 
of ethylene on the chlorine in water solution. The chlorhydrin solution 
so formed is concentrated, treated with sodium sulphide to produce thio- 
diglycol, and the thiodiglycol converted to mustard or dichlorethyl sul- 
phide by the action of concentrated hydrochloric acid. 

A month or so later, when work at other stations had established the 
practicability of the monochloride procedure, the inherent advantages of 
the relatively simple monochloride procedure over the complicated and 
costly chlorhydrin procedure led the Midland Detachment to center its 
efforts upon the development of the former. However, due to the extent 
to which the chlorhydrin procedure had been developed, and to meet the 
eventuality of having to fall back upon it for the manufacture of mustard, 
this work was not entirely abandoned. As a result, a chlorhydrin procedure 
was finally evolved and, as operated on a semi-large-scale basis, gave decided 
promise. Several improvements suggested were never put into effect, and 
on the whole the investigation must at best be considered as incomplete. 

Of the two sulphur monochloride processes finally used for the produc- 
tion of mustard in this country, the first, or the 60° C. procedure, was the 
only one investigated at Midland. The fundamental reaction involved in 
the production of mustard by this procedure, is that taking place between 
ethylene gas and sulphur monochloride. Sulphur monochloride was already 
available in large quantities at the Dow Plant. The commercial problem, 
therefore, was concerned with 

(i) Commercial production of ethylene; 

(2) Suitable apparatus and plant procedure for absorption of this 

ethylene gas in sulphur monochloride; 

(3) Purification, if found necessary, of the product. 

As regards the commercial production of ethylene, all the experimental 
generators installed at the Dow plant entailed the same principle, i. e., the 
dehydration of ethyl alcohol by the catalytic action of kaolin ata temperature 
ranging from 45o°C. to 575°C. In connection with the mustard program in- 
tended tor the plant, the installation desired was one capable of producing 
400,000 cubic feet ethylene per day. Ease of operation and a maximum 
efficiency as regards the conversion of alcohol) to ethylene were essential. 
Among the earlier generators tried were the electric furnace, rotary kiln 



The National in the World War 



generator, Dorsey furnace, and the multiple tube furnace. This earlier work 
was largely directed by Mr. Harlowe and Mr. Smith. 

The final installation was designed and operated by Mr. Morrison 
of the Dow Chemical Company and was known as the Morrison Generator. 
This generator used iron boxes 6^ feet long by 5 feet high by lYi inches 
wide, as kaolin containers. Sixteen of these boxes were arranged in a suitable 
furnace fired with oil burners. The capacity of such a generator was demon- 
strated to be 8000 cubic feet per hour, of ethylene of an average purity 
of 94%, with alcohol-to-ethylene conversion of 92%. 

The kaolin gradually loses its value as a catalyst because of the depo- 
sition of carbon resulting from the decomposition of alcohol. It was found 
that this carbon could be removed by oxidation and the activity of the cata- 
lyst restored. The most successful furnace used for clay regeneration was 
of the oil-fired reverberatory type. This furnace had a capacity of 1000 to 
1500 pounds of clay, the time required per charge being five to seven hours. 
Heating beyond an orange-red temperature was likely to produce vitrifica- 
tion which rendered the catalyst useless. 

Ethylene as prepared in any of the standard furnaces contains small 
amounts of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and the vapors 
of water, alcohol, and ether. The three gases mentioned are not present 
to a harmful degree in the gases from a properly operating generator. Water, 
alcohol, and ether, the first two of which are always present in the gas coming 
from the condenser, have a very harmful eflfect upon the mustard produced, 
and must be removed from the ethylene. 

It was found that scrubbing the ethylene with water removed the 
ether and alcohol satisfactorily. To reduce the per cent water vapor present, 
the scrubbing tower was cooled below 4° C. The ethylene so purified was 
successfully used in the experimental-plant-scale production of mustard gas. 

For the reaction between ethylene and sulphur monochloride to 
produce mustard, a type of reactor known as the "tumble barrel" was 
developed. In the preliminary phase of this work, a reactor capable of yield- 
ing about 300 pounds of product was used for experimentation. With this 
apparatus Lieut. Van Arnam and Lieut. Hobson were able to determine 
the fundamental features involved in the operating schedule. On the basis 
of these experiments, a full-sized commercial unit was built and operated, 
Lieut. Van Arnam being in charge. This reactor consisted essentially of 
a steel shell 18 feet long and4K feet in diameter, rotating on hollow trunnions 
in a water bath. The inside of the shell was lined with lead. In order to 
produce a "tumbling" agitation of the liquid within the reactor, every 
eleven inches around the circumference a three-inch by two-inch angle-iron 
was bolted against the lead lining, and then completely covered with lead. 
Holes were burned through the steel shell every five inches, thus giving 
excellent contact between the water bath and lead lining. Ethylene gas 
entered through one trunnion, the effluent passing out through the other. 

This reactor was capable of taking a 5000-pound charge of mono- 
chloride and, with a sufficient supply of ethylene, the reaction was com- 
pleted in approximately eight hours. The crude product, having an average 
melting point of 9.4° C. was heated to a temperature of 90° C. and then 
withdrawn from the barrel by suction. While hot, all sulphur remained in 
solution. On cooling, a heavy sulphur deposit took place. The clear layer 



The National in the World War 213 

was drawn off, and the sulphur layer discarded. Up to October i, 191 8, 40 
tons of mustard had been made at the Midland plant in this type reactor. 

In the production of mustard by the 60° C. reaction, the only one used 
at Midland, a sticky sulphur precipitate, amounting in weight to about 8% 
of the total weight of crude, separated on cooling the crude product. Purifi- 
cation of the crude mustard was considered desirable, not only because the 
purer product was considered to be more effective, but because this sulphur 
deposition was a source of inconvenience in the storing, handling, and loading 
in shells, of the mustard. 

Vacuum distillation was the only method of purification attempted. 
Experiments were made with an iron pot still, lead pot still and iron fiash 
still. The iron pot still proved unsatisfactory due to the decomposition of 
the mustard in contact with the iron under the conditions of the distillation. 
The lead pot. still was abandoned due to mechanical disadvantages and 
low capacity. The iron flash still gave the greatest promise. However, ac- 
tivities at Midland were discontinued before the operation of this still had 
reached such a point that definite conclusions could be drawn. C. G. Smith 
was the "still" man, and practically all the work on mustard purification 
was done under his direction. 

The history of the achievements of the Development Division of the 
Chemical Warfare Service would be conspicuously incomplete without 
specific mention of the personal work of Mr. H. H. Dow of the Dow Chemical 
Company. Mr. Dow never lost sight of an opportunity to add to the per- 
sonal comforts of the men whether in sickness or in health, and the boys of 
that Section can look back over a good many pleasant memories connected 
with Mr. Dow and the various officials of his company. 

Honor Roll of Midland Section 

Private W. M. Hay ward. Died July 8, 191 8, from mustard gas poisoning. 

Private J. H. Speishandler. Died July 22, 191 8, from mustard gas 
poisoning. 

It was the heroic devotion of such men as these that spelled defeat 
for the enemy. 

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION, DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 

In the middle of July, 1918, as already discussed in preceding pages, 
the Development Division of the Chemical Warfare Service was faced 
with the problem of developing the manufacture of a new and deadly poison- 
gas material known in these records as the G-34. It was further ordered 
that this division was to be on a production basis by December i, 1918, 

It is the purpose of this account to trace the development of the 
organization which essayed to carry out these orders, and to describe the 
work which was performed to this end, prior to the cessation of hostilities 
on November 11, 1918. 

It is not permitted to give here any technical information with regard 
to the G-34 or its manufacture. In this respect, the account of the Exper- 
imental Section will be found to differ from that of any of the other sections 
of this division. 

By July 1 2th, the preliminary work at the American University had 
shown that the G-34 could be produced, in laboratory apparatus, by a 



214 The National in the World War 

process consisting of five steps. The work had been really carried somewhat 
further than that. The first two steps had been tested in small-scale equip- 
ment with reasonably satisfactory results, although the equipment was of a 
makeshift nature and not particularly well adapted for the work. 

On the technical side, the problems requiring immediate solution 
were the design and lay-out of full-scale equipment of adequate size. In 
addition to this, much laboratory research work remained to be done in 
order to determine with reasonable precision the chemical and mechanical 
factors which must be considered in designing the large-scale plant. 
The other problems of most pressing nature were 
(i) The location of a suitable plant for the work in hand. It was 
particularly necessary to find a plant already built, since the time limit 
imposed did not all6w for the building of a new plant. 

(2) The procurement of raw materials for the manufacture of G-34. 
Some of these were of an unusual nature and not easily obtained. It was 
early decided that two of these materials, known as Raw Materials Nos. i 
and 1, must be manufactured in the plant itself, and it was necessary to 
locate the basic raw materials for their manufacture, as well as to carry 
out the research and development work necessary for the design and lay-out 
of manufacturing equipment. 

(3) The formation of a technical organization to carry out the work 
of development and manufacture. The existing technical stafi^ of the Devel- 
opment Division was already fully engaged in work of great importance, 
and was utterly unable to undertake this new task. The getting together 
of an entirely new organization, of unusual caliber, was of immediate and 
pressing importance. 

Colonel Dorsey attacked these problems with characteristic directness 
and lack of ceremony. On July 12th, he had been notified of the new task 
assigned to him. On July 19th, it was decided to take over the abandoned 
plant of the Ben Hur Motor Company at Willoughby, Ohio. On July 20th, 
Major James B. Conant of the Research Division arrived, prepared to 
undertake the laboratory and research work, and was followed on July 
29th by his assistant, Lieutenant Lee I. Smith. On July 20th, Lieutenant- 
Colonel W. G. Wilcox was put in complete charge of the Willoughby plant— 
which will hereafter be spoken of as the Experimental Plant — as Superin- 
tendent, and Capt. J. K. Moore was detailed as his assistant. On July 26th 
the plant was occupied by a guard of 25 men from the Offense Laboratory 
in Cleveland, under Sergeant (later Lieutenant) Royce. 

This organization immediately undertook to accomplish the thousand 
and one things which had to be done before the plant would be ready for 
even the preliminary work on installing the G-34 equipment. Time was 
infinitely precious and the usual procedure of getting bids for contract 
work could not be followed, unless all hope of completing the prescribed 
program within the scheduled time was to be abandoned. It was absolutely 
essential that full use be made of such facilities as were immediately avail- 
able. Where time could be saved by the employment of local contractors, 
there was no other reasonable course to pursue. Most of this work was done 
on the time-material basis in order to eliminate all chances of profiteering. 




A View of the Experimental Station, Development Division, 
at Willoughby, Ohio 




Another \'iew of the Experimental Station at Willoughby, Ohio 



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as an Officers' Quarters. This building was used as a tem- 
porary hospital until a more permanent building could 
be constructed 




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The Officers of the Experimental Station, Willoughby, Ohio 



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The Personnel of the Experimental Station 



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The Non-Commissioned Officers, Experimental Station 



The National IN THE World War 215 

It was difficult to get the work done with the desired rapidity under the 
conditions which existed at this time, but it was done. 

It may be of interest to describe the conditions which existed in the 
Ben Hur plant when it was taken over. The office building was practically 
complete as far as partitions, doors, electrical connections, etc., were con- 
cerned, but in the plant itself the floor, which was of dirt, had never been 
graded and was very uneven, with many places that had to be filled to a 
depth of several feet in order to bring them up to the floor level. There 
was no sewer system and no water lines. A plumbing system had been 
installed in the office building but had frozen during the preceding winter 
and had to be completely removed. Electric wiring had been partially 
installed but was in a chaotic condition and had to be completely removed 
before a proper system could be put in place. 

There were serious difficulties in the way of employing Cleveland 
contractors for this work. The village of Willoughby is located approximately 
eighteen miles from the center of Cleveland, and transportation between the 
two is not of the best. There were no adequate facilities in Willoughby 
for feeding and housing any considerable number of workmen. Cleveland 
contractors, who were approached on the subject, required that they be 
reimbursed for the cost of transporting their men back and forth, and that 
an allowance be made for the time consumed in going back and forth, 
amounting to some three hours a day. This time, of course, would have 
shortened the working day of the men to a serious degree, to say nothing 
of the excessive expense. 

These difficulties could be avoided to a large extent by the use of a 
local contractor from Willoughby or Painesville, who employed local mechan- 
ics and laborers. These contractors, however, were few in number and, 
without exception, very busy. Mr. Freshwatters, who finally engaged for 
the grading, laying of sewers and concrete work, was at that time doing 
an extensive job of paving in the village of Willoughby. A personal appeal 
to Mayor Carmichael induced the village of Willoughby to waive all claims 
to Mr. Freshwatters' services until his work at the Experimental Plant 
should be completed. By similar methods, three other local contractors 
were obtained for the carpentry and plumbing at the plant, the work on 
which they were already engaged being postponed in order that the needs 
of the Experimental Plant might be satisfied as promptly as possible. The 
attitude of the contractors, and of those who had previously engaged them, 
left nothing to be desired, and it was only through their co-operation that the 
necessary work could be done. 

Lieutenant Richard Penfield was assigned to assist Lieutenant-Colonel 
Wilcox in supervising the construction of contract work. By August ist, a 
few desks and chairs had been obtained and telephones were being installed; 
draftsmen were hard at work at hastily-procured drafting tables; a trenching 
machine was tearing up the dirt floor of the plant; sewer and water lines 
were being laid; concrete floors were being poured; a gang of carpenters 
was busy in one corner of the plant building the laboratory, plans for which 
had been drawn up under Major Conant's supervision; the laboratory 
equipment, ordered by Lieutenant Smith, was beginning to come in; much 
of the material and equipment for the initial small-scale factory experimental 
units had been ordered, and some of it was on the grounds; part of the equip- 



2i6 The National in the World War 

ment for large-scale operation had been placed on order. It is interesting 
to note that, in order to save time, the first of the laboratory equipment 
was brought in under special convoy, in trunks, as personal baggage. 

From a technical viewpoint, the laboratory was of first importance. 
Work on its construction was begun July 28th and was finished August nth. 
By August 1 2th the laboratory equipment had been installed, an organization 
had been formed under Major Conant's direction, and research work was 
started. 

Work had been started by Captain H. M. St. John on the design, layout 
and construction of experimental units for the absorption and distillation 
processes, based on such laboratory results as were then available and on 
the previous experiences of Major Conant with the small-scale unit at 
American University. 

On August 7th, Captain R. C. Folger reported and took up his duties 
as Mechanical Superintendent of the Experimental Plant. All construction, 
operation, and maintenance of mechanical equipment was assigned to him, 
while Lieutenant Penfield continued to spend a portion of his time at the 
plant and supervised the work of designing and ordering the special equip- 
ment for full-scale operation. The construction was at first attended with 
great difficulty, as the number of competent mechanics among the enlisted 
men was entirely insufficient and the officers detailed to assist with the 
construction were overburdened with other work. This condition was 
alleviated somewhat on August i8th, by the arrival of Lieutenant King 
and several excellent mechanics transferred to Willoughby from the Offense 
Laboratory in Cleveland. From this time on, as Captain Folger was able 
to build up a competent organization, the construction work gathered 
momentum, and by September ist was proceeding in a very satisfactory 
manner. 

The procurement of materials for the manifold activities of the plant 
was carried on under peculiar handicaps. Lieutenant Gracey, as Procure- 
ment Officer, began on July 23rd the onerous task of getting together in 
record time the vast miscellany of equipment and materials for which the 
other officers of the plant were pressing him. Without a railroad siding, 
without motor trucks except such commercial vehicles as could be hired 
by the day, almost without an office force or assistants of any kind, with 
wholly inadequate telephone and telegraph facilities. Lieutenant Gracey 
probably put in longer hours than any other man on the job. As time went 
on, these handicaps were, of course, removed one by one, but at no time 
did the sorely harassed Procurement Officer fail to obtain, by one method 
or another, the required materials. 

One serious cause of delay in the progress of the work resulted from 
the unsatisfactory living conditions at ttie plant. The only available quarters 
for the men were the two squad rooms on the ground floor of the office building, 
which soon became seriously overcrowded. Although the first steps to pro- 
vide barracks and mess halls for the men were taken in late July, it was not 
until early October that this condition was remedied. Meanwhile, the 
officers lived in tents on the grounds, and the men occupied the inadequate 
and inconvenient squad rooms. It was necessary for both officers and men 
to take their meals at a restaurant more than half a mile distant, and much 
time was lost in going back and forth, particularly when the increased 



The National in"the World War 217 

numbers of the enlisted personnel made it necessary for them to take their 
meals in relays. An impromptu noon mess for the officers, instituted by 
Lieutenant Smith about the middle of August, was of considerable help, 
but loss of time from this source continued to be a serious factor until the 
first mess halls were opened. 

On August 3rd, Captain G. A. Plummer and Lieutenant Michael 
Wolfe, of the Medical Corps, reported at Willoughby. Ten enlisted men of 
the Medical Corps had already arrived. Steps were immediately taken to 
order medical supplies and equipment, and the work of caring for sanitary 
conditions and conducting physical examinations of the enlisted men was 
instituted. By the advice of Colonel Lyster, it was decided to transform 
the proposed Officers' Quarters into a temporary hospital, to be used until 
a more adequate hospital could be constructed and equipped. Plans for 
such a hospital were at once drawn up. 

It was realized at the very beginning that the work to be carried on 
at the Experimental Plant must be surrounded by the utmost possible 
secrecy. Not only was it forbidden to divulge in the slightest degree the 
nature of the product to be manufactured, but officers and men alike were 
bound not to disclose the location or even the very existence of the plant. 
Both incoming and outgoing mail of the enlisted personnel was censored. 
A Cleveland address (Lock Drawer 426) was used, and no one was permitted 
to mention the name of Willoughby in correspondence or conversation 
with outsiders, under penalty of court martial and severe punishment. 
Letters could not be mailed through the Willoughby Post Office, nor could 
telegrams be sent or received except through Headquarters at Nela Park. 
An early effort was made to have installed a direct telephone connection 
to one of the Cleveland exchanges and another direct wire to Headquarters, 
but this failed of accomplishment for more than a month, during which 
time the enforced use of the Willoughby telephone system nullified, to some 
extent, the attempt to keep secret the location of the plant, particularly 
with respect to the City of Cleveland. 

For the first couple of weeks the enlisted men at the plant were not 
permitted to leave the grounds, except for the purpose of taking meals, 
to and from which they marched in formation in charge of a sergeant. 
This restriction was, however, modified on August loth, as the result of 
an order of Major-General Sibert, who visited the plant on that date. 

After a talk to the assembled men, and receiving from them an enthu- 
siastic pledge of their loyalty and co-operation, General Sibert ruled that the 
Experimental Plant should be governed as a regular Army Post, and that 
short-time passes might be issued for visits to the Village of Willoughby, 
and occasionally to Willoughbeach. The City of Cleveland remained for- 
bidden territory and the men were warned to guard their tongues carefully 
at all times and were pledged to report immediately all cases of violations 
of the secrecy rules which might come to their attention. To the credit 
of the Experimental Plant personnel, be it said that General Sibert never 
had any occasion to regret his wise and generous confidence in the loyalty 
and discretion of the men. 

At the very best, the daily life of the men was monotonous and almost 
bare of recreation. Work in the plant was hard, and at times dangerous. 
Furthermore, the regular routine of a military post in time of war had to 



2i8 The National IN THE World War 

be observed. Toward the rectification of this condition, a very real and pa- 
triotic service was performed by the local Red Cross. Special mention should 
also be made of the work of Mayor and Mrs. Carmichael and of Mr. and 
Mrs. H. S. Stebbins. Through their combined efforts, the men were supplied 
with books, periodicals, and music, the latter in the form of a phonograph 
and a grand piano. Every day quantities of fresh fruits were left at the plant, 
while on several occasions there were large donations of ice cream and 
of home-baked pies and cakes. Another much-appreciated gift was that of 
a bathing suit for each enlisted man at that time on duty at the plant. 
The Village of Willoughby certainly did its bit during those hot and trying 
days of August. 

During the month of August all branches of the work progressed with 
constantly accelerating velocity. The officers of the post virtually lived 
with their work, seven days a week, from that early hour of six when they 
were awakened by Major Conant's musical "A-a-all up," until ten or twelve 
at night when they sought refuge in their tents without a thought or feeling 
left except a positive hunger for sleep. The technical progress of the 
work was guided by many conferences, both formal and informal. In fact, 
every gathering of two or three officers invariably resulted in an ani- 
mated — and sometimes almost acrimonious — discussion of some vital phase 
of the work. Activities of the outside world were almost forgotten except 
for such activities in France as necessitated a daily re-adjustment of the 
pins on the big war map in Captain Cowan's office. A less complete con- 
centration on the problem could hardly have accomplished the results 
actually attained during these first strenuous days. 

Really phenomenal progress was made in the laboratory research 
work under the inspiration of Major Conant's energetic supervision. As 
a result of this work, revolutionary changes had to be made in some of the 
processes as originally planned for the manufacture of G-34. These matters 
were discussed and decided in frequent conferences presided over by Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel Wilcox and sometimes participated in by Captain McAdams, 
Colonel Dorsey's executive assistant. Captain McAdams also played a 
prominent part in connection with many other details of administration. 

In view of the fact that Major Conant and his detachment were to 
return to the American University, it was necessary to obtain a man to 
replace him and take charge of all laboratory work, both research and rou- 
tine. Captain M. M. Harrison was obtained in September for this purpose, 
and, in addition to becoming familiar with Major Conant's work, made 
several important improvements in the laboratory analytical methods. 

Throughout August and much of September, Captain Folger's men 
worked long hours on the construction of the experimental factory units. 
Consummation of the production program as outlined was dependent upon 
a prompt placing of the orders for large-scale equipment, but this equipment 
could not be intelligently designed and ordered until the experimental 
units had been operating long enough to make possible a thorough study 
of the processes involved, on something larger than a merely laboratory 
scale. 

The construction of the experimental units for the first and second 
steps was not really begun until August 17th, having been delayed until 
the civilians employed by the various contractors should have left the plant. 



The National in the World War 219 

On August 30th, these units were complete and the first run was made by 
Sergeant Olson. The results were entirely satisfactory except for certain 
minor mechanical difficulties which could easily be removed. The apparatus 
was under excellent control and the intermediate material made compared 
favorably with that produced in the laboratory. These units operated inter- 
mittently without any considerable change in construction through the 
months of September and October. As a result of the operating data thus 
obtained, such equipment as had not already been ordered for the large 
units was ordered early in September, and the plant layout for these units 
was completed by Lieutenant Penfield. 

Construction work on the experimental unit for making Raw Material 
No. 2 was begun on August 22nd and completed on September 8th. Satis- 
factory experimental operation began almost immediately, under the direc- 
tion of Lieutenant Reichert. It was found by trial in the small-scale unit 
for the first step, that this raw material made in the experimental unit was 
of excellent quality, more suited to the work, in fact, than that previously 
obtained from other sources. The full-scale apparatus for making this 
raw material called for ten 1300-gallon cast-iron stills, provided with 
stirrers. The manufacturing concerns who normally had such equipment 
were unable to take this order. The Buffalo Foundry and Machine Com- 
pany loaned drawings and specifications from which it was possible to have 
these stills cast and machined by Cleveland concerns. 

By August 26th, laboratory research work on the manufacture of 
Raw Material No. i had progressed to such a point that factory experimen- 
tation could be started. One or two full-size units had already been ordered 
and delivered. One unit was ready for operation on September loth, when 
the initial run was made. Serious difficulties of operation were encountered 
at first, but after a few unsuccessful runs, the unit began turning out a very 
high quality of product, better than could be purchased in quantity on 
the open market, and this material when tested in the experimental unit 
for making the first intermediate proved to be entirely satisfactory. 

Additional units were installed until, by October 20th, four units 
were operating regularly. By this time, operating methods had been im- 
proved to such an extent that the production rate was more than double 
its first value, a plant layout had been decided upon, and equipment had 
been ordered for the total number of units planned. 

No difficulty was encountered in the third step as operated in both 
the small and full-scale units. The necessary equipment for the full-scale 
units was manufactured in Cleveland. 

Reference has already been made to the fact that the results of labo- 
ratory research work had indicated the necessity of certain changes in 
the fourth and fifth steps of the process. 

The complete experimental equipment for these processes had been 
ordered and delivered, and construction work had commenced about 
August 25th. In a conference held on August 28th, it was decided that 
the fourth step, as originally planned, was impracticable on a large scale, 
and that its place should be taken by a different process. The fifth step 
was also modified in order to decrease the danger of explosions and at 
the same time obtain a form of apparatus more easily procurable. The 



220 The National in the World War 

necessary equipment for this change was ordered on September 5th and 
construction work proceeded under pressure. 

By September 20th, the apparatus for the revised fourth and fifth 
steps was complete and the first runs were made under the direction of 
Lieutenant Punnett. The results obtained proved that these revised methods 
of manufacture were entirely practicable and it was telt certain that they 
could be carried out successfully on a large scale. Full-size equipment for 
the complete plant was immediately ordered, although the time of operation 
of the experimental equipment had been too brief to permit a complete 
analysis of all of the factors involved, and much of the data necessary for 
design had to be obtained by estimation. It was, of course, fully realized 
that this was not the most desirable procedure, but so many changes of 
plans had been necessary that there was no longer time to wait for more 
complete experimental results, particularly as the wartime conditions 
prevailing in the industries made it impossible to get prompt deliveries, 
even on War Department orders. 

This completes the record of the factory research work at the Exper- 
imental Plant. Further experimental work was carried on in order to verify 
conclusions previously based on somewhat meager data, but from this 
time on, the greater part of the energies of the entire organization were 
concentrated on the layout and construction of the full-size plant equipment. 

Throughout the period so far covered, much time and thought had 
been expended on methods for insuring the safety of the men engaged in 
the manufacturing work, which was admittedly hazardous in the extreme. 
On August 25th, a supply of Tissot masks of the latest improved type was 
received and at once issued to the officers and men. To Lieutenant Smith 
was entrusted the task of drilling the men in the use of these masks. All 
members of the post organization were required to have their masks within 
easy reaching distance at all times. In the experimental units everyone 
was required to wear his mask in the "alert" position at all times, and actual 
use of the mask was insisted upon whenever the atmospheric concentration 
of toxic material became appreciable. Frequent drills were held until the 
men became proficient in adjusting the masks within the required time 
limit. 

Early in September, Major Young of the Medical Corps, who was sta- 
tioned at Edgewood Arsenal, came to the Experimental Plant to train 
the personnel of the post in the most efficient methods of gas defense and 
to provide for the installing of up-to-date equipment. A number of Klaxon 
horns and an alarm system with stations at various parts of the plant had 
already been ordered and partially installed; under Major Young's direction, 
this system was greatly amplified, and a complete set of rules was drawn 
up for the guidance of members of the post. The Fire and Gas Brigade, 
which had already been organized by Lieutenant Smith, was put under 
the direction of Captain Plummer; a Fire Chief was appointed to direct 
the activities of this brigade and to make frequent inspection of all pro- 
tective equipment. Laundry machinery and lockers were ordered, and 
arrangements made to provide that toxic clothing should never be worn 
or carried outside the plant proper. 

Occasional alarms, sometimes "for cause," sometimes for purpose of 
drill, soon accustomed everyone to emergency use of the masks, and the 



The National in the World War 



221 



A\?Zi^.^' ^''^''^' ''P^^^^ ^'"'"^^ P^^'^^'^"^ ^" '^^ ^^^^'•^ise of its duties 
All protective measures were handled by the Medical Corps, including he 
issuance of masks, oilskin suits, gloves, etc. mciuaing the 

in thf"' '^''' 7''fi activities progressed, there was a constant increase 

offi e /r"""K '^'^' P°^'' ^"''"^'"S ^""'^ ^^^^^'•^ -d men. Among the 
officers, a number of important additions were made, men who contributed 
largely to the ultimate successful development of the work atThis plant 
be^mfde """'" "^°^^^'' "° '"^^^•^"'' "^^"^'^ °^ ^^ese men wilf here 
It is fitting, however, in this connection to note those men who due 
to the signing of the armistice, failed to get the commissions for whlh thev 

Mr W L Wil^nTh ' Tf ■^"■'"'[' "'^^ "^^^ ^° ^^^^'^ captaincies 
mr w. L. Winn, in charge of design and construction of the hydrochloric 
acid plant, who was to receive a first lieutenancy. Hydrochloric 

The non-commissioned officers who had been recommended but failed 

were Battalion bgt. Major Gunderson, in charge of guard dutv and mili 
tary routine Sergeants First-Class Albert W.'smith, willt^T LiTtt 
Duncan M. Bearing and George H.Ruppert of the operating fo^ce and Sr' 
geant First-Class John A. McGivern, who had chfrge of'the meL 

. \he increase m the number ofenlisted men had been rapid The number 
creased and the need for many more men became apparent, plans were made 

l^ZfLVlf' ^'^^^" '""'"/ r^" '' the^Lperi^^LtalPirnt On 
Armistice Day the organization of the post, including Major Conant's 
detachment, numbered 22 officers and 542 enlisted men ^ 

The apparent shortage was due to the difficulty in procuring men 
from the various camps where influenza quarantines were in^oce though 
hearty CO operation was received from the Washington Personnel Offic'e 

for <oo r^en wti'h h'.'r' ''^'l' ^'^ '"''^"^ °^ barracks and mess halls 

il ^°° ".'^"V^hich had been authorized late in August, was begun about 

he middle of September by the Cleveland Construction Compa^ unSe 

Dp rtm7nT°Bef r^P'"" '"""" °' ''' Construction Quartermaster' 
Uepartment. Before construction was complete, the program had been 
extended to provide for 1000 men. The first b;rracks^ bSg and hS 

con trTcdon fTh" \T\%^^^^P^^^y -rly in October, altLugh 
TrJJT \'^\'''^'' buildings was not entirely completed unlil the 
first of November. It was said that the buiiding of the first four barrack! 

^^w rtord fo/Z r\'''' -'^ ^°- -^^^ ^ 'p-d which 'rst^t^d 
on a .8 b.H r f ^^"^^5"^^'°" Quartermaster's Department. Construction 
on a 48-bed hospital was begun in the latter part of October and the hospita" 
was occupied about the middle of November. Jiospital 

Other construction work more or less completed by the Cleveland 

of^thrnl"? ^°"P'"^ '"'^"^^^ ' ^^°^^g^ building along'the north side 
of the plant temporary storage sheds, a transformer house, a garage and 
a concrete foundation for a large sulphuric arirl f-nnl- tI" ^ ^ ' . 
was stopped shortly after the sig'l7oTthTarmfstLe ' ''' ^°"""^"°" 
de.\ ,f 'P^f'''°" for manufacture on the scale indicated involved a great 
deal of work, some of which has been very lightly touched upon in fhese 



222 



The National in the World War 



pages. At a conference early in September, at a time when most of the 
general plans for manufacture had been completed, Lieutenant-Colonel 
Wilcox stated that if the prescribed production schedule was to be carried 
out, it was necessary to double the manufacturing installation. This involved 
very radical changes in the plans already made. Much additional equipment 
had to be ordered, plans had to be made to provide for approximately 
double the number of enlisted men previously estimated, and the entire 
plant layout had to be changed in order to provide room for the additional 
equipment. It was found necessary to provide a separate building for the 
manufacture of Raw Material No. i, outside of the existing plant building; 
at the same time, plans were made for a shell-filling plant, as it was then 
considered desirable that this final process be carried out at the Experi- 
mental Plant. The ventilating system had to be greatly expanded, as did 
also the heating system, while the problem of cleansing effluent air from 
the ventilatina' system and vent pipes became more serious than ever. 
The water supply, which had previously seemed adequate, was now seen 
to be entirely insufficient for the needs of the plant, and arrangements had 
to be made for treatment of a large part of the water in a coolmg tower, 
so that it could be used over again. For a similar reason, plans made for the 
procurement of electric power supply had to be entirely revised and a 
high-tension transmission line, about two miles in length, had to be built. 
Several additional plots of land, in the neighborhood of the plant, were 
leased, bringing the total up to about 30 acres. Other details large and 
small,'too numerous to mention, had to receive fresh consideration. 

Not the least of the difficulties imposed by this expansion of the 
program was the procurement of greatly increased quantities of equipment, 
general supplies, and raw materials of manufacture, at a time when few 
things of consequence could be obtained without priority orders and other 
time-consuming negotiations with Washington. Most of the burden of 
this work fell upon Captains Moore and McAdams, who were compelled 
to adopt many ingenious expedients in order to meet the requirements 
imposed by the meagerness of time at their disposal. Fortunately, an ade- 
quate trucking service had at last been provided, and two sidings from the 
New York Central R. R., one on either side of the plant, were completed 
about the middle of October. It is only just to all of the officers who were 
concerned with the purchase and procurement of equipment, materials 
and supplies to say that by November ist these various commodities were 
pouring into the plant at a rate which became decidedly embarrassing a 
few weeks later, when all construction and operating work was suddenly 
terminated. 

By November ist, all the details for large-scale production were 
nearing completion. Sufficient Raw Material No. i was on hand to begin 
quantity production. The work on the construction of the large-scale plant 
for making Raw Material No 2 had been started and could be rushed to 
completion in a very short time. Large-scale units for the first and second 
steps of the process were practically complete and production was scheduled 
to start November 15th. 

This completes the history of the Experimental Plant up to November 
jjth, 1918— Armistice Day. While construction and operating work did 
not cease instantly on that date, the progressive nature of the work did 




Interior view in Barracks at the Experimental Station, showing the 
excellent condition in which these Barracks were kept 



V' 




-%... '(f ^ ~ - -r -, -r, ' 


- r a s K I I Bs 5 ^ 


■Hk_' ^ 


Ife 



General \'iew of Barracks at the Experimental Station 




Interior of Mess Hall at the Experimental Station 



The National in the World War 



223 



become retrogressive with a suddenness that seemed decidedly abrupt to 
an organization which had been driving ahead at constantly increasing 
speed. After a brief period of marking time, following the signing of the 
armistice, the work of dismantling and demobilizing began. Early in De- 
cember, about 300 were discharged from the service, and several of the 
officers returned to civil life. The remaining personnel was re-formed into 
a new organization, which at once began the tedious task of dismantling, 
inventorying and disposing of equipment and materials. 

As soon as the operating and construction work had been halted, the 
restrictions previously imposed upon the members of the post were relaxed 
somewhat. The pass privilege was extended to include the City of Cleveland, 
the mail censorship was discontinued, and all overtime and Sunday work 
ceased. The Y. M. C. A. established headquarters in one of the mess halls 
and installed complete equipment tor moving pictures, athletic exercises, 
and a variety of other activities for the entertainment and convenience 
of the men. 

It was about this time that the medical detachment faced its hardest 
task. The Experimental Plant had suffered very little during the early 
stages of the influenza epidemic then sweeping the country, but during 
the latter half of November the new hospital was filled to overflowing. 
Thanks to the skill of Captain Plummer and his assistants, comparatively 
few of the cases became serious, and only one death resulted, that of Private 
Charles C. Herpst, who died on December 7th. This was the only death at 
the Experimental Plant during the period covered by this history. 



SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS SECTION, 
DEVELOPMENT DIVISION 

Introduction 

The Special Investigations Section was formed on August lo, 1918, 
and began work at once on the problem of obtaining booster casings for 
75-mm. gas shells. On August 17th, the problem of lining the 75-mm. gas 
shell with glass according to the French practice was assigned. However, 
it was not until September 14th that General Letter No. 3 from Development 
Division Headquarters was issued, confirming verbal instructions pre- 
viously given specifying the function of this section. This letter read as 
follows: 

GENERAL LETTER No. 3 September 14, 191 8. 

Subject: Formation of the Special Investigations Section of the 
Development Division of the Chemical Warfare Service. 

I. The Special Investigations Section will after about 
Sept. 23rd be located in the new office building at Nela Park, 
Cleveland, Ohio. Until these offices are available, the Head- 
quarters of this section will be in Room No. 248 Lamp Development 
Laboratories Building. 

1. The Special Investigations Section will be in charge of 
Capt. D. MacRae. 

3. The function of this Section will be as follows: 

(a) The following up of experimental work done in other 
laboratories than those of the Development Division 
on problems in which we are directly interested. 

(b) Development of processes for the manufacture of 
articles which can not be done to good advantage in 
the regular laboratories of the Development Division. 

(c) Carrying on of special investigations in laboratories 
other than those of the Development Division. 

(d) Investigations of various problems in connection 
with processes developed and being developed in 
the various laboratories of the Development Division. 

(e) Handling of all miscellaneous problems which can 
not to good advantage be handled in the regular 
laboratories of the Development Division. 

(Signed) F. M. DORSEY 

Col. Chem. War. Serv., U. S. A. 
Chief, Development Division. 

The Special Investigations Section was only active during the last 
three months of. the war. The main problems actually undertaken were the 
extensive ones in connection with the production of booster casings and the 
lining of gas shells. It is natural, from the nature of these problems, that 



The National in the World War 



225 



in the time available none of this work was completed. A brief resume of 
the results attained is as follows: 

Booster Casing 

On August 8, 191 8, the problem of developing a boostef casing and 
adaptor for the 75-mm. gas shell was undertaken by the Development 
Division at the request of the Director of the Chemical Warfare Service. 
This work was to be carried out independently of that in progress under 
the direction of the Ordnance Department. 

Methods of manufacturing booster casings by die casting from an 
aluminum copper alloy, and by machining in one piece from iron castings 



Booster Casino 




J3urriinyCh<ny9 TM7 



Poison QMi 



Cross Section of Gas -Shell. 



226 The National IN THE World War 

or bar stock steel were investigated. At the time of the signing of the 
armistice, a very promising die-cast booster casing and adaptor with a die- 
cast lead jacket had been designed and tests on it partially completed. The 
chief advantage of this arrangement was the rapidity with which it could 
be produced. 

However, the best solution to the booster question was believed to be 
to machine them in one piece from bar stock steel. An experimental pro- 
duction unit for the manufacture of these booster casings as established 
at the plant of the U. S. Automatic Company, Amherst, Ohio, had a demon- 
strated capacity of 2000 per 24-hour day. 

Glass-lined Shell 

On August 17, 1918, the problem of duplicating the French process 
of lining gas shells with glass was assigned to the Special Investigations 
Section. Some experimental work on this problem had been carried out at 
the Corning Glass Works under the direction of the Research Division of 
the Chemical Warfare Service. It had been concluded from these experiments 
that a glass-lined shell, on account of its fragility, was inferior to an enameled 
or a lead-coated shell. 

The experiments at the Corning Glass Works were continued under 
the direction of this section with the purpose of improving details of manu- 
facture so as to produce a glass lining that would be more resistant to shock. 
A parallel series of experiments was begun at the Glass Technology Depart- 
ment of the National Lamp Works. More than seven hundred shells were 
lined at Corning and a lining developed that would withstand a drop of 
15 inches on a concrete floor. Out of 125 of these shells shipped to Cleve- 
land, Ohio, from Corning, New York, a distance of 31 1 miles, only two 
linings cracked. The seal between the booster casing and the glass lining 
was so arranged that cracking of the glass would not result in leakage of the 
gas, but only in contact of the gas with the lining. 

At the time of the signing of the armistice, production at the rate of 
500 per day could have been attained on a week's notice. 

The personnel engaged in this work was as follows: 

Capt. Duncan MacRae, in charge of the Special Investigations Sec- 
tion, had general supervision of the preliminary experiments on booster 
casings and personally directed the work on die-cast booster casings and 
glass-lined shells. 

Capt. L. G. Cover was assigned on August 10, i9i8,to the Special 
Investigations Section to work on booster casings. He continued in this 
work for about three weeks, when, on account of his acquaintance with 
manufacturing firms in the Cleveland District, his services in connection 
with the design and construction of the Headquarters office building and 
the procurement and installation of equipment for electrical, steam and 
refrigerating operation at the Experimental Plant, were so urgently re- 
quired that from Sept. i, 1.9 18, this work occupied his entire time. 

Capt. J. F. Donovan, Manager of the Equipment Development 
Department of the National Lamp Works, had for some time been acting 
in a consulting capacity on mechanical problems of the Development Di- 
vision, and about October i, 1918, entered the service of the Development 
Division, giving his entire time to work on the production of a one-piece 



The National in the World War 227 

steel booster casing machihed from bar stock, and the establishment of 
the experimental production unit for the manufacture of steel booster 
casings at the plant of the U. S. Automatic Company, at Amherst, Ohio. 

Sgt. A. W. Nickerson had charge of the office work and property of 
the Special Investigations Section, and spent a great deal of his time inter- 
viewing manufacturers and hastening shipments of material. 

Sgt. E. R. Campbell was of great assistance to Capt. Cover in the 
procurement of engineering equipment for the Experimental Plant, and the 
construction of the headquarters office. 

Master Engineer Charles Garthwait, a private assigned to the Defense 
Section, showed exceptional ability in making perspective sketches of 
experimental equipment, and was assigned to the Special Investigations 
Section so that his work would be available to all the sections of the Devel- 
opment Division. 

With the present paragraph, this account of the activities 
of the Development Division, Chemical Warfare Service, is 
ended. It is a record upon which everyone who had a part 
in it may look with pride and satisfaction, for it played a 
definite part in the winning of the war. 




SPECIAL WAR ACTIVITIES OF GLASS 
TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT 

In July, 1 917, the Glass Technology Department of the 
National Lamp Works, Mr. W. M. Clark in charge, was con- 
sulted in regard to the development of a more satisfactory 
optical glass. The production of optical glass, before the war, 
was an almost unknown art in America, the supplies coming 
from England, France and Germany. The pressing requirements 
of the army and navy for glass for lenses in range finders, field 
glasses, periscopes, etc., were brought up in the Council of 
National Defense in May, 1917- 

The initial difficulties in the new art were many. In July, 
19 17, Dr. Whitney, who as a member of the Naval Consulting 
Board, was familiar with the government requirements, ap- 
pealed to Mr. F. S. Terry to have the National do everything 
in its power to assist the Government in obtaining a supply 
of high-grade optical glass. This led to journeys to the Bausch& 
Lomb Optical Company plant at Rochester, N. Y., where inter- 
views were arranged with Dr. A. H. Day and staff of the Geo- 
physical Laboratory at Washington, D. C, who had been de- 
tailed to Rochester to supervise the technical developments. 

One of the principal problems was to obtain satisfactory 
clay pots in which to melt the glass. By interesting the Buckeye 
Clay Pot Company at Toledo, Ohio, who had supplied The 
National Lamp Works for years, a superior container was 
obtained and large numbers of these pots were supplied to 
Bausch & Lomb, the Spencer Lens Company and other optical- 
glass manufacturers. Speedy production was the all-important 
point and all efforts were directed towards increasing the 
quantity and quality of the product of known glasses, no effort 
being made to develop any new glass. 

The Government also had difficulty in obtaining a satis- 
factory heavy flint glass for airplane camera lenses. This re- 
quired a purer grade of potash than was being produced in this 
country in September, 1917. Fortunately, the Glass Tech- 
nology Department happened to have 3000 pounds of high- 
grade German potash in stock, imported before the war, and 
this was immediately delivered to the Government so that they 
had pure material to work with until the American potash 
manufacturers had succeeded in improving their quality. 

The work done by the Glass Technology Department in 
connection with gas shells has been mentioned on page 226. 



THE WAR STORY OF THE X-RAY AND 
VACUUM TUBES 

The Adaptability of the National Lamp Works to 
Vacuum Tube Manufacture 

No other part of the war work performed by the National 
Lamp Works was so nearly like its own particular line as that 
done in connection with the development and manufacture 
of "vacuum" tubes and "X-Ray" tubes. 

In fact, from the standpoint of general construction, these 
tubes were nothing more nor less than very expensive and 
highly complicated lamps. To be sure, their purpose was not 
to give light, but, like lamps, they were made up of glass 
bulbs containing filaments and had to have the air pumped 
out of them in a skillful and highly specialized way. It is not 
at all surprising, therefore, that the Lamp Facilities Labora- 
tory at Nela Park was conspicuously successful in this par- 
ticular branch of the war work of the National. 

Since the vacuum tubes were used principally in wireless 
telegraphy and wireless telephony, both on the battlefields 
and in all the work back of the lines requiring a rapid and 
dependable system of communication, and since all this work 
came under the direct supervision of the Signal Corps of the 
U. S. Army, a few explanatory remarks regarding the latter 
Corps will be in order here. 

Why the Signal Corps Had to Have Vacuum Tubes 

The transmission of military orders and tidings is a 
problem of such great importance in warfare that it is handled 
by a highly specialized branch of the United States Army, 
known as the Signal Corps. In the war with Germany, the 
Signal Corps was responsible for the operation of all the 
methods of communication used in the field and, second, it 
was in charge of the production of all the equipment employed 
for this kind of work. 

The science of military signalling has been a rapidly- 
progressing one, really wonderful developments being made 
while we were engaged in the World War. In the Civil War 
campaigns, no force could be effective in the field unless it 



230 The National in; the World War 

could be reached at all times by pony express riders, runners, 
or by visual signals. The rapid development of the telegraph 
and the telephone overcame the difficulty and uncertainty 
attendant with systems of communication such as these, so 
that in the World War armies extended over fronts of 1 25 miles 
or more, with every division in constant and immediate touch 
with every other division through the complete and accurate 
systems of communication in use on the field. 

One of the very striking accomplishments of the Signal 
Corps during the war, and one which will probably have far- 
reaching results in peace times, was the establishment of an 
accurate and dependable system of trans-x'\tlantic radio 
("wireless") communication. The allied armies had also de- 
veloped a complicated system of radio communication in 
the field, employing radio sets of small power. These were 
operated from airplanes, were used in connection with ground 
telegraphy sets in the front lines, and in the field wireless sets 
used for general communication with headquarters. Probably 
the greatest field for radio communication was in fire control 
work for artillery. In the latter months of the war, wireless 
telephones were being used to a limited extent as a means of 
communication between airplanes flying in formation. 

If one reviews the developments of the two or three years 
when virtually the whole world was at war, we seem to have 
lived a century in this brief period. What a far-fetched ro- 
mantic fairy story the truth of to-day would have seemed to 
us in our childhood! Men talking across the broad expanse of 
the Atlantic Ocean without a wire is romantic enough of itself, 
but what of an ace with his radio set controlling the fleet action 
of a mighty host of flying battleships engaged in deadly battle 
miles up in the air? 

It seems fanciful, but it is real that to-day we send men 
up miles above the earth to obtain weather information of 
distant points, and we have the information telephoned back 
to us on earth. These are indeed "messages from the ethereal 
blue." 

Without the Vacuum Tube these achievements would have 
been impossible. 

What would Napoleon not have given for just one hour 
of aerial telephone service to direct the fire of his artillery.'' 
Airplanes and mighty dirigible balloons fitted up with wireless 



The National IN THE World War 2^1 

telegraph and telephone sets scouring the sea for pirate sub- 
marines preying on merchant ships, fighting their enemy with 
bombs and calling the patrols to destroy their quarry, sounds 
like a fairy story, but in 1918 it was a grim reality. Airplanes 
calling on airplanes for assistance when hard pressed in a 
death struggle in the air was all too real, although it seems like 
a story only built of fancy. 

The series of developments which preceded the practical 
use of the long-distance wireless telephone and the great ad- 
vances made in wireless telegraphy were made possible only by 
the remarkable improvements made in the quality and construction 
of the vacuum tubes used in all radio outfits. The incidents and 
problems connected with the development of these vacuum 
tubes, commonly called "kenotrons" or ''pliotrons" according 
to their construction, form what is probably the most fascinat- 
ing story of technical research work undertaken during the 
war. 

The beginning of the war found the Signal Corps in great 
need of the vacuum tubes, and it was immediately realized 
that the tubes would have to be manufactured on a scale 
hitherto unthought-of. The war requirements of the army and 
navy necessitated the immediate construction of a large 
number of radio outfits, from the smallest possible size for 
airplane work, to the large sizes designed for work in land bases 
and headquarters and for controlling the movements of a 
squadron of airplanes flying in formation. Not only was it 
necessary to produce vacuum tubes in large numbers, but due 
to the inefficient and short-lived tube which up to this time 
we had been content to use, it was also necessary to develop 
a more efficient and a more sensitive tube which would satis- 
factorily fulfill the requirements demanded by the service 
overseas. 

How THE PlIOTRON AND KeNOTRON 

Tubes Operate 

The vacuum tube, commonly called the pliotron, and 
mentioned so often in this story, deserves many chapters to 
cover the fascinating story of its development; particularly 
the wonderful scientific laws which govern its action and the 
almost unbelievable amount of work that was accomplished 
by the Company in supplying the needs of the army and navy 



232 The National in the World War 

with these tubes. The amount of progress that the world owes 
to these tubes is a source of just pride to all those engaged in 
the work at the laboratories and lamp factories where so much 
of the work was done that led to their highly developed state. 

To give the reader a better idea of what the vacuum tube 
is used for, and to state briefly the principle of operation of the 
tube, it is well to review the developments leading up to the 
rather unsatisfactory use of the tube at the outbreak of the 
war early in 1917. 

The vacuum tube had its beginning in the "Fleming 
valve," named after Dr. Fleming of England, who discovered 
the peculiar action now known as the electron emission phe- 
nomenon; that is, if a cold material be placed close to a heated 
metallic substance or filament, there is a flow of negative elec- 
trons from the filament to the colder material. This phenom- 
enon is utilized in the vacuum tube by employing a cold plate, 
usually of nickel or molybdenum, which is called the "anode," 
and a hot tungsten filament or "cathode." When this filament 
is heated in a highly evacuated space, it gives off^ "electrons" — 
negative charges of electrical energy. The electrons flow from 
the hot cathode to the cold anode and, by using the proper 
instruments, can be measured. The flow is controlled by the 
temperature of the filament; the higher the temperature, the 
greater the flow of electrons. This particular type of tube hav- 
ing the two elements, i. e., the plate and the filament, was 
named the "kenotron" tube {"kenoj' a Greek root, signifying 
"empty" or "a vacuum"). 

A "Wireless" Detector 

This discovery was further improved by Mr. De Forrest, 
who inserted a third member between the filament and plate, 
called the grid. It was found that by varying the voltage on 
the grid it was possible to control the flow of electrons from 
the cathode to the anode. The peculiar feature of the grid 
control was that very small changes in grid potential produced 
very large changes in electron flow. This feature made the 
tube suitable as a detector and reproducer of very weak wire- 
less signals. It changed, or "amplified," wireless signals of 
radio frequency into signals of audible frequency. This three- 
element type of tube having a filament, plate, and grid, was 



The National in the World War 233 

known as the "pliotron" i^'plio^' a Greek root, meaning "am- 
plify"). Hence, pliotron conveys the idea of an instrument 
capable of amplifying, — that is, of making feeble signals 
stronger. 

Shortly before the entrance of the United States into the 
war. Dr. Irving Langmuir of the General Electric Company's 
Research Laboratory at Schenectady, New York, produced 
vacuum tubes of this three-element type which proved to be 
the most satisfactory of all the types then in use. In July, . 
1 917, when the Signal Corps and the Navy became particularly 
interested in wireless communication, it was found that these 
tubes were being reproduced only in laboratories, and involved 
very elaborate laboratory processes which did not permit of 
commercial manufacture. 

THE BEGINNING OF THE WORK 
AT NELA PARK 

To meet the requirements of the Government, the Re- 
search Laboratory decided to obtain the co-operation of the 
General Electric Company's Lamp Works and, on August 11, 
1 9 17, Mr. Hawkins wrote to Mr. W. R. Burrows of the Edison 
Lamp Works and to Mr. W. H. Roberts of the National, 
asking for assistance in the manufacture of small pliotrons. 
Mr. Hawkins explained the demand of the Government for 
vacuum tubes, and the representatives of the two Lamp Works 
expressed their willingness to co-operate with the Research 
Laboratory in the manufacture of the tubes. They offered such 
facilities as might, in the opinion of the Research Laboratory, 
be needed to develop and commercially manufacture the 
various kinds of tubes. 

At a meeting of the Manufacturing Committee of the 
National Lamp W^orks, Mr. Roberts informed the committee 
of the Research Laboratory's request, and at this meeting it 
was decided that the commercial manufacture of the tubes 
should be placed in Nela Lamp Division, under the supervision 
of Mr. P. J. Pritchard. Mr. Wm. T. L. Cogger was also de- 
tailed, as Special Engineer to assist Mr, Pritchard and co- 
operate with the engineers of the Research Laboratory, with 



234 The National in the World War 

the view of taking the developments and placing them in 
commercial operation. 

A few days after the meeting, some samples were received 
from Schenectady and, except for the peculiar constructions 
in the interior, the samples were somewhat like lamps. In 
general, the construction resembled Miniature Auto Head- 
light Lamps, yet involved much more detail and appeared 
decidedly complicated. Certain general suggestions were made 
regarding the construction, with the view of adopting lamp- 
making equipment to the manufacture of the tubes. These 
suggestions were incorporated into a few sample designs and 
models. 

At a meeting held in Harrison, New Jersey, on Sept. 24, 
19 17, Lieut. Bown of the Signal Corps, engineers from the 
Research Laboratory and engineers from the Edison Lamp 
Works and National Lamp Works were present. The models 
prepared by the National Lamp Works were approved as 
suitable, the Research Laboratory furnished the specifications 
for the different parts, and plans were made to begin a small 
production. At this meeting, on account of their geographical 
position, it was decided that the Edison Lamp Works would 
co-operate with the Research Laboratory and Providence Base 
Works in the development of the special base for these tubes, 
and that the National Lamp Works would co-operate with the 
Research Laboratory and handle the development of the special 
packing material for the tubes. 

Early "Grief" Encountered in Manufacture 

With the general point of construction decided at the 
meeting in Harrison a small commercial production was 
planned in Cleveland. In all cases, except where machine 
operations were possible without affecting the quality of the 
product an endeavor was made to follow the processes and 
operations exactly as performed in Schenectady. This plan 
resulted most satisfactorily and although, in many cases, it 
was slow, costly and seemingly unprogressive, it prevented 
losses due to failure of untried methods. Having demonstrated 
that they could successfully make these tubes according to 
laboratory practices and methods, the Nela Lamp Division 
fellows next turned their attention to commercial production. 
It was soon found that they had a real problem on their hands. 



The National IN THE World War 235 

Stem-making in lamps was considered fairly easy, and it was 
with confidence that they converted over a stem machine to 
put six leads through the stem, spaced }i inch apart. It required 
more than that, however, for they ran into all the difficulties 
that could happen to stems — cracks, leaks, burnt welds and 
all sorts of glass troubles, each requiring every bit of lamp 
knowledge and experience that could be commanded in order 
to solve the difficulties. 

• Coil-making for the filament and grid was one of the 
most painstaking and careful operations. Mandrels of 
molybdenum were made and accurately threaded to give 
proper coil size, shape and pitch. The mandrels were carefully 
wound with filament and grid wire and sintered in hydrogen 
furnaces. After experimenting, a best process was found which 
gave accurate coils. Mounting was found to be most difficult, 
due to the accuracy required in the spacing between filament 
and grid, and the necessity of mounting without any strain. 
The preparation and mounting of the nickel cap which was 
used as the plate, presented many problems but these were 
finally solved. 

Finally, after making numerous minor changes in de- 
sign of parts, etc., to improve mechanical strength and facili- 
tate manufacture, a lot of tubes were sealed ready for ex- 
hausting. 

Exhaust Proves A Tough Problem 

Up to the time that the National Lamp Works started 
work on pliotrons, all the tubes at Schenectady were exhausted 
by means of mercury condensation pumps, and there was some 
doubt regarding the possibilities of exhausting the pliotron 
on the more economical oil pumps commonly used in lamp 
manufacturing, due to the fact that sufficiently low pressure 
could not be obtained on the small rotary oil pumps. The Re- 
search Laboratory at Schenectady, however, became quite 
active and found a means and schedule for exhausting pliotrons 
on an oil pump and forwarded the information to Nela Park. 
The equipment was placed in shape and the necessary pro- 
cedure started, in order to perfect the vacuum by the "Bom- 



236 The National in the World War 

bardment Process of Exhaust." The results in Schenectady 
had appeared to be most satisfactory. 

The first Nela pliotrons were placed on the exhaust bench, 
and after two days of unsuccessful trials to complete the 
vacuum the Research Laboratory at Schenectady was called 
upon and an expert was sent to demonstrate the process. It 
was then discovered that insufficiently detailed instructions 
from Schenectady were responsible for the failure to exhaust 
the pliotron at the first attempt. Thirty or more tubes were 
now exhausted and on October 19, 19 17, these were taken by 
Mr. Cogger to Schenectady for test. 

The tests at Schenectady showed that of these original 
30 pliotrons, one-third of the tubes were better than the aver- 
age product of Research Laboratory, one-third about average 
and the other one-third were very inferior. This was due mostly 
to defects of manufacture. This creditable showing was com- 
mented on by the Research Laboratory, and Nela Lamp Divi- 
sion was complimented and given every encouragement to 
produce more tubes as good as these samples. 

The production of 100 tubes was immediately started 
and, under instructions from the Research Laboratory, equip- 
ment and instruments were set up for testing the tubes as 
made. From these tests and from the rapidly increasing fund 
of experience and information, means of improving the quality 
and facilities of manufacture were soon found. 

Before November ist, 19 17, these 100 tubes were com- 
pleted in Cleveland. The Research Laboratory had submitted 
samples of pliotrons made by the National Lamp Works to 
the Navy, and an order for 1,000 was received to be made as 
per the samples submitted. This order marked the beginning 
of production, and the necessary steps were taken to build up 
an organization and lay out equipment with the idea of making 
a production of 200 tubes per week. 

COMI- LIME NTS FROM WASHINGTON ON SUCCESSFUL PRODUCTION 

The Research Laboratory at Schenectady furnished 
most of the testing equipment for the necessary radio test, 
and pliotrons, as made, were tested on these instruments and 



The National in the World War 237 

then packed and shipped to the Navy Yard at Washington, 
D. C. Here the tubes were inspected by the Navy inspectors. 
The Nela Lamp workers were greatly pleased to learn that 
only seventeen tubes were rejected from the entire lot of 
1,000 for all causes — mechanical, radio and electrical. This 
was a record, and Mr. Pritchard felt justly proud of his 
Division, for attaining it, since with less than a month's 
real experience with this new problem, the Division was 
able to deliver the first 1,000 .tubes and have a rejection of 
less than 2% for all causes. 

The Signal Corps was now becoming interested in the 
G. E, tubes, and samples were submitted by Schenectady 
to the Signal Corps, all samples being made by the National 
Lamp Works. In order to meet special requirements of the 
Signal Corps for voltages, etc., considerable changes were 
made in the filament. Finally, several designs were submitted 
to the Signal Corps. 

In the meantime, the Chief Signal Officer asked the 
General Electric Company to endeavor to manufacture the 
Western Electric type of vacuum tube, as this tube was 
giving satisfactory results, and a greater production was 
required. To this end, the Research Laboratory called a meeting 
of the representatives of both the Edison and the National 
Lamp W^orks with the view of investigating the process and 
methods of manufacture of the W^ E. tube at the New York 
Laboratory. Mr. Pritchard and Mr. Cogger were detailed 
by Mr. Roberts to represent the National Lamp Works. 
Investigation was made and a report written up. This report 
very clearly convinced both the Western Electric Company 
and the Chief Signal Officer that the manufacture of W. E. 
tubes was not commercial in a lamp-manufacturing division. 

The Signal Corps now became actively interested in the 
G. E. tubes, and finally, on January 23, 1918, after tests in 
Schenectady, National-made tubes designated as NX4 were 
accepted for manufacture. The question of the rate of manu- 
facture was raised, and Nela Lamp Division went on record 
as being able to produce 250 per day immediately, and to 
increase the production gradually to 2,500 per day within 120 
days. To the surprise of all engaged in the work, the order 
came through for 40,000, with a production schedule only 
one-sixth as heavy as that which we had told the Government 



238 The National in the World War 

we could meet. It appears that the Government officials did not 
believe that a production as great as was estimated at Nela 
Park could be obtained, and therefore production was put 
on a weekly basis with quantities equal to our daily production 
promises. 

Creation of the Vacuum Tube Division 

Lieut-Col. Slaughter, Lieut. Cameron, Lieut. Bittner 
and Lieut. Littell came to Cleveland just after the order was 
placed, to make an inspection of the plant and learn of the 
National Lamp Works' organization • and plans. They were 
favorably impressed and were assured of the Division's 
ability to manufacture and deliver tubes. Specifications were 
agreed upon and actual production started. In order to 
designate the work as a separate activity, the Vacuum Tube 
Division was organized, with Mr. Pritchard in charge. The 
General Letter of April 4, 1918, issued by Messrs. Terry and 
Tremaine and authorizing the establishment of this Division, 
follows: 

Vacuum Tube Division No. i^i 

This is a new division that has been opened for 
the manufacture of special articles, most of which 
will not be articles belonging to our regular line of 
goods as disposed of by our sales divisions. 

This division will be located at Nela Park, and 
will be in charge of Mr. P. J. Pritchard. 

TERRY AND TREMAINE 

Managers. 

With the Vacuum Tube Division organized and oper- 
ating on a commercial basis, the work did not settle down 
to a mere matter of routine, by any manner of means. New 
tubes for different uses were constantly being developed at 
the Research Laboratory at Schenectady, and as soon as 
the ideas were perfected the Research Laboratory sent word 
to Cleveland, whereupon the Vacuum Tube Division imme- 
diately took steps to put the tubes on a commercial produc- 
tion basis. 

On February 9, 19 18, in co-operation with Schenectady, 
commercial development was started on the transmitting 



The National in the World War 239 

pliotron tube and the regulating kenotron. During these 
developments, a regular production schedule of receiving 
tubes was followed and, at one time, 96 tests of different 
kinds and descriptions were going through the Vacuum Tube 
Division. Ordinarily, it would have taken a year to complete 
the tests in the Research Laboratory at Schenectady, but 
the Division at Nela was able to clean up the tests in two 
weeks. This work which was done without interfering with 
regular production, gave the Vacuum Tube Division such a 
reputation for service and efficiency with the Research Labo- 
ratory that all commercial development for new types of 
pliotrons, from this time on, was done at Cleveland. 

Wonderful Improvements Made in the Tubes 

During the commercial production of receiving tubes, 
hardly a week went by without improvements either in the 
quality of the product or in the facilities for manufacture. 

The method of exhaust had proven unsatisfactory from 
the very first. Not only was the process long and tedious, 
but the vacuum finally obtained was not sufficiently low to 
insure perfect operation of the tubes. All sorts of experiments 
were tried, including the use of chemicals, in the endeavor to 
find a better method. Palladium black was introduced in the 
top of the tube as an absorbent for the gases given off by the 
metal parts. A little later, a form of charcoal, very similar 
to that used as canister-filler for gas masks, was tested and 
proved quite successful. 

Early in May, 1918, an exhausting procedure was evolved 
which was revolutionary both in the speed with which the 
tubes could be exhausted and in the completeness of the 
exhaust. A chemical, similar to the so-called "getter" used 
in exhausting MAZDA B lamps, was introduced in the top 
of the bulb. The use of this chemical in connection with the 
"Bombardment Process" of exhaust previously mentioned, 
proved to be by far the most satisfactory of all the exhausting 
methods then in use. Enough of the chemical was used to 
take care of the small amount of gas constantly emitted by 
the metal parts during the actual operation of the tube. 

When the first pliotron manufactured was rated on a 
"Cable Box," an arbitrary method of comparing quality, it 



240 The National in the World War 

gave an amplification rating of 8 miles. Within a month this 
rating was raised to an average of 12 miles, and before 10,000 
tubes were made the average was 16. By the time 25,000 
tubes had been manufactured, this average rating was over 
20 miles. The direct measure of quality varies as the square 
of these ratings or in the ratio of 64 for the first tubes, to 
400 for the last tubes on order. This meant an increase in quality 
of over six times! The life of the tube was also increased (from 
300 hours to 2,000 hours) and, as a result, the tubes gave the 
Government seven times the life expected. In addition to this, 
wonderful improvements were made in uniformity of the 
product. 

All this progress, however, was not made without diffi- 
culty. On one occasion, out of nearly 2,000 tubes that had 
been made up, not a single one was good for anything. Several 
times the Division was confronted with losses of thousands 
of dollars, due to imperfect raw materials and uncontrollable 
circumstances. All of these problems kept every man working 
night and day, and required the best possible supervision 
and engineering. 

One of the greatest handicaps under which the Division 
was working during these months, was the limited production 
schedule imposed by the Government. Continued requests 
were made for release from this restriction, in order to make 
it possible to obtain more efficient operation by means of a 
greatly increased rate of production. Finally, the superior 
quality and operating characteristics of the tubes excited 
the interest of the allied governments; the G. E. Research 
Laboratory received a request from the British Admiralty 
for tubes, and immediately asked for increased production. 
This time the Vacuum Tube Division promised to reach a 
production of 3,000 tubes per day within sixty days, and began 
to make plans to produce this number of tubes. The order 
failed to materialize, however, but with permission from 
the Signal Corps a maximum production of 1,800 tubes per 
day was obtained. As a result, the Division would have been 
able to carry out its promises quite easily. Having completed 
the receiving tube order ahead of schedule, however, the 
Division ran out of orders and was forced to ask for more 
orders to keep the plant in operation. It became evident 
that the Vacuum Tube Division was so far ahead of the 
Government program that it was necessary to cut production, 



The National in the World War 241 

as more pliotrons were being made than the Government 
could handle. The Division was complimented for its proven 
ability to deliver tubes in large quantity and, while so doing, 
to make wonderful improvements in the quality of the tubes. 

Generally speaking, the production of pliotron trans- 
mitting tubes and of kenotron regulator tubes was a repe- 
tition of the receiving tube experience. The Division im- 
proved quality, made deliveries on or ahead of schedule, 
and was always ready in an emergency to take up new devel- 
opments or to make new types of tubes. 

A medium-power transmitting tube was finally devel- 
oped for the Navy, close co-operation with the G. E. Research 
Laboratory being maintained throughout the entire develop- 
ment period. This development, while not complete, was 
probably the most wonderful of all from a technical standpoint, 
due both to the equipment developments involved to produce 
the parts, and to the careful work required to produce these 
tubes successfully. Special tubes of various types, and innu- 
merable parts, stems, mounts, etc., were produced at Nela 
for experimental use by the G. E. Research Laboratory at 
Schenectady. 

The following is a list of the total number of tubes manu- 
factured and shipped from Nela Park. 

Receiving Tubes 77,290 

Transmitting Tubes 36,649 

Regulator Tubes 49)575 

Resistance Tubes 5)99^ 

Special and Misc. 95803 



TOTAL 179,315 

It is of interest to note here that the Vacuum Tube 
Division of the National Lamp Works manufactured and 
delivered three times as many tubes as any other organization 
engaged in the same class of work. 

The question of the price of the tubes was handled at 
Schenectady and contracts were made on a definite price 
basis, the price being determined from the actual cost figures 
of manufacture of the pliotrons submitted to the Government. 
While the price received for the tubes did not result in any 
big profit, it was sufficient to cover any reasonable cost. 



242 The National in the World War 

Of course, no return was received on the fund of information 
and experience collected from years of lamp-making devel- 
opment, which was responsible for the success of the Division 
in the commercial manufacture of pliotrons. Knowledge 
of tungsten filament wire, glass, platinum substitute, pumps 
and all manufacturing equipment is very properly considered 
as being one of the important intangible contributions of 
the National Lamp Works towards the winning of the war. 

Uses of the Various Tubes Manufactured 

The particular uses to which these pliotron and kenotron 
tubes were adapted by the Government are as follows: 
First, as detectors and amplifiers in the reception of wireless 
telegraph and telephone signals; second, as oscillators and 
modulators in the transmission of wireless telephony; and 
third, as regulating devices for variable-speed generators 
mounted on airplanes for supplying high voltage to the trans- 
mitting tubes. 

Types of Receiving Tubes 

The detailed theory of operation of the receiving tube is highly tech- 
nical and is therefore omitted from these pages. It is sufficient to say that 
the vacuum tube (pliotron) is, by far, the most satisfactory type of detector 
for wireless signals so far developed. The simplicity of the receiving circuit, 
together with the fact that it is always constant and never out of adjustment, 
makes the vacuum tube the most reliable feature of the wireless receiving 
equipment. 

The first receiving tube made by the Vacuum Tube Division was 
merely a laboratory sample, designated as the G-20. The making of this 
one tube furnished a fund of information and experience which later proved 
quite invaluable, and from which the commercial developments on receiving 
tubes started. 

The principles of construction used in this first experimental tube 
were incorporated in the receiving tube, Type CG-886, which was the 
first commercial type manufactured. This tube was supplied to the U. S. 
Navy to be used as a detector, amplifier and oscillator, both aboard ship 
and in land stations, and was usually operated in series with a resistance 
on a three-cell storage battery. The construction of this tube embodies a 
tungsten filament, a tungsten grid and a nickel plate, all elements being 
cylindrical in form. The base used for this tube was the old type of 3-pin 
navy fibre base, which was later superseded by a 4-pin standard base used 
by both the Navy and the Signal Corps of the U. S. Army. 

A little later, the Type VT-i i tube was developed for use by the Signal 
Corps of the U. S. Army as a detector, amplifier and oscillator for both 




The Lamp Laboratories Building at Nela Park. Here the 
Development Work on X-Ray and Vacuum Tubes was Conducted. 




Men in Charge of X-Ray and \'acuum Tube Work 
at Nela Park. 

Lower Row: P. J. Pritchard, C. B. Robinson (U. S. Inspector), 
W. T. L. Cogger, W. H. Steven. 

Upper Row: John Smith, L. E. Mitchell, Frank Moran, James 
Hagey, John Hapgood, Arthur J. White. Mr. P. F. Stokes was 
absent when the photograph was taken. 




Types of Receiving Tubes and Amplifier Tubes, made by the Vacuum 

Tube Division 

Top Row — left to right: C. A. Tube, V T-13. 

Center — Laboratory Sample No. i. 

Bottom Row— left to right: CG-886, VT-ii. 



The National in the World War 243 

field and air service. The tube is operated directly across a two-cell lead 
storage-battery without any resistance in series. The construction of this 
tube embodies a tungsten filament, a tungsten grid and a nickel plate, all 
elements also being cylindrical in form. The base used on this tube was the 
base standardized for receiving tubes by both the U. S. Army and Navy. 
Another tube, which was in the development stage at the time the 
armistice was signed, was the Type VT-13. This is a modification of the 
VT-ii tube, the endeavor being to improve both the ruggedness of the 
tube for airplane service and its radio characteristics. The service of this 
tube was identical with the VT-ii. 

Amplifier Tubes 

When wireless messages are too weak to be heard in the telephones 
of the detector circuit in the receiving station, a second vacuum tube is 
inserted which amplifies the signals and increases their audibility. This 
second tube is called an amplifier and, in many cases, the signal is 100 
times greater in audibility due to the use of the amplifier. 

Such an amplifier tube, known as Type CA, was developed for use by 
the Navy in connection with high-speed photographic receiving apparatus. 
It was a special tube developed to obtain the maximum amplification 
and embodied a tungsten filament with a finely wound tungsten grid and 
a tungsten plate. 

Types of Transmitting Tubes 

The second use of the tubes, as transmitters, was not completely 
developed before the armistice was signed, but a large number of tubes were 
constructed and used on submarine chasers, airplanes and flying boats 
for wireless telephony communication up to about 12 miles. Inasmuch as 
the transmission of wireless signals for any distance involves considerable 
power, the tubes used in transmitting stations had to be of a heavier and 
more rugged type of construction than the receiving tubes. 

The first transmitting tube produced was a laboratory sample, from 
which the full line of tungsten-filament transmitting tubes was developed. 
The transmitting tube "Type VT-12" was the first commercial develop- 
ment, and was used by the Signal Corps of the U. S. Army for wireless 
telephony in airplane service. This tube was an endeavor to duplicate 
the electrical specifications of the VT-2 developed by the Western Electric 
Company. It embodied a tungsten filament, a tungsten grid and a molyb- 
denum p ate, all elements being cylindrical in form. The limit to the amount 
of power which could be supplied to the tungsten filament limited the range 
of wireless telephony transmission, with the sets originally developed for 
Western Electric tubes, to about three miles. This tube was finally super- 
seded by the VT-14. 

The transmitting tube "Type VT-i4"was developed to give the same 
transmitting range, in sets developed by the Western Electric for the 
Signal Corps, as was given by the VT-2. The construction and details of 
the VT-14 are exactly similar to those of the VT-12, with the exception 
of a greater power input to the filament. This tube, when used on airplane 



244 The National in the World War 

service, had a transmitting range of from lo to 15 miles in wireless te- 
lephony. The VT-14 was also adopted by the U. S. Navy, and called by 
them the CG-i 162. It was used on submarine chasers and flying boats, 
with a sending range of about 15 miles. 

Another type of tube. Type VT-16, was in the development stage for 
the Signal Corps of the U. S. Army at the end of the war, and was constructed 
with the endeavor to improve the mechanical strength of the tube for air- 
plane service and to perfect its electrical and radio characteristics. 

President Wilson Talks 600 Miles Through a 
Vacuum Tube 

At the beginning of the development of transmitting 
tubes, two miles was considered a most excellent showing 
for wireless transmission of speech, in view of the difficulties 
encountered on airplanes, flying boats and submarine chasers. 
The rapid progress which was made in the development of 
these tubes led to further developments, and shortly after 
the armistice was signed a flying boat established commu- 
nication off Norfolk at a distance of about 80 miles. A little 
later, the Vacuum Tube Division, co-operating with the Re- 
search Laboratory at Schenectady, developed a medium 
power transmitting tube for wireless telephony, known as 
Type CG-1144. This tube was used by the Navy on flying 
boats and aboard ship, for transmission of wireless telegraphy 
and telephony. It embodied a tungsten filament, a tungsten 
grid, and a molybdenum plate, and was designed to use a 
higher plate voltage than the VT-12, VT-14 or VT-16. This 
tube had a transmitting range of from about 50 to 175 miles, 
a flying boat establishing communication with Secretary 
Daniels in Washington at a distance of 150 miles at sea. 
The range could be increased by using several of the tubes 
in parallel, successful communication being established be- 
tween President Wilson and Secretary Daniels when the 
"George Washington" was 600 miles out of New York. From 
the time when this conversation started wireless telephone 
communication was successfully maintained until the ship 
reached harbor. 

First Airmen to Fly Across Atlantic 
Used Vacuum Tubes 

While lying in harbor at Brest, France, awaiting the arrival 
of President Wilson for his trip home, the George Washington 
maintained successful communication with the famous trans- 




The famous Flying Boat NC-4 which was the first trans-Atlantic 
plane. Using CG-1144 Vacuum Tubes, the NC-4 maintained com- 
munication with the George Washington until 50 miles away. 




The U. S. Naval Transport George Washington which carried 
President Wilson to and from the Peace Conference. CG-1144 
Vacuum Tubes were very successfully used in both Wireless Te- 
lephony and Wireless Telegraphy sets on board this ship. 




Types of Transmitting Tubes Manufactured 

Top Row — left to right: Laboratory Sample No. 2, \"T-i6. 

Center: The CG-1144 which was used in sets on the Seaplane NC-4 
and the U. S. S. George Washington. 

Bottom Row — left to right: VT-14, VT-r2. 



The National in the World War 245 

Atlantic plane NC-4, which was then passing over Brest en 
route from Lisbon, Portugal, to England. The George Wash- 
ington talked to the NC-4 ^1 radio phones, and the crew of 
the NC-4, telegraphing their replies back to the George 
Washington, stated that the phone signals were coming in 
"loud enough to hurt their ears." Both the radio telephony 
and telegraphy transmitting sets were using CG-1144 vacuum 
tubes. Communication was maintained until the plane was 
well over 50 miles away. The perfect reception on board the 
George Washington of the signals from the NC-4 ^^^ con- 
sidered even more remarkable when it was learned that the 
plane, on account of heavy fog forcing it to fly low, was not 
using its main antenna. 

The latest type of tube which was developed by the 
Vacuum Tube Division was successfully used for wireless 
telephone communication between Brunswick, New Jersey, 
and Brest, France. This medium power tube was developed to 
withstand the necessary mechanical strains in connection 
with airplane service and to give the most reliable service 
in all of its electrical and radio characteristics. 

W^ith regard to the transmitting tube, the Vacuum Tube 
Division of the National Lamp W^orks were the only successful 
manufacturers of this type of tube. The tubes were used 
almost exclusively by the Navy in their equipment for sub- 
marine chasers and flying boats, and were pronounced as 
being singularly free from operating troubles and as giving 
the most satisfactory results. This development was beyond 
the fondest hopes of the engineers connected with radio devel- 
opment, especially wireless telephony. 

Regulator Tubes (kenotrons) 

The regulator tube "Type TB-i" was used in regulating the voltage 
across the terminals of a fan-propelled generator for airplanes. This is a 
two-element tube or kenotron, embodying a tungsten filament and molyb- 
denum plate, and was so connected into the field and armature windings 
of the generator that with airplane speeds varying from 40 to 180 miles 
per hour, corresponding to armature speeds of 3,500 to 18,000 revolutions 
per minute, the voltage did not vary more than 10 per cent. The construc- 
tion of this tube was such that it withstood mechanical vibrations in air- 
planes without any effect upon its electrical behavior. 

The use of these tubes with the generator equipment very materially 
decreased the amount of weight required to provide the necessary voltage 



246 The National in the World War 

for wireless communication. They were used exclusively on American planes, 
and, from all reports, were entirely successful. 

In all of the developments of the tubes used on airplanes, it was nec- 
essary to cover the construction specifications most thoroughly, so that 
the tubes would meet the service required. The vibrations of the plane 
and the sudden shocks and jars of landing necessitated the most accurate 
and rigid designs on all types of tubes. By means of the most elaborate 
internal construction we met all requirements of the service. The wonderful 
part of all of the development activities was the speed with which most 
successful designs were placed in production and delivered to the Govern- 
ment, and the surprising uniformity and improved quality which resulted 
from concentrated effort on commercial production. Articles published 
in the various technical magazines by members of the Signal Corps and by 
those connected with this radio development, speak very highly of the 
progress that was made in wireless telephony during the war, and a major 
part of the credit is due to the development of the vacuum tube, without 
which it would have been entirely impractical to have attempted wireless 
telephony in the air service. 

The Grid Leak and Special Tubes 

The grid leak tube, a small cylindrical vacuum tube, was developed 
as a necessary auxiliary tube to be used in connection with the larger trans- 
mitting and receiving vacuum tubes in wireless telephony outfits, as a leak 
around the blocking condenser used in the grid circuit. Grid leaks were 
made having a resistance of 500,000, 2,000,000, and 10,000,000 ohms. The 
resistance is formed by deposits of metallic tungsten in a film between the 
two terminals of the grid leak. 

A special relay tube was also developed for John Hays Hammond, 
Jr. This was a specially designed tube used as a relay in connection with 
the wireless control of torpedoes. 

X-RAY TUBE MANUFACTURE AT NELA PARK 
The U.SE of X-Rays in the War Zones 

A very important piece of specialized war work performed 
by the National Lamp Works, co-operating with the Re- 
search Laboratory at Schenectady, had to do with the devel- 
opment and manufacture of X-Ray tubes. The great value 
of X-Rays as an aid to surgical diagnosis was well known 
at the beginning of the war. They had long been recognized 
as being the most effective means known for locating foreign 
bodies and for the scientific treatment of fractures and dis- 
locations. But while thousands of American hospitals were 
using X-Ray outfits, these outfits were designed as being in- 
herently stationary and no thought — certainly no development 
work — had ever been given to the design of a portable set. 



The National in the World War 247 

More or less stationary types of X-Ray outfits had been de- 
veloped by the other allied countries, and were in general 
use at points somewhat behind the then stabilized fighting 
fronts. 

The many months of actual war experience gained by the 
allied army surgeons had taught them that by far the most 
effective use of the X-Rays could be made at a point as close 
as possible to the field-dressing station where the wounded 
soldier received his first-aid treatment. It was also highly 
important that the X-Ray examination of the patient be 
made as soon after the wound was received as possible. 

The desired use of the X-Rays near the battle fronts, 
however, presented many very serious difficulties. In the 
first place, the X-Rays are generated by a high-tension current, 
usually ranging from 40,000 to 90,000 volts, discharging 
through a vacuum. Prior to our entrance into the war, all 
the tubes which were designed to provide this vacuum re- 
quired a direct-current supply. The apparatus required to 
generate and to control this high-voltage direct current was, 
of necessity, heavy and complicated and required an expert 
operator to keep it in adjustment. These features made its 
transportation and use along a constantly moving battle-line 
impossible. Recognizing the immediate need for the devel- 
opment of an efficient portable X-Ray outfit, each of the 
allied armies was engaged in research work on the problem 
when the United States entered the war. 

The Coolidge Tube Makes X-Rays Portable 

Following an extensive series of investigations by Dr. 
Langmuir of the Research Laboratory at Schenectady, re- 
sulting in the discovery of many entirely new principles re- 
garding electrical discharges through a vacuum. Dr. Coolidge, 
also of the Research Laboratory, produced a new radiator 
type X-Ray tube, radically difi^erent from any tube there- 
tofore constructed. Tests of this tube conclusively proved it 
to be the most powerful, effective and dependable X-Ray 
tube ever made. 

So satisfactory was this tube that it was immediately 
standardized by the Red Cross for use in its hospitals overseas. 
With the Coolidge tube as a basis, two complete portable 
outfits were developed for the Medical Corps of the U. S. 



The National in the World War 



Army. These outfits were known as the "U. S. Army Portable 
Outfit" and the "U. S. Army Bedside Outfit." The Portable 
Outfit formed an entirely independent unit and was mounted 
on a small automobile truck so that it could be taken to any 
part of the front lines, ready for immediate operation. The 
Bedside Outfit was made for use in more permanent locations, 
such as hospitals back of the lines, and was so constructed 
that X-Ray photographs and diagnoses could be made with 
very little inconvenience to the patient. 

The Coolidge tube had the property of producing its own 
direct current from an alternating current supply under much 
more severe conditions of service than was permissible with 
any of the older tubes and, as a result, could be directly 
connected across the power transformers. It was capable 
of practically continuous operation and required very little 
control apparatus. These features eliminated the heavy 
complicated auxiliary apparatus which was formerly attached 
to the outfit, and reduced the total weight to such a point 
that comparatively high-power portable outfits could be 
designed for field service. Also, on account of the simplicity 
of the tube and of the apparatus with which it is used, a great 
deal of the skilled attendance which was required for older 
types of apparatus was made unnecessary. 

The bulb of the Coolidge tube could also be much smaller 
than was permissible with the earlier types of tubes handling 
an equal amount of energy. Another feature, particularly 
attractive from the standpoint of the men actually working 
under the penetrating rays of the tube, was the fact that a 
close-fitting tube shield could be used, even for very heavy 
duty. This added much to the safety of operation, and less 
care had to be taken to avoid burns. 

Formation of the X-Ray Tube Division, National 
Lamp Works 

The demand for the new tube increased so rapidly that 
about the middle of April, 1918, it became apparent to those 
closely in touch with the X-Ray situation that a new manu- 
facturing plant would have to be started in order to meet 
the requirements of the Government, A meeting was held in 
Schenectady which was attended by those persons interested 
in the work there, and by representatives of both the Edison 



The National in the World War 249 

and National Lamp Works. It was decided at this meet- 
ing that the National Lamp Works should open the new 
plant. 

The proposition was put up to Mr. Pritchard by Mr. 
Roberts, and arrangements were immediately made for a 
couple of men from Nela Lamp Division to accompany Mr. 
Pritchard and Mr. Cogger to Schenectady to see just what 
apparatus and material was needed to get started. They 
arrived in Schenectady on April 25th, and soon found that 
the job was quite different from making lamps. The glass 
work was about the only thing which looked in any way 
familiar to them. Even that appeared difficult, and they were 
told that only experts could do it. 

On account of the many metal parts in the tube, there 
was a great deal of machine-shop work in getting these parts 
ready for use. The Nela Park representatives also found that 
the tedious work required in assembling some of the parts had 
been successfully accomplished only by expert jewelers. 
The exhaust was very different from anything they had ever 
tackled, it being necessary to use mercury condensation 
pumps to get the vacuum, and a voltage as high as 30,000 
to bombard the parts, in order to release the gases held by the 
metal. 

A complete list of material and equipment required was 
made out at once, and orders were placed for everything. 
Arrangements were also made to send people from Nela Lamp 
Division to learn every part of the work. Wherever it was 
necessary to purchase anything outside the General Electric 
Organization, a special representative of Nela Lamp Division 
was sent with the order and in many cases brought the de- 
sired article back with him. In every such case, prompt 
delivery was obtained and much valuable time saved. 

On May 7, 19 18, the X-Ray Tube Division was organized. 
An extract from the general letter issued by Messrs. Terry 
and Tremaine, authorizing this Division, follows: 

X-RayTube Division No. 152 

This is a new division that has been opened for 
the manufacture of the Coolidge X-Ray tubes. They 
will be made, for the present at least, to help out 
the department at Schenectady that has heretofore 



250 The National in the World War 

been making these tubes. We will not sell these 
tubes to the trade. 

This division will be located at Nela Park and will 
be in charge of Mr. P. J. Pritchard. 

TERRY AND TREMAINE 

Managers. 

The Progress and Accomplishments at Nela Park 

While some of the people from the National Lamp 
Works were learning the work in Schenectady, Mr. Pritchard 
and his assistants were doing their utmost to get the equipment 
installed. The place chosen was the room formerly occupied 
by the cafeteria, in the Lamp Laboratories Building, Nela Park. 

The X-Ray Division contract called for the delivery of 
100 tubes per week within 90 days after the equipment was 
installed. Unexpected delays on machines furnished by 
Schenectady held up the completion of the equipment job 
considerably, and it was not until the second week in August 
that the Division had any tubes to exhaust. A new crop of 
troubles came up in connection with the exhaust work, which 
at first seemed unconquerable. Very little help could be 
obtained from Schenectady because the troubles of the Re- 
search Laboratory were about as great as those at Nela Park. 
Progress was slow at first, and it was only after many dis- 
appointments that it was possible to take satisfactory tubes 
off the pumps. A definite method of procedure was finally 
worked out, which enabled good tubes to be turned out 
with very little trouble. 

The X-Ray Division had produced several hundred 
tubes, and was rapidly getting in such a position that a great 
many more than the required one hundred tubes per week 
could have been delivered, when the armistice was signed. 
The Government, of course, cancelled practically all of its 
orders and the Division was forced to suspend operation as 
soon as the parts of tubes in process were cleaned up. 

Many improvements were successfully worked out and 
incorporated in the various processes of manufacture, there- 
fore permitting a much larger production rate to be attained. 
It may be interesting to mention a few of the things, at least, 
in which the Division was particularly successful, and in 
v/hich it was able to make striking improvements in the 



The National IN THE World War 251 

processes as originally demonstrated and used by Schenectady. 
The extent to which the bulb-blowing operations were modi- 
fied and improved may be realized when one considers that 
while 25 tubes were considered a good weekly production for 
a glass blower in Schenectady, the X-Ray Division at Nela 
Park so speeded up the difficult processes involved that one 
man was able to turn out 19 tubes in one day^ox over 100 
per week. At the signing of the armistice, sufficient machine 
operations had been introduced to bring the production of 
two men and a girl, working together, up to 60 tubes per day 
at least as far as the glass work was concerned. This would 
be a minimum weekly production of 330 tubes for three people. 
The maximum weekly production at the Schenectady labo- 
ratory for three people was 75 tubes. 

Girls were employed to do many operations in the machine 
shop which were done in Schenectady by men, and this, 
together with the working out of many short cuts in the 
preparation of the metal parts, saved considerable time over 
the laboratory methods used in Schenectady. The Division 
was also successful in teaching girls to do the work performed 
by the jewelers in Schenectady, and the amount of work 
turned out by the girls at Nela Park was about double that 
turned out by the highly specialized jewelers. Changes were 
also introduced in the exhausting procedure which shortened 
the exhaust schedule by approximately one and one-half hours. 

On account of the cancellation of the Government con- 
tracts immediately following the signing of the armistice, 
the National Lamp Works sustained a direct financial loss 
of many thousands of dollars. The suspension of active oper- 
ations, just at the point at which the Division was in good 
shape to go ahead, oflFered no chance of covering the great 
expense incurred in getting started. 

The Tribute of the G. E. Research Laboratory 

The work of both the Vacuum Tube and X-Ray Divisions 
necessarily involved their very close co-operation with the 
Research Laboratory at Schenectady. That both Divisions 
worked in harmony with the Research Labratory is shown 
by the following extracts from a letter written by Mr. Hawkins 
to Mr. Pritchard, under date of January 20, 19 19. 

"During the year, we have repeatedly called on your 
Vacuum Tube Division to complete the engineering devel- 



252 The National in the World War 

opment work and get quantity production started on pliotron 
tubes whose designs had been only partially worked out in 
the Laboratory. These jobs were not a very attractive 
proposition for a lamp factory, but in every case they were 
attacked by your Vacuum Tube Division with such skill and 
energy that you were not only able to produce the quantity 
of tubes we requested, but the quality was superior to that 
of the tubes we were able to produce in the Laboratory, and 
the work was done in shorter time than we thought possible. 

"You invariably fully utilized all the technical knowledge 
and experience we had to give, and by supplementing this 
with your own skill and experience, you gave us a product 
better than we had expected. We never have experienced more 
thorough and effective co-operation from any department 
of the Company than your Division has given us. Without 
that co-operation, we could not have accomplished what we 
have for the Navy, which today seems to look to us solely 
for the working out of any new problems in radio. 

"The X-Ray Division was started at our request that 
Cleveland should put itself in a position to supplement our 
production of Coolidge tubes of the radiator type, which 
had been standardized for Red Cross Work. We were afraid 
that our Schenectady factory would not be able to meet 
the Government requirements and that, even if it could, it 
would be unsafe to rely on a single factory for a device which 
was absolutely essential for all surgical work at the front. 
Like your Vacuum Tube Division, your X-Ray Division 
tackled a rather thankless job with energy, skill and hearty 
co-operation. The equipment and methods of manufacture 
for X-Ray tubes differed much more from those of the lamp 
factory than did the equipment and methods of manufacture 
of the pliotron, so that a longer time was required to start 
production. There was some fear on the part of those in 
Schenectady that the character of the X-Ray tube work 
was so new for you, that the amount of help you would need 
from us in starting would be so large as to handicap our 
Schenectady production. 

"This fear proved to be wholly unfounded. You sent 
your men on to study our methods and production, and then 
went ahead with very little help from us to get your production 
started. This was accomplished in what I believe to be a 
remarkably short time, and the quality of your product 






Special \'acuum Tubes Made by the Vacuum Tube Division 

Lett to right — The TB-i Regulator Tube which was used in 

Wireless Telephone Sets in the Air Service; the Grid Leak Tube; 

the Relay Tube which was designed for Wireless 

Control of Torpedoes. 




Coolidge X-Ray Tube as Made by the X-Ray Tube Division 
at Nela Park 




Henry Urqhuart 

of the original "Princess Pats." 

Later with the 

X-Ray Tube Division 



Urqhuart's Insignia 
The Cap Insignia at the right dates 
from the original 
formation of the Regiment 



S^^^^^H^^^S^ 


» 


~ "- ihiitlif'ii ii>JBWiijiI''Iiii'i ' ,^.#<|i' • ""'•*'* ' ',^^^1 


||^^HMBw|&|jsly»^ 


1S^^* 


'^M^i^HSi^H 


- . _ '^i- 1 A 


mML 


, x'^SSt*'^'..- 



Only a few of the original "Princess Patricias" escaped death in 

the War. This photo was taken before the 

Regiment left Canada 



The National in the World War 253 

was excellent. Although the signing of the armistice, and 
consequent cancellation of orders, have made it unnecessary 
to continue X-Ray tube production at Cleveland, nevertheless, 
if the war had continued, your X-Ray Division would have 
been practically essential to enable the General Electric 
Company to fulfill its obligations to the Government. 

"Outside of submarine detection, the two principal 
war activities of this Laboratory were Radio and X-Ray 
tube work. Our successful handling of the first of these would 
have been impossible, and of the second, doubtful, had it 
not been for the effective and hearty support received from 
your two Divisions." 

A "PRINCESS PAT" VETERAN AT NELA PARK 

Among the 1,050 troops, formed in Lansdowne Park, 
Ottawa, Canada, on August 23, 1914, who witnessed the 
presentation of the gold and royal purple colors of the "Princess 
Pat" Regiment to Colonel Farquhar by the Princess Patricia 
herself, there is one man whose experiences will be of par- 
ticular interest to those who read these pages. This survivor, 
later connected with the X-Ray Tube Division of the National 
Lamp Works, is Henry LTrqhuart, Number 872 of the original 
Princess Pat Regiment, 80th Brigade, 27th Division. 

Probably no regiment engaged on any of the active 
fronts during the entire World War won higher commendations 
from the Allied General Staff than did the Princess Patricia's 
Royal Canadian Regiment of Light Infantry. Certainly no 
regiment faced a greater ordeal than that which came to 
these men in the very beginning of their experience, an ordeal 
which would have tested the most tried of veterans. On 
April 23, 19 15, chlorine gas, an unknown and wicked weapon 
of warfare, was launched by the Germans in an attack which 
shattered the gallant forces on the Canadian left and poured 
an agony of suffocation and death upon the Canadians them- 
selves. The bravest and most experienced troops might well 
have been daunted by the terrific onslaught to which they 
were exposed. Attacked by overwhelming numbers, they 
held their position in the face of terrible casualties and checked 
the powerful German onrush toward Calais and Paris. 

Of the 1,050 men who, late in 19 14, went into action as 
the original Princess Pat Regiment, only a few were left 



254 The National in the World War 

alive at the close of the war. Among these men there was 
but one officer, Colonel Hamilton Gault, who came back 
with the regiment in March, 19 19, having suffered the loss 
of one leg. An idea of the heavy casualties suffered by the 
regiment may be obtained when one realizes that during 
the bloody years of 19 14, 19 15 and 19 16 alone, sixteen thou- 
sand replacements were added to keep up its strength. 

Urqhuart's Experiences Prior to Joining the "Pats" 

From 1897 to 1902 Urqhuart was in British South ^ 
Africa and was engaged in active service throughout the I 
Boer War. Here he became acquainted with Colonel Farquhar, I 
later Commanding Officer of the Princess Pats. During the 
Russo-Japanese War, he accompanied part of the Russian 
fleet down through the Red Sea and into hostile waters. 
In March, 1907, he was again in the Far East as a non-com- 
batant in the Chinese Rebellion, witnessing battles for six 
weeks for the possession of Shanghai Arsenal. 

Late in July, 1914, Urqhuart, then in the merchant 
marine service, was on the British ship Mantua, commanded 
by Captain Vipert, on a cruise through the fjords of Norway. 
He arrived at Balhomen ten days prior to the declaration 
of war, and had the unique experience of standing within 
thirty feet of Ex-Kaiser Wilhelm, who was at Belhomen 
at the same time. Unfortunately, the British at this time had 
no suspicion of the coming events, in which Wilhelm was to 
play such an important part, so that the latter went unmo- 
lested, much to Urqhuart's later regret. An exchange of 
compliments between the German and British crews was 
followed by a tour of inspection of the German Dreadnaught 
"Crown Prince Frederick" by the British officers and pass- 
engers. After various stops, the Mantua docked at Copenhagen, 
where great excitement was in evidence due to the general 
rumor of the declaration of war. From here, they went to 
Christiana and thence into the North Sea where, at 1 1 o'clock 
on the night of August 3rd, they were hailed by a vessel of 
the German fleet. Upon replying, the Germans said that 
war had been declared on Servia, Russia and France. The 
Mantua was allowed to proceed and went on through the 
North Sea to the Port of London. A trip to Bristol by rail 
was followed by Urqhuart's being sent on escort duty to 
Canada. 



•ii 

I 



The National in the World War 255 

The Princess Pats x'\re Formed and Go Overseas 

Upon Urqhuart's arrival in Canada, the Princess Pa- 
tricia Regiment was being formed. x*\idedby the influence of 
Captain Thompson of the ship Royal George, which later was 
to take the Princess Pats overseas, and that of Colonel Far- 
quhar, he obtained his release from the merchant marine. 
Backed by his experience in South Africa, he was imme- 
diately accepted as a volunteer in the famous regiment. 
October 14th found the Princess Pats in Plymouth Sound, 
England, and after a brief period of training in English camps 
the regiment moved to France with the 80th Brigade of the 
27th Division of the "Old Contemptibles," to take their 
place in a line desperately assailed and very thinly defended. 

During these early days, food was scarce and the men 
suffered terrible privations. Urqhuart "enjoyed" a Christmas 
dinner of two biscuits and a small tin of beef and, with four 
others, spent the night in a poultry house. His brigade sufi^ered 
most of all on account of the bitter cold, the feet of hundreds 
of men becoming swollen and bursting due to frostbite. 
Through January and February of 1915, the conditions were 
frightful. Heavy, continuous rains filled up the shallow ditches 
which were used as trenches and the troops were forced to 
stand in the icy water more than once for as long as 72 hours 
at a stretch. The British Government sent over thousands 
of tins of vaseline with which the men greased their shoes 
as a slight protection against the water. The more ingenious 
of the men punched holes in the end of some of the tins and 
drew a cord thru, so that, when lighted, the tins of vaseline 
acted as lamps, burning for hours. The small flame also 
helped keep the hands of the men warm enough to enable 
them to use their rifles and bayonets. 

Late in February, 1915, Urqhuart's battalion moved 
into position at Shelly Farm, near the village of St. Eloi, 
occupying the famous Trench 21, only 30 feet trom the German 
lines. The Germans had completed a sap which, added to 
their heavy bombardment of hand grenades, made the position 
of the Canadians extremely precarious. Consequently a 
party of 14 men, without any preparation or support from 
the artillery, attacked and demolished the enemy parapet 
for a considerable distance, killing every man in the German 
trench. About this time, Urqhuart had one of the narrowest 



256 The National in the World War 

escapes of his career. A particular friend, Paddy O'Connell 
by name, invited Urqhuart over to inspect the "palatial" 
little rest shelter which he had just completed. A little later, 
upon returning to his own shelter, just large enough for him 
to lie down in, Urqhuart found the shelter cut squarely in 
two by a shell fragment which had exploded at the spot 
where he had been lying. 

On March ist the Germans began a counter-attack. 
At 9 o'clock on the night of the attack Urqhuart received a 
bullet in his shoulder, and after hours of exposure under a 
terrific bombardment, he was removed from the trenches 
at 4:30 on the morning of the 2nd and transferred to the field 
dressing station at Voormezelle. So urgent was the need for 
men to replace the casualties that Urqhuart was back in 
action with his regiment on March 15th with his wound 
barely healed. 

The First Gas Attack — April 23, 1915 

On March 20th the battalion sustained a severe blow 
in the death of its leader, Colonel Farquhar, and retired to 
rest billets. On April 9th it took up the front line on the 
extreme point of Hill 60 in Polygon Wood, along the Ypres 
salient. The British lines at this point were in the form of 
a narrow-necked bottle, with the Princess Pats at the "cork" 
of the bottle. The main Canadian division was on the imme- 
diate left, supported by French Turcos and Zouaves on the 
farther left. The British were on the right. At 5 o'clock on 
the morning of April 23rd, the Germans launched their first 
attack of asphyxiating gas. The French gave way, the gap 
immediately being filled by the Canadians who, in the face 
of all but complete annihilation, held their lines in one of 
the most immortal stands of the war. Fortunately, the Prin- 
cess Pats were on the edge of the gas cloud and their casualties 
were not as heavy as those of the Canadians on their left. 
Urqhuart was gassed slightly, but was not out of action at 
any time. During the next ten days the Germans shelled the 
narrow neck of the "bottle," cutting off all supply trains 
going in to the Princess Pats. With practically nothing to 
eat and with no water except the scanty supply obtained 
from shell-holes, the suffering of the men was intense. 

On May 4th the regiment took up a new line, some 
distance in the rear. About three o'clock in the morning. 



The National in the World War 



257 



the Germans came over the hill in a strong attack and "dug 
in" at a distance of 700 yards. This attack was repulsed after 
the Germans had suffered severe losses but was followed by 
a heavy bombardment throughout the day. Ammunition 
was very scarce with the British at this time, each gun being 
allowed only one shell per day. The Germans had an abundance 
of shells and were sending over 50 to 100 to each one of the 
British. 

That night the regiment was relieved by the King's 
Shropshire Light Infantry, and Urqhuart went into reserve 
trenches for 48 hours. Just after dark on May 7th, the bat- 
talion went back into the line and, in turn, relieved the 2nd 
King's Shropshire Light Infantry, who had lost 380 dead 
and wounded. A heavy bombardment followed throughout 
the night and all the following day and, on the night of the 
7th, the roll call showed the strength of Urqhuart's battalion 
as 635. 

The Germans started a very heavy bombardment the 
morning of the 8th, and the long day that followed was the 
most critical and costly in the history of the battalion. Every 
available man, including the cooks, was placed in the trenches. 
The German shelling was terrific and extremely accurate. 
Machine guns were buried, only to be dug out and used again. 
Both the fire and support trenches were repeatedly blown to 
pieces. At 11:30 that night, LTrqhuart's battalion was relieved 
by the 3rd King's Rifle Corps, and marched back to reserve 
trenches. Out of the entire battalion there remained four 
officers and 140 men. Urqhuart had not received a scratch. 
Within a few minutes, however, following the news that their 
comrades were being hard pressed, the Princess Pats imme- 
diately volunteered and went back into the line. 

On May 13th, the Princess Patricias formed a composite 
battalion with the 4th King's Royal Rifles and relieved the 
hard-pressed 4th Rifle Brigade. At the beginning of June, 
the battalion took up a new line at Armentieres and remained 
there until the end of August, Early in June, the Germans put 
up a large sign on their parapet stating that the Lusitania 
had been sunk. The British replied with a similar sign an- 
nouncing the German loss of German East Africa. 

Urqhuart had an interesting experience just at this 
time. One morning he met a fellow Princess Pat who was 
entering the line with his hat full of strawberries. Upon 



258 The National in the World War 

inquiry, Urqhuart found the patch was but a few feet away 
on the top of the parapet, the trench having been cut directly 
through it. Crawling on his hands and knees, and in momentary 
danger of being shot, Urqhuart managed to reach the coveted 
patch, where by lying flat on his back, he ate his fill of the 
berries. For several days thereafter, he enjoyed the daily 
luxury of strawberries for breakfast. 

On July 15th Urqhuart received a fragment of a shell 
in the hip, and as a result was out of action again for several 
weeks. About the middle of September, 1915, the battalion 
moved with the 27th Division to a new line held by the 3rd 
Army in the South. Later, the 27th Division was withdrawn 
from this sector and the Princess Pats were detailed to assist 
in the training of the troops coming in as replacements for 
the 3rd Army, later joining the Canadian Division. 

Urqhuart Returns to the States 

In November, 1915, the Princess Pats played a prominent 
part in the desperate fighting around Freis on the Somme. 
Here, on November 15th, Urqhuart was severely gassed and, 
at the same time, was struck by a piece of shell which inflicted 
a deep gash just above his left eye. He rapidly recovered 
from the shock of his wound and was again back in the trenches 
on December 6th. On January 15, 1916, he was again wounded 
during action in Belgium, this time in the hand. The con- 
tinued exposure to which he had been subjected throughout 
the unfaltering and persistent campaigns of 1914 and 1915, 
combined with his continued but vain efibrts to overcome 
the insidious effects of the gas, finally resulted in Urqhuart 
being declared physically unfit for further service. In No- 
vember, 1917, he received his discharge, and was sent back 
to Ottawa, Canada, where he had enlisted. 

Months of convalescence followed. Then Urqhuart went 
on a speaking tour, helping out on patriotic drives. He toured 
through New York and New Jersey, assisting in the 3rd, 4th, 
and 5th Liberty Loans. His first experience was at Rome, 
New York, where a record was made in the War Chest drive 
there. On October 15th, 19 18, he arrived in Cleveland, where, 
through a former New York friend, he was introduced to 
Mr. P. J. Pritchard, manager of the Nela Lamp Division 
of the National Lamp Works. A talk with Mr. Pritchard 



The National in the World War 259 

resulted in Urqhuart's deciding to enter the X-Ray Tube 
Division, at Nela, for work on X-Ray tubes for hospital 
service for the army. 

Through the courtesy of the National Lamp Works, 
and at the request of Mr. Henry Rogers of the Edison Lamp 
Works, Urqhuart was released on November 9th, 19 18 for 
another two-weeks' speaking tour through New York and 
New Jersey on the United W^ar Work campaign, returning 
on November 24th. When the work on X-Ray tubes was 
ordered discontinued, following the signing of the armistice, 
Urqhuart was transferred to one of the regular departments 
of Nela Lamp Division. 

His was the satisfaction of knowing that he contributed 
to the downfall of militarism in at least three different ways: 
first, he fought through some of the most crucial battles of 
the entire war, receiving four wounds and being gassed twice, 
the later gassing so affecting his lungs that he could never 
completely regain his health; second, while with the National 
Lamp Works, he was doing what he could to save the lives 
of other heroes bv his work on X-Ray tubes; and third, he 
stimulated the raising of money for patriotic purposes by 
telling civilian audiences v/hat war really means to the soldier. 

THE WAR ACTIVITIES OF NELA RESEARCH 
LABORATORY 

On March 21, 19 17, two weeks prior to the declaration 
of war, the services of Nela Research Laboratory were offered 
to the United States Government in the terms of the following 
letter addressed to the Secretary of War. 

NELA RESEARCH LABORATORY 

OFFICE OF DIRECTOR March 21, 1917. 

Honorable Newton D. Baker, 
Secretary of War, 
Washington, D. C. 

My dear Mr. Baker: 

The international conflict into which, it would seem, the 
United States may soon be forced, if it is not already a participant 
in fact, is a war founded largely upon science and engineering. I am 
deeply in sympathy with the administrative procedure of our 
Government in convassing the scientific and engineering resources 



26c The National in the World War 

of this country in order that the available facilities may be duly 
organized. 

It therefore gives me pleasure, upon the authority of the 
Managers of the National Lamp Works of General Electric Com- 
pany, to extend to the United States Government the facilities of 
Nela Research Laboratory for whatever uses it may be fitted, if in 
the event of war or in the pursuance of an intensive program of pre- 
paredness the Government may deem it advisable to avail itself of 
the services which this Laboratory may be able to render. 

The Laboratory is particularly qualified to investigate 
problems in lighting, having a staff comprising several physicists, a 
physiologist, a psychologist and several men with engineering train- 
ing. Its equipment, though developed primarily for the investigation 
of problems in its special field of inquiry, is nevertheless sufficiently 
general to permit of much broader application. The facilities of the 
Laboratory include a well organized scientific and technical library 
and a well-equipped instrument shop. 

I would be glad to have you transmit this letter, or a copy of it, 
to such other Department or Departments of the Government as 
your judgment may determine. 

Very truly yours, 

(Signed) Edward P. Hyde. 

Mr. Baker expressed his appreciation of this offer and 
stated that the facilities of the Laboratory would be used as 
required. In July, 19 17, the National Research Council 
through Major Millikan requested the Laboratory to under- 
take an investigation of the relative merits of binocular and 
monocular field-glasses. The following letter indicates the 
importance of the problem in the war program: 

National Research Council 
acting as the 
Department of Science and Research 
OF the 
Council of National Defense 

July 30, 1917. 
Dr. E. P. Hyde, 
Nela Research Laboratory, 
Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Dear Dr. Hyde: 

I had sent to you yesterday from the Navy Department two 
binoculars, one of five-power and the other of ten-power, of the sort 
which they use in the Navy. I think Dr. Mendenhall also had some 
of the Army binoculars sent to you. This question of binoculars 
versus monoculars is one which I raised in the Munitions Board some 
weeks ago, and the General Staff of the Army asked to have the 
matter carefully investigated and reported upon. What they want 



The National in the World War 261 

is advice as to whether there really is any advantage in binoculars. 
The report comes that the Germans have discarded binoculars for 
monoculars. I do not know how correct that report is, but I know of 
no place in the country to which we can look for more well founded 
judament upon a subject which involves physics, psychology and 
physiologv than vour Laboratory. I shall be glad to present your 
findings to the Munitions Board, and I am sure the General Staff 
will be much interested in it. 

Very sincerely yours, 

(Signed) R. A. Millikan. 

The Investigation to Determine Whether Binocular 

Field-Glasses Might Be Displaced By 

Monoculars Without Appreciable 

Sacrifice of Efficiency 

In pursuance of the request from the National Research 
Council, this investigation was begun immediately- The 
greater part of the experimental work was carried out by 
Dr. P. W. Cobb and Dr. W. Weniger. The problem, the methods 
of investigation pursued, and the conclusions reached, are 
briefly outlined in the following paragraphs. It may be well 
to mention that, inasmuch as this work was of a purely re- 
search nature, the use of technical words cannot be entirely 
avoided. 

How the Field-Glass Monocular vision is the vision pertaining to the use 
Increases the Range of only one eye, while binocular vision pertains to the 
of the Eye use of both eyes. The effect of monocular vision may 

be easily seen. If two similar objects, one slightly 
farther away from the observer than the other, are seen with onlyone eye, it 
will be very hard, if not impossible, to distinguish which object is the closer. 
If, however, one looks at the same objects, using both eyes, no such difficulty 
will be experienced. 

Consequently, if the average person were asked to compare monocular 
with binocular vision, he would probably dismiss the whole matter with some 
such remark as this, "Of course binocular vision is better, because we can 
see the depth of things." But there were many other things to be considered 
such as cost, ability to distinguish detail, etc. This matter of seeing depth 
or relief is very vividly impressed upon the mind of anyone who has used an 
ordinary stereoscope. The stereoscope is nothing more nor less than an 
optical instrument having two eye-pieces which, when the instrument is 
used by an observer, serve to combine the images of two pictures taken from 
points of view a little distance apart into one magnified image, — thus giving 
the effect of depth. 

The reason why one can see stereoscopically is because each eye looks 
at any object from a slightly different position, thus making the images 
slightly different. A receding edge of the object, for example, subtends a 



262 The National in the World War 

slightly different angle at each eye, and it is the difference between these two 
angles which measures the amount of the so-called "binocular parallax" and 
determines the amount of depth or relief that is perceived. The cause of this 
"binocular parallax" may be realized if the reader will look out of a window, 
first with one eye and then with the other, and note the difference in the 
apparent relative positions of the trees, etc., on the window pane. It is 
evident that the difference between these two angles subtended at the eye 
will be much greater when a certain object is looked at from near at hand 
than when viewed from a distance. In other words, the stereoscopic effect 
diminishes rather rapidly with distance from the observer. When the differ- 
ence between the two angles becomes of the order of magnitude of 30 seconds 
of arc, /. c, jIo of a degree, most people can no longer perceive it, and stereo- 
scopic vision ceases. 

It is evident, then, that if objects are to be seen at any great distances, 
say several miles, with the same clearness and depth of vision as are objects 
close at hand, the binocular parallax must be increased so as to keep it 
above the minimum value of 30 seconds of arc at which the stereoscopic 
effect may be noticed. When the eyes are aided by field-glasses, the binocular 
parallax may be increased in two ways; by magnification and by increasing 
the effective distance between the eyes, that is, by placing the objective 
lenses farther apart than the eye-pieces, as is done in most types of prism 
binoculars. This increase in the distance between the objective lenses 
increases the difference between the angles which an object subtends at the 
eye; in other words the binocular parallax is increased, as was desired. 
Then, since it is possible to keep the parallax down to 30 seconds of arc and 
still gain the depth of vision desired, the distance from the eye to the object 
may be increased. For the Type EE 6-power prism binocular that has been 
adopted by the army, the distance between the objective lenses, generally 
known as the "interobjective" distance, is about i^ times as great as the 
distance between the eyes, /. e.^ the "interpupillary" distance. If an inter- 
pupillary distance of 2.56 inches (65 mm.) is assumed as applicable to the 
average observer, the use of such a prism binocular would give an inter- 
objective distance of i^ times 2.56 or 4. 48 inches, and a simple calculation 
shows that a point at a distance of 5100 yards, or 2.9 miles, from the observer 
can just be distinguished by him as nearer than the infinitely distant horizon. 
In other words, the range of the glass is at the point where stereoscopic vision 
ceases which, in this case, is at a distance of 2.9 miles from the observer. 

The Problems The Sub-Committee on Monocular and Binocular Field- 

Invohed in the Glasses was interested in determining how this matter 

Study of Parallax of parallax would affect vision. The objects that must be 
observed are, of course, of many different kinds, and the 
illumination of these objects varies widely, so that there will be under ob- 
servation objects differing in size, in brightness, in color, in their state of 
motion or of rest, etc. Apparatus was therefore designed to study the effect 
of parallax on the perception cf these different qualities, but it was also de- 
cided that experimental work must begin upon a still more simple problem, 
namely that of the comparison of monocular and binocular acuity upon a 
flat field, where the question of parallax does not enter at all. 

It is evident that in any problem of this kind a very large number of 
experiments must be performed in order to strike a proper average. In addi- 




In Center, Administration Building 
At right, Nela Research Laboratory 







^^^ 


m^ 








^s^ 



Fig. I — Test Object and Observ- 
er's Station at Mayfield Country 
Club, where early experimental work 
on Field-glasses took place 




Fig. 2 — Background and Test Ob- 
ject used in determining effect of 
Stereoscopic Vision on discrimi- 
nation of detail 




Fig. ./ — Machine Designed 
for making Ribbon Fil- 
ament for Signal Lamps 




Fig.j — Silvered-Bowl Lamp 

employing a Ribbon 

Filament 




Fig. 6 — Sectored Disk, rotated 
to give "dots" and 
"dashes" of light 




Fig. J — Trench Signalling 

Unit 

in operation 






^-iMl 




#% 



Fig. J — Observation Field at Camp Meade, Md., wliere Nela 
Research Laboratory ran tests to determine relative advantages of 
Binocular and Monocular Field-glasses. 



The National in the World War 263 

tion to such factors as attention, fatigue, different physical condition of the 
observers on different days, practice effect, and the Hke, which are present 
even under laboratory conditions, there are present out of doors many other 
disturbing factors. Among these may be mentioned a different amount of 
heat shimmer from hour to hour; a difference in the illumination of the test 
object due to position of sun and clouds; different sky brightnesses; clear, 
smoky, and hazy atmospheric conditions; rain and snow; different tempera- 
tures, from hot to such extreme cold as to stiffen the fingers; and variable 
winds, which may make it almost impossible to stand still long enough to 
make an observation or which, by blowing between the eye-piece and the 
eye, may cause the tears to flow. 

The Beginning The first experimental work was done on the grounds of 
of the Work on the Mayfield Country Club, to whose Directors the Labora- 
Field-Glasses tory was greatly indebted for the many conveniences placed 
at the disposal of the experimenters and the nVany courtesies 
accorded them. A "test object," shown in Fig. i, presenting the appearance 
of a white square with a black strip equal to one-third its area extending down 
its center, was mounted at a distance of 1040 yards from the observer. The 
test object was viewed against a black background, was variable in size and 
could be rotated so that the black strip was either vertical or horizontal. The 
size and position of the test object was varied according to a pre-arranged 
helter-skelter order, and the observer reported whether the strip was vertical, 
horizontal or too small to see. The time required to arrive at a decision was 
taken with a stop-watch. 

About 500 experiments were made on each of three observers to elimin- 
ate practice effect, and then 1200 more upon which the following statements 
are based. No decisive advantage was found in the use of the two eyes to- 
gether over the better eye alone; in one case the use of the two eyes gave re- 
sults about 4% poorer than the use of the better eye alone. Note the condi- 
tions of the experiments that lead to these results; flat field, no stereoscopic 
vision, maximal contrast (black and white), out-of-door conditions, and 
trained observers. The two eyes of each observer (one supplied with spec- 
tacles) differed from each other by an amount less than that detected by the 
usual optometric methods. Steadiness of holding, and muscular comfort or 
discomfort while using either the monocular or binocular were identical, as 
the monocular results were obtained by merely putting a ground-glass cap 
over one limb of the binocular. Both eyes were kept open all of the time so as 
to eliminate the muscular fatigue that results when one eye is closed, as well 
as to keep both pupils of the same diameter as nearly as possible. 

It is of interest to mention that the above results were in entire har- 
mony with the experience of a great number of users of field-glasses, including 
one noted astronomer and one manufacturer of binoculars. One colonel of 
Field Artillery, upon being told the above result, volunteered the information 
that whenever he got through "observing fire" with a pair of binoculars, he 
invariably found he had closed one of his eyes; that is, he involuntarily 
worked monocularly, at least in the final stages of an observation. 

It is well known that the eyes function differently in very low and in 
ordinary illuminations. The retina has two different types of light-sensitive 
organs, called respectively the "rods" and "cones." The rods exist in the 



264 The National in the World War 

peripheral retina, and are extremely sensitive to weak illumination. The cones 
are most numerous in the small area of the retina known as the "fovea," 
upon which the lens and other eye media form the image; they are sensitive 
to color, but not as sensitive to weak illumination as are the rods. The ab- 
sence of the rods in the fovea causes what everyone has noticed, namely that 
in twilight the outlines of an object appear indistinct, and seem to vanish 
the instant you try to look sharply. 

The Results Obtained As twilight is an important illumination for military 
Under Twilight operations, it was decided to repeat the acuity work 

Conditions of Operation under weak illumination. Twilight in nature is 
of rather short duration and of very rapidly chang- 
ing intensity, making the use of artificial twilight imperative in any ex- 
perimental investigation. Continuous out-of-door observation was impossible 
on account of the extremely severe winter that had set in at Cleveland by 
this time. Fortunately, one of the long pipe-tunnels at Nela Park was avail- 
able for this work, so that a sufficiently large distance (about 89 yards) could 
be obtained to enable the use of the same binocular without the excessive 
convergence of the eyes that of necessity exists at short distances. The same 
test object and the same method was used as before; however, one new ob- 
server had to be trained to replace one man who had been drafted. The arti- 
ficial twilight was produced by projecting the radiation from a MAZDx^ 
lamp filtered through a piece of "daylight glass" upon the test object so as 
to produce an illumination of only 0.0012 foot-candle. 

After the customary practice runs, each of three observers made 
about 1200 experiments that yielded the following conclusions: 

1. With binocular observation the "threshold of vision" is somewhat 
lower than with monocular observation using the better one of the two eyes; 

2. When the test object is of such size that the judgments are pre- 
ponderantly correct, the decision of the observer is arrived at in shorter time 
with the binocular; and 

3. With sizes of the test object such that both right and indeterminate 
judgments appear in large numbers, the tendency is to spend more time in 
binocular than in monocular observation. 

The illumination selected was such that rod vision was used. An object 
just resolvable in this twilight illumination was 15.6 times as large as one 
just resolvable in average daylight, or to put it another way, an object seen 
with a six-power glass in, this twilight was not less than 2.6 times as large as 
one seen with the unaided eye in daylight. Hence if objects of the same size 
are to be examined or located in both daylight and twilight, different optical 
aids are desirable in the two cases. 

The Tests The preceding preliminary work gave the preparation 

for Discrimination necessary to take up the simplest of the problems in- 
of Detail volving stereoscopic vision, and apparatus was built 

for determining the effect of the presence or absence of 
stereoscopic vision on the discrimination of detail. Two backgrounds (Fig. 2) 
were placed at a distance of 375 yards and 445 yards from the observer, 
the nearer one being removable. Both were painted with a herringbone 
pattern in white on a black ground, the stripes being easily resolvable through 



The National IN THE World War 265 

a six-power glass. The dimensions of the backgrounds and of the patterns 
were in direct proportion to their distances from the observer, so that the 
images of the patterns as received in the observer's eyes were identical. A 
test object consisting of two vertical strips of variable width, painted with 
the same proportion of white and black as the backgrounds, was placed one 
yard in front of the nearer background. The strip exposed, and its size, 
were changed in shuffled order, and the observer reported which one he saw 
or that he saw neither. The time taken by him to arrive at a decision was 
measured with a stop-watch. Observations were made with both eyes and 
with the better eye only, using both backgrounds; the farther one, of course, 
was the only one against which the strips showed binocular parallax. 

Unfortunately the necessary practice runs had not yet been completed 
when the work was stopped to carry out a field test under the supervision 
of army officers. The work was not resumed at the conclusion of the field 
tests because three of the four observers who had been training on this 
problem were no longer available, all having entered the army. The practice 
runs, however, showed clearly that there is no very large difi^erence in the 
detail that can be detected with or without the aid of binocular parallax, nor 
in that seen with the better eye or with two. 

Apparatus for the study of the effect of binocular parallax on the dis- 
crimination of brightness differences was planned but not constructed when 
one of the Committee members was commissioned in the Sanitary Corps. 

The Field The field tests were carried out at Camp Meade, Md., in 

Tests at March, 191 8, under the immediate supervision of the Board 

Camp Meade to Test Snipers' Materials. The tests were designed with the 
active assistance of all members of the Board, and of as 
many other officers having opinions on the subject as the Committee would 
get in touch with. The desire was to establish tests that would cover the 
important points met in actual service in such a manner that army men 
would regard the results with confidence. 

These tests differed from the preceding in many ways. 

First, the binoculars were Bausch & Lomb type EE, adopted by the 
army as standard. The monoculars were exactly like the right-hand limb of 
the binoculars. Conditions of stability of holding the two types therefore 
differed, even though explicit directions were given in each case as to the 
proper method of holding. 

Second, the observers (Fig. 3), about 50 in number, were all army 
officers, lieutenants and captains, but unfortunately the group was not ex- 
actly the same on all days. All had had some experience with binoculars, 
but practically none with monoculars. Very few were really trained observers, 
and as it was impracticable to extend the tests so as to train them, all re- 
sults obtained had to be included in the averages. In using the monoculars, 
either eye, and not necessarily the better one of the two, was used. The in- 
structions given as to the proper holding of the glasses were not strictly 
obeyed at the beginning of the tests, especially those instructions which 
pertained both to holding the glass in the left hand when using the right eye, 
or vice versa (in order that the wrist of one arm might be before the unused 
eye), and to keeping the unused eye open. It was sought to impress upon the 
observers that this was a test of a certain type of instrument and not in any 



266 The National in the World War 



manner a test of men; that is, that a poor percentage of correct answers would 
in no wise reflect upon them as individuals; but in spite of this, at the begin- 
ning, some communication existed. 

Third, the test objects were, for the most part, men in khaki. They 
thus presented varying amounts of color contrast, of brightness contrast, and 
of stereoscopic relief against their backgrounds. 

In the first test, eleven men were stationed in hiding at definite posi- 
tions ranging from 410 to 1850 yards from the observers. According to a 
prearranged schedule these men appeared from behind trees, rose from 
trenches, showed themselves in the windows of a house, etc., for 50 seconds, 
then raised an arm to the level of the shoulder or aimed a rifle, and went 
into hiding again. The observers had to watch the entire field, pick up the 
man who happened to be showing himself at that time, watch what he did, 
and record which arm he raised or in which direction he aimed his gun. 
This test was run on four different days, each man using both the monocular 
and binocular for the same number of experiments each day. A total number 
of 7174 experiments was considered for each type of glass. In order that all 
the results might be combined, a system of weights was devised for the differ- 
ent stations at which the men appeared, based upon the total records for all 
four days. 

The Relative Advantages The results show a consistent, though slight, 
of Both Binoculars superiority for the binocular. In the matter of 

and Monoculars "picking up" or locating a man, the binocular ran 

about 5% ahead of the monocular on the first 
day, but the difference decreased to about 3% on the fourth day, averaging 
3.8%. In the matter of distinguishing detail, that is, of telling whether an 
arm or a gun was raised, and in which direction, the difference was a little 
less than 8% and did not show improvement with practice. This result was 
not conclusive, however, because, as above mentioned, the better and poorer 
eyes were used indiscriminately with the monocular. The Mayfield Club ex- 
periments also showed that binocular acuity is somewhat greater than the 
mean of the acuities of the two eyes. 

The man at one of the stations arose from a trench and was exposed 
against a distant background, thus affording an abundance of stereoscopic 
relief. This man was seen 3.7% more frequently with the binoculars than was 
an average of all the other men, who afforded no stereoscopic relief, but he 
was also seen 3.7% more frequently with the monoculars. Whether the act 
of raising his arm or his rifle was to the right or the left, was detected with 
the binoculars 8.8% more frequently than for an average of all other sta- 
tions, and 7.9% more frequently with the monocular. For distinguishing 
between an arm and a rifle, the corresponding figures were 11.6% for the bin- 
ocular and 8.8% for the monocular, so that the indication was that stereo- 
scopic effect is a distinct advantage for binocular discrimination, but it must 
also be emphasized that this advantage may be due to other causes that have 
not yet been studied in isolation, such as the comparative discrimination of 
small brightness differences, the detection of motion and in general the part 
played by the peripheral retina. 

The same series of experiments was carried on for two days during the 
waning light of late afternoon. The data were meagre but showed the bin- 



The National in the World War 267 

oculars to be slightly better. The difference in favor of the binoculars is 
much smaller in this work than in the tunnel work, probably because the 
illumination out of doors was such as to allow a visibility about three times 
that in the tunnel. 

On each of two days, one hazy and dark, the other bright and clear, 
so-called counting tests were made. From 7 to 1 1 men appeared from each 
of three different hiding places at distances from 11 90 to 1800 yards, and 
remained in sight for 10 seconds. On both days, for the binocular, the number 
of correct counts was larger by more than 5% and the number of large errors 
smaller. 

Time Test On two different days the men who ordinarily acted as test 

on Both Types objects, became observers in certain timing tests. Two 
of Glasses parallel black strips mounted on a white board were ex- 

posed either vertically or horizontally, in shuffled order, at 
a distance sufficiently great so that they could not be resolved with the un- 
aided eyes. The glasses were focused, the binocular being put in its case and 
the monocular in a coat pocket with the flap buttoned. At a signal, the glass 
was removed, brought to the eye and the position of the strips announced. 
One stop-watch was started at the signal, another when the glass came to 
the eye, and both were stopped when the position was announced. From 1.5 
to 2.0 seconds more were consumed in the delay incidental to getting the 
binocular to the eyes from its carrying place than were similarly required 
to get the monocular into action but, once at the eyes, the binocular enabled 
the user to report in 0.32 to 0.44 seconds less time than the monocular. 

These field tests, carried out for a very limited time with not par- 
ticularly trained observers, showed for each condition that for these men 
vision was better with the binocular. The advantages found were not, in 
point of magnitude however, of sweeping moment. At the maximum the 
difference in discrimination of detail amounted to a little more than 12% 
of the number of experiments. If one of the results of the Mayfield Club tests 
is taken, i. e., that roughly 25% difference in frequency of correct answers 
corresponds to 9% difference in size, the size-difference corresponding to 12% 
frequency-difference is a trifle less than 4.5%. It is then a safe theoretical 
conclusion that an increase of 4.5% in magnification (6.27 instead of 6.00) 
would offset the relative disadvantage of the monocular in the most unfavor- 
able case of daylight illumination. Tests carried out with binoculars for a 
period of several years by a certain branch of the army showed conclusively 
that a magnification of 8 was best. A magnification of 6 was adopted as 
standard. This sacrifice was presumably made to reduce weight or expense 
or for some other similar reasons. 

Moreover, at the time of the completion of these tests there was a 
scarcity of optical glass in this country as well as a scarcity of skilled work- 
men. It takes approximately three times as long to make a binocular as a 
monocular, and of course the glass required is twice as much. The complete 
investigation indicated that for most classes of field work, the monocular field- 
glasses might replace the binocular field-glasses without any appreciable loss in 
efficiency, but with a very great economy in the time of mechanics and in materials 
used in the construction of field-glasses. 



268 The National in the World War 

The evaluation of this work by Lt. Col. Millikan is indicated in the 
following letter: 

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 

ACTING AS THE 

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND RESEARCH 

OF THE 

COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 

June 13, 1918. 
Dr. Edward P. Hyde, 
Nela Research Laboratory, 

Dear Dr. Hyde: 

This is to acknowledge the receipt of your very full report 
on Binoculars vs. Monoculars. I regard this as one of the most im- 
portant pieces of work which has been done at all in the aid of the 
war, and I think it likely that on the basis of this report monoculars 
will be put into production at once. I will let you know as soon as a 
decision is made. 



Sincerely yours, 

(Signed) R. A. MILLIKAN, 

Lt. Col. Signal Corps. 
For some reason, however, the General Staff disapproved the recom- 
mendations and binoculars continued to be furnished to army officers during 
the remaining months of the war. 

The Work on Light-Signalling Units 

Early in 19 18 the Laboratory was asked to develop an 
artificial-light unit for signalling in the daytime in places 
where the operator would be seen against a bright sky back- 
ground. Later an additional request came for a 6-volt , I- 
ampere lamp for use in a trench-signalling unit designed by 
Major Mendenhall and the Lynn Works of General Electric 
Company, to supplant the unsatisfactory unit then in service. 
Practically the entire time of Drs. Forsythe, Lorenz and 
Worthing was given for a period of ten or twelve months 
to working out these problems in light-signalling. 

During the war at least three methods of signalling 
employing incandescent lamps in parabolic reflectors were 
developed and used in the various armies. In one method the 
dots, dashes and spaces of the International Telegraphic 
Code were produced by operating a shutter in front of the 
signalling unit, much as did the Indian who waved his blanket 



The National in the World War 269 

before his signal fire. In a second method, the flashes were 
produced by slightly tilting the mirror back and forth, the 
effect on a distant observer being the same as though the 
beam had been actually interrupted. In the third method 
the signals resulted from the making and breaking of the 
electric current through the lamp. In warfare, portability 
of instrument and supplies are of prime importance; therefore, 
considerations of efficiency rule out the first two methods 
in case the third is at all applicable. 

The expensiveness of the electric energy supplied by 
dry cells as used in trench-signalling work (which increased 
the national debt at an average rate of I50.00 to f 100.00 
per kilowatt-hour, in contrast with ten cents or less, the 
price for electricitv as used in homes) made it very desirable 
to find some method of cutting down the consumption of 
energy per outfit. 

The Use of In a preliminary consideration of the problem it was 

A "Ribbon' decided that the most probable solution might be expected 

Filament from the use of a ribbon filament (rather than the wire 

filament of ordinary lamps) of tungsten in an argon at- 
mosphere. These specifications were based on the following principles which, 
when embodied in a lamp, should tend to make satisfactory and workable 
the third method of light-signalling which depends upon current interrup- 
tions in the lamp. Properties tending toward rapidity in flashing, {i. e., 
shortness of the time-intervals required by the filament in heating to its 
maximum brightness, and later in cooling down to darkness) are: first, the 
high positive temperature coefficient of tungsten which results in a greatly 
increased rate of supply of heat to the filament; and second, the ribbon form 
with its inherently small amount of material to be heated and cooled, for a 
given radiating surface. A third factor, one tending toward economy in 
usage of batteries, is the high efficiency of lamps with filaments in an 
argon atmosphere. 

The division of labor accompanying the development work naturally 
fell into three subdivisions: 

(i) The production of a ribbon filament; 

(2) The determination of the characteristics of the completed unit 
which make for efficiency; 

(3) The determination of the favorable conditions and the attain- 
able speeds of operation for the completed unit. 

In fulfilment of a small ante-war demand for ribbon filaments, wire 
filaments had been hot rolled. The product was either in the form of sheets 
or of such thickness as to be of little use for signal lamps. Attempts to obtain 
ribbon filaments of the desired dimensions by rolling resulted in poor quality 
for both ribbon and rollers. Under the stimulus of war-time needs, many 
ribbon-making possibilities were considered. The plan finally carried through 
consisted of a continuous hammering process, in which two hammers coming 



270 The National in the World War 

from opposite directions strike the wire simultaneously. How this was ac- 
complished may be understood with the aid of Figure 4. The rotation of the 
notched hardened-steel disk or cam alternately pushes apart and releases 
the two oppositely placed spring-adjusted hammers, likewise of hardened 
steel, which are pinioned firmly at their lower ends. A wire slowly passing 
through the hammering chamber at the top, between the hammer heads, is 
subjected to a rapid succession of taps. In making the ribbon for the signal 
lamp a speed of 800 taps per minute was found suitable. The hammering 
chamber was completely enclosed and filled with hydrogen so that the 
tungsten wire could be heated electrically, without deterioration, to tem- 
peratures which facilitated the ribbon-making process. This hammering pro- 
cess resulted in very satisfactory ribbon filaments for signal lamps (Figure 
5). In fact, excellent ribbon as thin as one or two thousandths of a millimeter 
was obtained. (A millimeter is about one twenty-fifth of an inch.) 

The Tests In searching for the best 6- volt, 2-ampere lamp for use in the 
of the Lamp trench-signalling unit, many types of lamps containing 
variously shaped filaments of tungsten wire or ribbon, im- 
mersed in atmospheres either of nitrogen, argon, or hydrogen, were con- 
sidered. Various tests were made, some from the viewpoint of speed of opera- 
tion, others from the viewpoint of economy in battery usage. Only one of 
each type will be considered. 

For the test relating to the speed of flashing, instantaneous candle- 
power measurements were made, in which the observer obtained glimpses 
only a hundredth of a second in duration. By suitably choosing various in- 
stants following the beginning of a flash for these measurements, the relative 
changes in brightness of a signal lamp could be followed. Performance 
curves were obtained for various lamps, showing how the brightness increased 
to the maximum steady value on heating up and decreased again on cooling 
down. The contrast here given is only between the two lamps from which the 
final choice for the trench-signalling unit was made; one, a ribbon filament in 
argon; the other, a wire filament in nitrogen, which was the gas considered 
necessary for sufficient speed in that case with a wire filament. It was found 
that the ribbon-filament lamp reached 95% of its maximum brightness 
in 0.07 second following the beginning of a flash and that it cooled down at 
the end of the flash to 5% of the maximum values in less than 0.03 second. 
The time required by the wire-filament lamp on heating was about 50% 
greater, although the cooling time was of the same order as that for the 
ribbon-filament lamp. Evidently the ribbon form was an aid to speed. 

The results of a test relating to economy in the usage of batteries were 
found of the greatest importance and applicable to all lamps. It showed how 
effectively the silvering of the tip end of the lamp, as in certain autohead- 
light and spot-light units, conserves for the beam much of the light other- 
wise radiated scatteringly through the front opening of the unit. This silver- 
ing redirects much of this light in such a way that it can be utilized. For both 
of the lamps mentioned there was an increase of roughly 40% in the average 
beam intensity. Considering that with the lamps unsilvered a 40% greater 
battery supply was necessary for the same beam intensities, that is, for the same 
degree of probability that signals would reach the person signalled, the plan of 
silvering saved greatly in cost and in transportation of material. 



The National in the World War 



How the In the third main subdivision of the work, relating to favor- 

International able conditions and attainable speeds in signalling, the first 
Code was Sent essential was a knowledge of the best distribution of light 
in the signal. Assuming the International Code, in which all 
spaces are equal, the problem became one of determining the allotment of 
time to dot, dash and space so that the entire signal might be perceived with 
certainty in the minimum of time. For this purpose, a special rotating sectored 
disk was devised. An opaque circular sheet of metal from which a large 
sector, about 120° in extent, had been cut away (Fig. 6) was mounted in 
front of a lamp and rotated. The lamp was alternately visible for one-third 
of a rotation, and invisible for two-thirds of a rotation. Further, a small 
opaque sector, from 40° to 50° in extent, was so mounted over the 120° 
opening in the main disk that the two open spaces were noticeably different. 
Rotation of the whole before the lamp resulted in the sending of two suc- 
cessive unequal flashes which could be identified as a dot and a dash. 

The combination disk was initially mounted with some arbitrary 
allotment of time to dot, dash and space, and then rotated in such a way as 
to give a haphazard order, dot-dash and dash-dot signals, first at one speed 
and then at another, while an observer read and recorded the signals re- 
ceived. From a comparison of the signals sent and the observers' records, 
the greatest speed of reception of signals for the given allotment was noted. 
Repetition with other allotments of time to dot, dash and space naturally 
led to the best arrangement for the perception of the signal. As a matter of 
fact, lest the observer, knowing the particular signal, should supplement his 
observation by his imagination, several signals were actually used and the 
accuracy determined through the agreement between the actual signals 
given and the reported observations. After the experiment was completed 
and the results obtained for one observer, a second observer was introduced 
and the combined results were taken in arriving at the conclusion. It was 
found that the total signal could be given in the least time if the dot, dash 
and space bore to each other the ratio 1:4:3. 

Tests with this arrangement of dot, dash and space, in which eight 
different signals were first presented in a haphazard order by means of a 
rotating sectored disk in front of a steady glowing lamp (Figure 7) and then 
by means of flashing on and off the ribbon-filament lamp, described above, 
showed very little difference, indicating that for the conditions of operation 
there was no need of changing the design of the lamp to make it operate 
faster. In other words, the determining factor in reading the signals seemed 
to be the eye rather than anything connected with the flashing lamp. Similar 
tests made using a lamp with a wire-filament of tungsten in nitrogen showed, 
in accordance with what has been said, slight differences in favor of the 
ribbon-filament in argon. 

The Light-Signalling Unit Is Adopted at Washington 

The success of these experiments carried on at the National 
Lamp Works is indicated by the following letter from Major 
Mendenhall, supplemented by the subsequent order, after 
the signing of the armistice, for fifteen hundred 6-volt, 2- 



272 The National in the World War 

ampere lamps containing a ribbon-filament with very open 
double-spiral winding immersed in argon for use in trench- 
signalling units. 

WAR DEPARTMENT 

BUREAU OF AIRCRAFT PRODUCTION 

WASHINGTON 

Science & Research Dept. 1023 — i6th St. N. W. 

November 18, 191 8. 
Dr. E. P. Hyde, 
Nela Research Laboratory, 
Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio. 

My dear Dr. Hyde: — 

The lamps which you referred to in your letter of November 
14th came today, and we are very glad to get them. While the pres- 
sure for signalling devices has certainly abated, we are going ahead 
to put the devices which are under development into somewhat final 
shape, pending receipt of any orders to the contrary. Therefore, we 
were very glad to get these lamps for trial in the trench unit. 

I am not quite clear from your letter as to whether the Nela 
Lamp Development Laboratory has stopped all of its efforts to de- 
velop a ribbon-filament lamp as a manufacturing proposition. I 
very much hope this is not so, because signalling lamps are certainly 
going to be used and I feel that the ribbon-filament is a distinct ad- 
vance. Unless the problem is a long way from being solved, I hope 
that work can continue on it. 

Yours faithfully, 
(Signed) C. E. MENDENHALL, 

Major, A. S., A. P. 

The Work on Camouflage 

Early in the war it became apparent to scientific men that 
the problems of visibility and of camouflage could be solved 
satisfactorily only by systematic investigation. This fact is 
worthy of note because of the popular idea that camouflage, 
especially, was an activity for the artist. 

These phases of modern warfare were not, in any sense, 
new arts but they became highly developed through the 
application of the scientific knowledge of the present time, 
just as other activities of warfare were similarly influenced. 

In the fall of 19 17 the services of the laboratory were 
requested in connection with the army program on camouflage. 
This work was referred to Mr. Luckiesh, who initially visited 
Washington periodically and assisted as much as possible 
the Camouflage Units which were being mobilized at the 




Fig. 8 — An Airplane viewed against the sky. In spite of the tact 
that the plane is painted white, it appears very dark when silhouetted 
against the bright clouds and sky. 




Fig. g — Looking down on the Airplane from above. In this 
case, the earth is so much darker than the Plane, that the latter is 
seen as a bright object. 




Fig. lO — Since an Airplane is a very small object when viewed 
at a few thousand feet, any pattern used to render it of low visibility 
should obviously cover a large portion of the wing surface. 



m;mm 




Fig. II — Use of the Scale shown here enabled a Plane to be 
"placed" at any desired altitude and in the proper proportion. 
This assisted greatlv in selecting the best pattern for camouflage. 



The National in the World War 273 

American University. Subsequently, in order to obtain in- 
formation and data that would be of value, he undertook 
the extended investigation of sky and earth brightnesses 
described in the following abstract. The work was conducted 
primarily for the Science and Research Division of the Bureau 
of Aircraft Production. 

The Visibility of Airplanes 

In order to make an object invisible, it is necessary to 
render it of the same appearance as the background. Hence 
it is necessary to obtain accurate data pertaining to the back- 
ground, for, without such data, the problems must be solved 
by trial — a tedious and unsatisfactory method. While, of 
course, it is not possible in all cases to realize the ideal of 
complete invisibility, objects may be rendered very difficult 
to distinguish. If the background is constantly changing, 
however, the problem becomes much more difficult. For 
example, if an airplane viewed from above is provided with 
a pattern of certain colors and hues, it might be fairly incon- 
spicuous when over a wooded area and yet be quite conspic- 
uous over ploughed or barren land. It is quite obvious, there- 
fore, that effective camouflage for craft operating under 
these conditions may be determined in the best manner, 
and shortest possible time by first obtaining data pertaining 
to the backgrounds. As a consequence of this reasoning and 
with a knowledge of the factors involved, a compact apparatus 
was devised which could be operated in aircraft and with 
the necessary measurements and observations for studying 
the conditions of camouflage could be made. 

The program of study of airplane camouflage included 
two general viewpoints, namely, above and below the airplane. 
It is not practicable to render a craft of low visibility from 
above and below simultaneously, because the solutions are 
more or less opposed to each other. When viewed from under- 
neath against a background of bright sky and clouds whose 
aspect changes from minute to minute, the aircraft is a dark 
object (Fig. 8). But when looking down on the airplane, 
the background is usually the much darker earth, whose 
aspect changes from season to season, and the airplane of 
natural finish is a bright object. (Fig. 9). 

Obviously, the character of camouflage which is required 
will depend upon the type of airplane, such as bomber, patrol. 



274 The National in the World War 

scout plane, etc.; upon the height at which the various aerial 
operations are carried out; anci upon various other charac- 
teristics of service. 

The Visibility of an Airplane Viewed from Above 

Measurements of the reflection-factors of earth areas were made on a 
great many days, involving many hours of flying under various kinds of 
weather conditions. The mean reflection-factors obtained for various earth- 
areas during the summer were as follows: 

Fields of growing crops 6.8 per cent. 

Woods 4.3 per cent. 

Barren land 13.0 per cent. 

Shallow inland waters (rivers, harbors) 7.4 per cent. 

Deep channel in Chesapeake Bay 4.9 per cent. 

Atlantic Ocean, 50 miles from coast 3.5 per cent. 

Dense cloud bank, as high as 78.0 per cent. 

The surprising feature of these values is that they are generally much 
smaller than would be expected. This result is explained on the basis that, as 
seen from above, there is much shadow intermingled with the highlights. 
Any object, to be of low visibility when viewed against the earth, must be 
painted with very dark shades. These values were found not to differ materi- 
ally in other seasons. The reflection-factor of fresh snow is about 80 per cent. 
That of barren land differs considerably with the character of the soil. Wet 
soil is much darker than adjacent dry soil. 

Color in this particular problem is of less importance than brightness, 
and it was found that simple measurements reinforced by experience ac- 
counted for this phase of the problem satisfactorily. 

The size of the pattern to be used in the camouflage aimed to render 
airplanes of low visibility as viewed from above is of more importance than 
the actual shape (Fig. 10). An airplane of 50-foot spread is a very small 
object when viewed at a few thousand feet; however, some slight pattern or 
mottling appears to be desirable. Pattern was studied photographically, 
series of photographs of the same terrain being made at altitudes from one 
thousand to twenty thousand feet. By knowing the dimensions of the optical 
system of the camera and those of an airplane, it was possible to calculate 
the size of the image of the object for various heights of the plane above the 
earth or, in other words, an airplane could be "placed" at any desired eleva- 
tion above the earth by superposing an image of the proper size upon a photo- 
graph. This feature, shown in the accompanying illustration (Fig. ii)enabled 
the best pattern to be selected to obtain low visibility. 

These data, with others of minor importance, made it possible to con- 
clude the best compromise which would render aircraft of low visibility as 
viewed from above. 

The Visibility of an Airplane Viewed from Below 

The sky is now the background. Measurements of its brightness were 
made at various altitudes up to 20,000 feet. The earth-haze commonly ex- 
tends to an elevation of about a mile, and above this point the sky decreases 
more slowly in brightness as the altitude increases than for the first mile. On 



The National in the World War 275 

extremely hazy days, the zenith sky was found to be only one-tenth as bright 
for an observer at 20,000 teet as it was when viewed from the earth's surface. 
The relation of sunlight to skylight was important, and was measured. At 
the earth's surface on clear days the sky contributes about 20 per cent of the 
total light. At an altitude of 20,000 feet this was found to be as low as 4 per 
cent. Cloudy days were also taken into consideration, and a number of dia- 
grams were made to show all the possibilities. 

An obvious ideal, from the viewpoint of low visibility, would be an 
airplane of complete transparency, so that the background could be viewed 
through the transparent medium, unaltered in color and brightness. After 
making an extensive investigation of these aspects and of many others, in- 
cluding the translucency of airplane cloth, it was decided that bleached cloth 
tinted slightly bluish, and maintained as translucent as possible by means of 
colorless "dope," was the best solution. 

Visibility of Airpl.a.nes at Night 

If the moon provides predominant illumination, the solution is the 
same as that for day-flying; however, it appears that the enemy searchlight 
is to be reckoned with chiefly. By painting craft a dull black or by painting 
only one pair of wings black, it became evident that the black craft was of 
lower visibility in the beam than the unblackened craft and that it was 
invisible in the outskirts when the other craft was plainly visible. 

Marine Problems 

The foregoing data were immediately applicable to sea-planes, to mines, 
and to submarines. The reflection-factors and colors of various kinds of water 
made it possible to progress rapidly with these problems. The hue of water 
varies from yellow-green or green for shallow water (where it partakes par- 
tially of the color of the bottom) to blue-green and greenish blue for deep, 
clear water. 

With the advent of submarine warfare, the importance of low visibility 
of vessels decreased, and the principle of confusability was adopted. Many 
data were available on optical illusions and, briefly, illusion was the under- 
lying principle of the grotesque patterns finally adopted. As a secondary 
feature, it was desirable to have the patterns merge at a distance into the 
desired blue-gray. The optical illusions of contrasty patterns in black and 
white aimed to confuse the enemy as to the course, speed and direction of his 
intended victim. Advisory assistance was given during the development of 
laboratory investigations of this phase of camouflage. 

The Navy also desired a pure blue glass for making enclosing glassware 
for the lighting circuits of vessels. The result was a blue light of low intensity, 
which would have a maximum illuminating value and minimum penetrating 
power as compared with other colors. This glass was produced, and the 
Ivanhoe-Regent Works supplied many thousand pieces. 

Terrestrial Camouflage 

The variety of problems was infinite, so in the strenuous days when 
camouflage units were being formed under the Chief of Engineers, it appeared 
best to teach the principles of light, color, lighting and vision to the members 



276 The National in the World War 

of these units. Much time was devoted to this activity. Experiments were 
suggested, performed and criticized and many details were worked out in 
the field and in the laboratory. For example, a paint was developed which 
matched the green of vegetation fairly well spectrally. This feature was 
emphasized because it was not sufficient that colors appear the same to the 
naked eye. By means of colored filters before the eye or camera, differences 
undetectable by the unaided eye were easily revealed. Many filters were 
made and supplied for such experimental work, with the aim that in this 
manner the enemy's camouflage might be detected. Furthermore, under 
some conditions a color-filter will increase visibility. 

In the early work with the camouflage units the avail- 
able data were rare, but after the completion of the extensive 
measurements involved in the investigation of the visibility 
of airplanes, a vast amount of data was available for various 
phases of camouflage. As a consequence, new work was begun 
upon the texture, brightness and color of netting for con- 
cealment purposes, and some of the st-andardized patterns 
for cannons, wagons, etc., were shown to be futile. The prob- 
lem of rendering observation balloons of low visibility was 
given attention among other phases. In other words, it was 
possible by this time to place all camouflage work upon a 
scientific basis of known facts. 

The work on the visibility of airplanes was done for the 
Bureau of Aircraft Production and was submitted to Lieut.- 
Col. Millikan, who comments as follows upon this and other 
work done for the National Research Council: 

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 

Acting as the 

Department of Science and Research 

of the 

COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 

March 26, 1919. 
Mr. M. Luckiesh, 
Nela Research Laboratory, 
Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Dear Mr. Luckiesh: 

Since my own term as Chairman of the Physical Science 
Division of the National Research Council is about to expire, let 
me express my very hearty appreciation of the exceedingly import- 
ant work which you did for the Council. From a scientific point of 
view we have no other memoir which is more complete or more care- 



The National IN THE World War 277 



fully prepared than the one which you wrote on the Visibility of Air- 
planes. 

Very cordially yours, 

(Signed) 

(Lieut.-Col.) R. A. MILLIKAN, 
Vice-Chairman 



NAVY DEPARTMENT 

OFFICE OF NAVAL OPERATIONS 

WASHINGTON 

Nov. 2, 191 8. 
M. Luckiesh, Esq. 
Council of National Defense, 
Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Dear Sir: 

We are in receipt of your letter of October 22, 1918, with at- 
tached digest of your report of the Visibility of Airplanes. This is 
of great interest to the Department and will enable us to proceed 
at once with further development in this direction. 

We wish to thank you for the data which you have already 
furnished this office, and hope that the results of your further studies 
on this subject will be received. 

Sincerely yours, 
(Signed) G. W. STEELE, 

Captain, U. S. N. 



WAR DEPARTMENT 

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS 

WASHINGTON 

Feb. 6, 1918. 
Mr. M. Luckiesh, 
Nela Research Laboratory, 
Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Dear Sir: 



I wish to express my great appreciation for the service that 
you have rendered the Camouflage Department in the past. 



Very respectfully, 

W. M. BLACK 
Major General, Chief of Engineers. 
^ I^By Randolph F. Beardsley, 
Capt.j^Engineer Reserve Corps. 



278 The National in the World War 

Other Contributions of the Research Laboratory 

Various other problems were investigated upon sugges- 
tions received from the National Research Council. Among 
these may be mentioned the design of a lamp to be used in 
photographing bomb trajectories, made by Dr. Worthing. 

Dr. Weniger undertook an investigation of the possible 
use of infra-red radiation for both signalling and photo- 
graphing, but this work had not led to any practical results 
when the war terminated. 

Mr. Luckiesh also worked on the standardization and 
measurement of colors of flares and rockets, the range of colored 
lights, color-filters for various purposes, mechanical devices 
for attaching color-filters to binoculars, lectures to engineers 
on lighting, obtaining aerial data for the photographic division, 
and various other activities. 

In addition to these specific investigations, all the members 
of the Laboratory staff were called upon from time to time 
to assist others in connection with war problems. It may 
be stated that practically the entire time of the Laboratory 
staflF was given over to the study of war problems from a 
few months after war was declared until after the armistice 
was signed. 

The members of the staff of the Nela Research Laboratory 
who entered the service are P. W. Cobb, H. M. Johnson, 
Lucien D.Coman, Geo. E. Hathaway and Ralph Curth. Further 
reference to their records may be found in Part I of this 
book. The men who were engaged in civilian war activities 
of a scientific nature are as follows: 

Edward P. Hyde, Member Advisory Committee, Engi- 
neering Division, National Research Council, representing 
Illuminating Engineering Society. 

P. W. Cobb, H. M. Johnson, W. Weniger, E. P. Hyde, 
Chairman, Committee on Binocular vs. Monocular Field- 
glasses (Sub-committee of Physics Committee, National 
Research Council). 

M. Luckiesh, Chairman of Committee on Camouflage 
(Sub-committee of Physics Committee, National Research 
Council).. 

W. E. Forsythe, Member of Committee on Pyrometry 
(Sub-committee of Engineering Division, National Research 
Council). 




The Nela Avenue Approach to Nela Park, showing the Gate Lodge 
and the Engineering Laboratory 



THE WAR WORK OF THE ENGINEERING 
DEPARTMENT 

Immediately upon the entrance of the United States into 
^l"^ "^/^^^.^P^ ^ere taken to assure the Government that all 
the facilities of the Engineering Department were at its 
disposal. As was to be expected, a great deal of work was 
done along strictly illuminating engineering lines, but work 
ot a larger and more varied scope, undertaken by individual 
members of the Department, was greatly facilitated by the 
co-operation of the existing department units which were 
particularly well equipped to render detailed assistance, 
m this class may be mentioned experimental work on ground 
telegraph systems, development of standardized vacuum 
tube tests, preparation of manuscripts on protective lighting 
and fuel conservation, and so forth. 

The Engineering Department during the war comprised 
trie following seven Sections: 

1. Executive Office; 

2. Commercial Engineering Section; 

3. Economics Section; 

4- Illuminating Engineering Section; 

5. Technical Publicity Section; 

6. Research Section; 

7. Testing Section. 

Some of the war problems were of such a nature that they 
could be handled best as Section activities, because they 
lay within the scope of the regular Section work. Others 
were placed under the supervision of a certain Section to 
gain the advantage of centralized control but were solved 
by the combined efforts of several Sections working in closest 
co-operation. Still other problems required the attention of 
mdividuals who supplemented their own special training 
and experience with that of their colleagues in the Department 

During the war, a large part of the work was carried on 
with the greatest secrecy. Only a general indication "of the 
work actually accomplished is permissible even at the time 
of this writing. 

The following is a list of the war service work of the 
various Sections, undertaken as regular Section activities 
m order to gain the advantage of co-operation and organization 



28o The National in the World War 

The Office of ihe Chief Engineer 

By reason of its function in the organization, the office 
of Mr. S. E. Doane, Chief Engineer, was the logical point 
of departure for supervisory control over the various activ- 
ities. In this connection an informal committee consisting 
of representatives of the Engineering Department, Lamp 
Development Laboratory, and Nela Research Laboratory, 
was organized in the spring of 19 18. The following general 
projects were taken under consideration: 

(i) Complying with requests from different branches of 
the Government for special lamps and lighting equipment; 

(2) Arranging conferences with men from the Lynn Works 
in connection with the searchlights and signal-lights 
which that Works was developing; 

(3) Arranging means for co-operation with the other principal 
lamp manufacturers; 

(4) Arranging for the early and successful termination of the 
various activities after the cessation of hostilities. 

This committee held a number of meetings, two of which 
were attended by Major Mendenhall of the Signal Corps, 
Science and Research Section, and one of which was attended 
by Lieut. Tate of the same Section. 

The Executive Office 

With a desire to serve to the fullest extent in the prose- 
cution of the war, Mr. W. M. Skiff, Manager of the Engineering 
Department, and his staff, in conjunction with the Office 
of the Chief Engineer, laid before the government departments 
the services of the personnel, organization and equipment 
of the Engineering Department and conferred with numerous 
officials as to what problems could most effectively be handled 
by the Engineering Department. In addition to tendering 
the services of the Department to the Government, this 
Section took up the following work 

(i) Assisting in the work on pliotron tubes, signal apparatus, 
searchlights, and ground telephone systems; 

(2) Switchboard layout and control apparatus for U. S. 
dental trucks. 

The design and construction of special machinery and 
the standardization of tests helped to make (quantity pro- 
duction of vacuum tubes possible. These tubes played a 




fS IN). 



Samples of 33-ampere and 80-ampere i2-volt Projector Lamp 

developed for use in Combined Landing-and- 

Searchlight Unit for Airplanes 





Shutter Arrangement ami Convex Mirror, used in the Landing-and- 
Searchlight Unit 




When used as a Landing Light on an Airplane, the Convex-Mirror 

A was lowered as shown and the beam directed to 

any spot on the Landing Field 




General View of Complete Set-up for the \'arious Tests on Landmg 
and Signalling Lights 



The National IN THE World War 281 

highly important part in the development of successful radio 
communication (see pages 229 to 246). 

Commercial Engineering Section 

The contributions of this Section to the war work of 
the Government were grouped under two headings; that 
taken up at the request of the War Department for the Army 
and that taken up at the request of the Navy Department 
for the Navy. 

At the request of Mr. P. F. Bauder, Manager of the 
Miniature Lamp Department of the National Lamp Works, 
a committee consisting of Messrs. J. T. Caldwell, C. M. 
Bunnell and W. McKay were appointed to handle all minia- 
ture lamp activities for the National Lamp Works, the Edison 
Lamp Works, and the H. W. McCandless Company respec- 
tively. Complete co-operation existed in all this work and, as 
a result of the joint committee, results were obtained most 
efficiently. 

Further co-operation was obtained from the Burgess 
Battery Company, Madison, W^isconsin; the National Carbon 
Company, Cleveland; and the American Eveready Works 
of the National Carbon Company, by the submitting of sample 
batteries free of charge for test purposes. Likewise, Mr. 
Nightingale of the Willard Storage Battery Company, Cleve- 
land, was of great assistance in supplying sample storage 
batteries for test purposes for all developmental work where 
storage batteries were used. Close co-operation was main- 
tained with Mr. C. A. B. Halvorson, Jr., of the Lynn Works 
of General Electric Co., on all work pertaining to searchlight 
lamps. 

Some of the developments and co-operative work which 
were carried on for the Government are as follows: 

/. Landing-Lights for Airplanes. 

(a) Development of landing-lights, searchlights, navigation, 
compass and instrument lights for four types of electrically equipped 
planes, for the Production Engineering Department, Bureau of 
Aircraft Production. 

(b) Compass lamp for non-electrically equipped plane, 
Production Engineering Department, Bureau of Aircraft Produc- 
tion. A i>^-volt, 0.35-ampere, G-^yi lamp was recommended. 

(c) Sample 8-inch and 12-inch metallic reflectors designed 
by the Section and manufactured by the Guide Motor Lamp Com- 



282 The National in the World War 

pany were developed but, due to various difficulties from the use 
of metallic reflectors, it was decided to concentrate on the use of 
the I i-inch diameter, Navy searchlight, parobolic-glass mirror for a 
combined landing and searchlight unit. This unit was developed 
for the Section by the Lynn Works of the G. E. Co., and tested out 
in July, 191 8. The preliminary tests proved satisfactory to the 
Bureau of Aircraft Production representatives. 

(d) Sample 12- volt, 12 ampere, G-25 Mazda C lamp devel- 
oped for G. E. (Lynn) 5-inch landing light. 

(e) Sample 33-ampere, 12-volt, G-30; 50-ampere, 12-volt, 
G-30; and 8o-ampere, 12-volt, G-40 Mazda C projector lamps devel- 
oped for the Production Engineering Department, Bureau of Air- 
craft Production, for ii-inch diameter combined landing and 

"searchlight unit; this unit was recommended for final test for 
airplane service. 

(f) A 1 5-ampere, G-25, C-5 and C-8, D. C. Bayonet Mazda C 
lamp to be operated from a 5-cell Willard Storage Battery of the 
SBR type was developed for use as a landing-light on Caproni 
Bombing Plane. 

(g) An inquiry was received for the development of a 12-volt 
airplane landing-light lamp to cover a circular spot 100 feet in diam- 
eter from a height of 500 feet, for the Aircraft Division of the Ford 
Motor Company. This development was held up to await final 
test on the combined landing and searchlight unit. 

(h) A 1 2-1 6- volt, I ^-ampere, 24-candlepower, G-i2,C-8,D.C. 
bayonet Mazda C lamp with a life of 100 hours, was developed for 
Lt. W. H. Smith of the Bureau of Steam Engineering for use in 
small searchlights and landing-lights on seaplanes. The five sample 
lamps submitted proved satisfactory from the standpoint of 
illumination and vibration test, but the searchlight unit was un- 
satisfactory for landing on water. 

2. Airplane Signal-Lights and Searchlights. 

(a) A 240 watt, 12-volt, G-30 Mazda C lamp developed for 
G. E. (Lynn) 7-inch diameter parabolic combined searchlight and 
signal unit. 

(b) Sample 2-ampere, 6-volt Mazda lamps developed for 
G. E. (Lynn) 6-inch diameter signal unit. 

(c) iK^-ampere, 4- volt, G-12 Mazda lamp developed for 
G. E. (Lynn) 31^-inch diameter portable signal unit. 

(d) Sample i -ampere and 2-candlepower, 12-volt, flattened 
double helical filament, D. C. bayonet Mazda C lamps were 
requested to be developed by Major C. E. Mendenhall in the Evans 
spiral mould bulb containing a segment of parabola and sphere 
in one bulb, in order to make each lamp an individual signal unit. 
This development was impractical, due to the contour of the bulb, 
and was not carried to completion. 

(e) The rate of sending and receiving light signals from 
incandescent lamps, as obtained from various corps officers and 



The National in the World War 283 

instructors, was forwarded to Major C. E. Mendenhall of the 
Research and Science Division. 

(f) Complete information on various types of lamps for sig- 
nal work was forwarded to Lts. A. E. Hults and Jacobus, and Major 

C. E. Mendenhall, at the request of S. P. Wilbur, Production De- 
partment, Bureau of Aircraft Production. 

(g) At the request of the Bureau of Steam Engineering 
Department, sample 100 watt, 32, 80, and 115-volt, G-\G}^, C-5 
filament Mazda C lamps with special base were developed to be 
used in the Aldis Daylight Signal units, and to be operated from 
regular ship circuits, thus eliminating the use of storage batteries. 
The above samples proved satisfactory and were approved. 

(h) At the request of the Bureau of Steam Engineering, 
proper 32, 80 and 1 1 5-volt Mazda lamps to replace the 2.5-volt, 0.30- 
ampere, F. E. 3^ Mazda flashlight lamp; and 6-volt, 2>i-amp.,C-8, 
G-12 Mazda lamp for the portable tube blinker were supplied. 
The lamps were operated in a 3^-inch diameter, ^-inch focus, 
parabolic reflector. 

(i) Proper lamps for four and eight No. 4 Reserve Dry cells 
for 14 and 24-centimeter French signal units for Major Evans 
and Major Mauborgne, Engineering Division, Signal Corps, Wash- 
ington, and the Delta Electric Co., Marion, Ind., were developed 
and approved. 

(j) A i2-volt, 2-ampere Mazda lamp for 6-inch aeroplane 
signal unit for Major Mendenhall and Lieutenant Tate, Research 
and Science Division, Bureau of Aircraft Production, Washington, 
and the Lynn Works of the G. E. Co. 

(k) Investigation of the beam candlepower necessary for 
daylight signalling for Major C. E. Mendenhall and Lieutenant 
Tate, Research and Science Division, Bureau of Aircraft Production, 
Washington, and Mr. S. P. Wilbur, Production Engineering Depart- 
ment, Bureau of Aircraft Production, Dayton, Ohio. 

(1) Standardization of the use of the regular 2.5-volt, 0.3- 
ampere, FE3>^ Mazda flashlight lamps for Navy portable blinker 
tubes for the Bureau of Steam Engineering; Commander Castle, 
T. L. Gatchel and Lieutenants Knight and Smith and the Delta 
Electric Co., Marion, Ind.; also the Wakefield Brass Co., Vermilion, 
Ohio. 

(m) Replacing the present blinker tube lamps with regular 
32, 80 and 125-volt Mazda lamps and thus standardizing on lamps 
of regular ship voltages for the Bureau of Steam Engineering. 

(n) Revision of "Aldis" daylight signal lamp, English 
specifications, for Bureau of Steam Engineering. 

(o) Sample 6-volt, 0.60-ampere, G-io clear, and G-io 
ruby, D. C. medium bayonet Mazda C lamps for use on 4 No. 6 re- 
serve cells; and i2-volt, 0.60-ampere, G-12 clear and G-12 ruby," 

D. C. medium bayonet Mazda C lamps for use on 8 No. 6 reserve 
cells. These lamps were used as signal lamps in the 14 and 24-cm. 
French projectors developed by the Delta Electric Company. 



The National in the World War 



200,000 lamps were supplied to the Delta Electric Company. 

(p) Information on Mazda C Projector lamps when used on 
Delco Country Home Lighting outfits, was supplied to Mr. W. H. 
Booker of the North Carolina State Board of Health for educational 
work in France. 

(q) A 3-ampere, lo-volt, G-\6y^ D. C. bayonet C-a filament 
Mazda C lamp, with a life of 10 hours on a battery of the 5-cell 
Exide AC-7 and Willard SY-89, was developed for the Bureau of 
Steam Engineering, Navy Department, to be used in the portable 
searchlight with an 8>^-inch diameter, i3/^-inch focus, parabolic 
refiector. This lamp proved satisfactory. 

J. Indicator Lights 

(a) Sample 6-volt, 0.15-ampere, G-^H Mazda lamps with 
two No. 1822 bases; and 6 and 12-voIt, 0.15-ampere, T-3 Maizda 
lamps with two No. 1822 short bases were developed for the Metal 
Specialties Company of Chicago for meter lamps on the De Hav- 
iland planes, manufactured by the Dayton-Wright Aeroplane 
Company. These lamps fitted into a sleeve with a graduated slot 
to permit whatever intensity of illumination was desired on the 
various instruments, depending upon the period of the day in 
which the lamps were operated. These lamps, while satisfactory, 
were not approved, due to the non-approval of the apparatus. 

(b) A i2-volt, o.i2-ampere, o.io-candlepower Mazda G-6 
clear, C-6 filament, D. C. bayonet Mazda lamp was developed 
and approved as the DH-I lamp; this lamp was used as the in- 
strument lamp on the De Haviland-4 plane. 

(c) A 12-16 volt, 0.42-ampere, 4-candlepower, G-8 clear, C-2 
filament, D. C. bayonet Mazda lamp was recommended and 
approved as the DH-N lamp; this lamp was used as the navi- 
gation- and tail-light for the De Haviland-4 plane. 

(d) A i2-volt, o.i2-ampere, o.io-candlepower, G-yA frosted 
miniature screw, C-2 Mazda lamp was developed as the DH-C 
lamp; this lamp was used as the compass lamp on the type B 
Sperry compass used on the De Haviland-4 plane. Various orders 
for the three items above were supplied to the Metal Specialties 
Company, Lynn Works of General Electric Company and to many 
other customers. 

(e) The 6-8 volt, i>^-ampere, lo-candlepower, G-12 clear, 
D. C. bayonet, S-4 filament Mazda lamp was developed and 
approved as the navigation lamp for the JN-6 H. B. plane. 

(f) A 2-ampere, G-12 D. C. bayonet, C-2 filament Mazda 
lamp to be operated from a 5-cell Willard Storage battery of the 
SBR type was developed for the Bureau of Aircraft Production 
for use on the Caproni bombing plane. 

(g) A i2-volt, i>^-candlepower, G-2,^A, C-2 filament, 
miniature screw base Mazda lamp was developed as a special 
airplane instrument lamp for Major C. E. Mendenhall of the 
Research and Science Division; the lamps were approved but 
could not be used, as the instruments in which they were to be 



The National in the World War 285 

mounted could not be obtained from the English Government. 

(h) A 1 2-1 6 volt, 0.26-ampere, 2-candlepower, G-6 S. C. 
bayonet Mazda lamp was developed for Major Mendenhall and 
the W. C. Rieker Company, Philadelphia, Pa., for use in the 
Airplane Inclinometer. 

(i) A 3>^-ampere, 14-volt, 60-candlepower, G-i6}4, C-6 
filament, D. C. bayonet Mazda C lamp was developed for the West- 
ern Electric Company, N. Y.; 230 sample lamps were shipped to 
Messrs. Ranney and Jewett of the Western Electric Company and 
proved satisfactory. 

(j) A 9-volt, 0.26-ampere, 2-candlepower, G-6 S. C. bay- 
onet Mazda lamp was recommended to the Production Engineering 
Department, Bureau of Aircraft Production, as a trouble-lamp 
on airplanes. This lamp was approved. 

(k) Mr. G. S. Merrill submitted sample no-volt, 2-candle- 
power, G-8 D. C. bayonet Carbon lamp to Capt. G. F. Gray of the 
Radio Section, Signal Corps, as an indicator lamp. 

(1) Requests came from the Indiana Lamp Company, Julius 
Andrae and Sons, and the Corcoran Victor Co., Cincinnati, for 
150-watt and 250-watt, 1 2- volt, G-30 bulb, D. C. medium bay- 
onet Mazda C lamps, for 7-inch diameter parabolic reflector 
searchlights and 72-watt, 12- volt, G-25 D. C. medium bayonet 
Mazda lamp in a 5-inch diameter parabolic reflector landing- 
light; and 3-candlepower, i2-volt, G bulb bayonet base, marker 
and tail lights for seaplane. Samples were submitted. 

(m) A i2-volt navigation lamp for use on a Navy seaplane 
was requested by the Bureau of Steam Engineering; the lamp 
submitted and which proved satisfactory was a 12- volt, 0.26- 
ampere, G-6, D. C. bayonet, 3-candlepower, Mazda automobile 
lamp. 

(n) At the request of the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Com- 
pany, Akron, Ohio, through Mr. R. H. Upson, Aero Engineer, a 
6.2-volt, 0.30-ampere, G-5>2 Mazda lamp operated from a No. 710 
Eveready Flashlight battery, was supplied as a dirigible pilot 
light; the weight of the complete outfit was not to exceed one 
pound, nor was the buoy to extend to a greater depth than 18 
inches in the water; the life of the lamp was to be from 15 to 20 
minutes. 

^. Trench Signal and Special Lights. 

(a) A 2-ampere, 6-volt, G-12 D. C. bayonet S-4 filament 
Mazda C lamp was developed for the trench signal unit for Major 
Mendenhall by the Lamp Development Laboratory and Dr. 
Worthing; lamps were supplied through the Lynn Works of the 
G. E. Co., for 300 units. 

(b) A 6-volt, 2-ampere Mazda lamp for 6-inch trench signal 
unit for Major Mendenhall and Lieutenant Tate, Research and 
Science Division, Bureau of Aircraft Production and the Lynn 
Works of the G. E. Co., was submitted and approved. 

(c) Trench sight, including lamp, for use on six different 
types of mounts for Captain D. S. Cole, Engineering Division, 



286 The National in the World War 

Mobile Gun Carriage Section, Ordnance Department, Washington. 

(d) A ^-ampere and a i -ampere, G-8 Mazda lamp for use 
on the Exide AC-7 and Willard 2-cell battery to meet Navy speci- 
fication of 10 hours' life on the battery, were developed for the 
Hawthorne Manufacturing Company and Grether Fire Equipment 
Company; four hundred lamps were shipped to the Grether Fire 
Equipment Company after samples had proven satisfactory. 
Samples were also sent to the Bureau of Steam Engineering. 

(e) Duplicate samples of the English lamps used in the 
Aldis Daylight Signal Unit were submitted to the Bureau of 
Steam Engineering together with samples of similar lamps with 
the modifications for test purposes that at 10 volts the lamps were 
to rate 50-candlepower at 0.70 w. p. c. and at 12 volts, loo-can- 
dlepower at 0.45 w. p. c, using a C-2 filament G-163/^ bulb spe- 
cial base. Both samples were approved by the Bureau of Steam 
Engineering, and were to be used with the Willard SY-67 or SOR-26 
type storage battery; an order for 36,000 lamps was placed after 
the test on the above sample. 

(f) The U. S. Naval Experimental Station at New London, 
Connecticut, requested the development of a 200-watt, 30-volt, 
T-14, C-5 or C-13 filament, Mazda C lamp and 600-watt, 30-volt, 
T-20, C-14 filament with a source size not exceeding one inch square, 
either in the shape of a circle or triangle in a horizontal plane. 

(g) A 4.0- volt, 0.50-ampere, G-5, S-3 filament special 
base Mazda lamp of 300 hours' life, was developed. 

5. Hand-Lantern, Tractor and Army Truck Lights. 

(a) 2-volt, 0.30-ampere, 0.50-ampere, and 0.80-ampere, 
G-5^ miniature screw Mazda lamps for hand-lanterns were 
recommended to the O. M. O. Storage Battery Company. One 
hundred samples of each lamp were submitted. 

(b) A 2.5-volt, 0.30-ampere, F. E. 334^ opal back flashlight 
lamp was recommended to the Ordnance Department through 
the Delta Electric Company for hand-lanterns; approximately 
100,000 lamps were originally supplied. 

(c) Request for the development of i-ampere, 2.5-volt, 
G-io D. C. bayonet Mazda hand-lantern lamps to be operated 
from 2 No. 6 dry cells in series, using dark blue glass bulbs to 
decrease the visibility of the lamp on board of ship. A regular 
i-ampere, 2>^-volt, G-io Mazda lamp, clear bulb, was recom- 
mended for the above service, using a special Ivanhoe-Regent 
blue cover glass for the cover plate in the hand-lantern. This was 
approved by Mr. T. L. Gatchell, Bureau of Steam Engineering, 
Navy Department. 

(d) The development of a 2.5-volt, i.o-ampere, G-io bulb, 
D. C. bayonet, S-2 half-twist filament, to be operated from 2 No. 
6 dry cells in series, and to give a life of ten hours on the battery, 
was developed for the Bureau of Steam Engineering, Navy De- 



The National IN THE World War 287 



partment for use in a 5^-\nch diameter, i-inch focus reflector 
for Navy hand-lanterns. This lamp was approved 

(e) A i.o-ampere, 4.0-volt, G-8 D. C. bayonet, S-2 filament 

and Willard SI -89 type battery was developed for the Navy hand 

mrtt^d" 'rth N"n°' '^^^" Engineering; samples we're sut 
mitted to the Navy Department, Grether Fire Equipment and 
Hawthorne Manufacturing Company, and were approved 

(t) 18-24-volt, 2i-candlepower, G-12 Mazda headlight 
Ir'on 'the F r^t' ^--d'^P--' G-8 Mazda lamps t 
use on he Fordson Tractor, were recommended to the Edison 

Ump' Wot: '"' ^° '^' ^^"^^^^ L^'^P D--- °^ ^he National 
WIl- ^^^ a7^u ^°"°^'ng lamp specifications were supplied to Capt 
Div sTn O mT '"' ,^^J°\Ed-rd Orton, ^^ansportatTon 
Division, Q M. Corps and to the Lynn Works of G. E. Com 
pany, for Mazda lamps to be used on army trucks: the projector 
lamp, 6-volt, 6-ampere, 6o-candlepower, C-8, G-18W SC h^v 
onet Mazda C lamp for searchlight; 2^-ampere, 6-8-volt f 
candlepower, G-12, Mazda C lamp for special searchlights;' in- 
strumen lamp 0.84-ampere, 3-4-volt, 2-candlepower, G-6 Mazda- 
special lamps 1.25-ampere, 6-8-volt, 6-candlepower, G-8 and 
MO-ampere 6-8-volt 1 2-candlepower, G-8. These lamps were used 
in the spechcat.ons for 40,000 i^-ton and 3-ton gas motor trucks 
equipped with lead-acid type storage batteries. 

6. Gun Sights for Ordnance Department. 
r.nM^^^ ^ i-^^5:VoIt, o i2-ampere, T-i>^ frosted, minimum 
candlepower, special miniature base, MaIzda lamp and bead 
sight was developed as an illuminated bead-sight for Major A G 
Newton and Capt. P. R. Forman of the Production EngineeHn.' 
Department Bureau of Aircraft Production, on the Lewis Machine 
Gun on airplanes. The bead-sight contained a fountain-pen type 
flashlight battery to operate the lamp, and likewise a switch for 
turning the lamp on and off. The use of the flashlight battery 
was to eliminate the necessity of wiring for a lamp on the machine 
gun; the bead-sight was used both with and without the rear sight 
on the gun by interchanging the shank on the unit. 250 samples 
were manufactured by Mr. J. T. Fagan, Manager of the Equipment 
Development Department, and submitted to Major Newton The 
lamps and apparatus proved satisfactory, but the battery would not 
stand up. Messrs Forsythe, Dows and Caldwell developed the 
original sample which was approved. 

_ (b) A lamp for the illuminated wind-vane sight on the 

l7ZT r'T^'l °^" '^' ''"^^ candlepower rating as the illum- 
inated bead-sight lamp, was being developed for Capt P R 
i^orman, Ordnance Department, Production Engineering De- 
partment, Bureau of Aircraft Production, but was cancelled by 
the signing of the armistice. ' ^ 

(c) A 3-volt, 0.30-ampere, 0.8 to i.o-candlepower, G-6 
D. C. bayonet Mazda lamp with a wire and bead mount was 



The National in the World War 



developed and approved for the Mobile Gun Carriage Section, 
Ordnance Dept., to be used in the night firing-boxes and Mobile 
Gun Carriage lamps for six types of guns. 1500 lamps were ordered 
for final test. At the time the armistice was signed an order for 
483,600 lamps was hinging on the above approval. Capt. W. M. 
Wiley of the Mobile Gun Carriage Section approved the use_ of 
the above lamps for both purposes, thus eHminating carrying 
two types of lamps in stock. 

(d) A iK-volt, 0.60-ampere, G-5>^ miniature screw Mazda 
flashlight lamp operated from a No. 6 reserve cell and using an 
optical system with a pattern of the gun sight on the lens, was 
developed as an illuminated trench sight, for Capt. D. S. Cole of 
the Ordnance Department. This was to be used on six types of guns. 

(e) Recommendations for etching the reticule of the unit 
sight were forwarded to Major Mendenhall, and he was referred 
to Capt. D. S. Cole for further information; the recommendations 
forwarded were originally obtained from the KoUmorgen Optical 
Company. 

(f) A 6 to 8-volt, 0.42-ampere, a-candlepower, G-6, S-3 fila- 
ment with one anchor, candelabra screw D. C. bayonet base 
Mazda lamp was recommended to the Carroll Electric Company, 
Wasiiington, as a gun-sight lamp on a 3-inch gun carriage and was 
operated from a 6-volt storage battery. 

(g) A 3-volt, 0.3-ampere lamp to be operated from two No, 
6 dry cells for the Mobile Gun Carriage mounts for the Ordnance 
Department; Captains Hill and W. M. Wiley, Washington, and the 
Stewart-Warner Co., was submitted and approved. 

Well over 500,000 lamps were supplied to the Army and 
Navy Department as a result of the above work. 
Illuminating Engineering Section 
The principal subjects on which aid was given to the 
Government by this Section are as follows: 

(/) Lighting Curtailment.— Assistmg in the preparation of a 
report for the Fuel Administration which formed the basis of their 
propaganda for the conservation of fuel through lighting economies. 
{2) Protective Lighting.— The Military Intelligence placed on 
this Section the responsibility of working out and disseminating 
methods and means for producing efficient flood-lighting. In this 
connection papers and discussions were given before meetings of 
engineers, safety men, and plant managers; articles were published 
in technical journals; specific recommendations were made for in- 
dividual jobs in government plants. 

Furthermore, members of the Section co-operated with pro- 
jector manufacturers in getting out a properly designed projector 
flood-lighting service, which was much more efficient than any pre- 
viously available. 

Ij) Steel Conservation. — A sub-committee drew up a report 
which was presented to the War Industries Board, on the conserva- 



The National IN THE World War 289 

tion of metal in reflectors for industrial and government use. It 
included a standard list of reflectors for specification by government 
departments, which was accepted. The report called particular at- 
tention to the undesirable efl^ect which a ban on reflector manufac- 
ture would have in increasing the necessary consumption of coal for 
electric lighting. 

(^) Camouflage.- — A problem referred to this Section by the 
Naval Consulting Board had to do with marine camouflage by illum- 
ination, — that is, rendering the upper parts of a vessel invisible even 
in silhouette against a clear sky by illuminating all surfaces to a 
brightness and color exactly equal to that of the sky behind it. 

Attempts to solve this problem revealed many unanticipated 
difficulties, and experiments extending over a period of more than 
a year were necessary at Cleveland and at the Submarine Base at 
New London, Conn. In the course of the work an instrument was 
developed which, when used on the deck of a vessel itself, was 
capable of indicating an equality of brightness between the parts of 
the vessel and the sky behind it, as it would be viewed by enemy ob- 
servers locate'd at all points on the horizon. 

In addition to that portion of the work rendered through 
the Illuminating Engineering Society Committee, assistance 
was given directly to the Engineer Corps in the lighting of 
buildings, to the Ordnance Corps in the illumination of 
proving grounds, and to Navy Yard officials in the lighting 
of shops. 

Recommendations Made By Sub-Committee 
ON Lighting for Night Flying 

An investigation of the lighting requirements for night 
flying was made through visits to typical U. S. aviation 
camps, interviews with xAmerican and French flying officers 
and civilian aviators, and by means of a study of the published 
matter on the subject. For meeting these requirements, 
suggestions were offered which in the judgment of the com- 
mittee primarily insured safety and convenience both for 
night ascent and landing. They were made also with regard 
for the cost of installation and operation and availability 
of material. The plan was made flexible in order to provide 
for individual machines, groups or squadrons. A diagram 
of a complete lighting system for a single unit of a typical 
camp is shown in the accompanying illustration, but it may 
be adapted to larger or smaller portions of a given aviation 
field. The suggestions were selected from a number of prac- 
ticable methods and were not submitted with the thought 



290 



The National in the World War 




E E 






The National IN THE World War 291 

that they were necessarily complete solutions. By actual 
trial installations and observations from the air, the details 
of the several proposals could be so modified as to secure the 
maximum effectiveness. 

The requirements for a lighting system for night flying 
are as follows: 

(/) Beacon or orientation lighting; 

{2) Identification markings for a given field; 

(j) Definition of field limits; 

(^) Ocular signalling system between field and plane; 

(5) Indication of wind direction; 

(<5) Accurate Indication of landing level; 

(7) General Illumination of a portion of the field; 

(8) Higher Illumination of taxi strip; 

(9) Emergency lighting. 

For beacon or orientation lighting, it was recommended 
that a device be provided embodying a total of ^^ small 
projectors, mounted on a 180° arc of 6-ft. radius. Each pro- 
jector consisted of a parabolic reflector, preferably of mirrored 
glass and about 6 inches in diameter, with a 12-volt, 24-candle- 
power Mazda C headlight lamp in G-12 bulb; the resulting 
spread of beam was not less than 5°. The device was mounted 
on a vertical shaft which was connected with a motor for 
rotation at desired speed. The 18 lamps on one quadrant 
were connected through a transformer to the regular iio-volt 
supply, the others being available for substitution. A 12- volt 
battery was provided for emergency connection. When the 
device was rotated with the lamps on one quadrant burning, 
a flash from some projector was received at every point in 
the upper hemisphere once for each revolution, except that 
within a cone of 5° from vertically above the device the 
indication was a steady beam. The energy required for the 
lamps was less than 250 watts. The beacon was mounted on 
a platform about 50 feet above the ground. Under ordinary 
atmospheric conditions the beacon was visible at a radius 
of at least 25 miles. 

As an auxiliary for use under unfavorable atmospheric 
conditions, a 24-inch high efficiency arc searchlight, mounted on 
the same tower, was employed, either turned upward or with 
a portion of the beam so directed by means of a mirror attach- 
ment. 

Identification of a field could be accomplished by char- 
acteristic flashing of a beacon adapted for that purpose. 



2QO The National in the World War ^^^ 

By utilizing both quadrants with light of the same or different 
colors, by means of multiples of this device, or by different 
speeds of rotation, a considerable range of characteristic 
flashes was made possible. The searchlight beams could like- 
wise be made characteristic through motion or occulting. 

Where camps are numerous, it was advisable to provide 
numbers or other characters as identifying marks on the field 
itself. Such luminous characters, covered by glass in frames 
flush with the ground and made 25 feet in length, would 
require from 2 to 2.5 kilowatts each and could be read at a 
distance of two or three miles. 

It was recommended that the field limits be defined 
by 32-candlepower series Mazda C lamps, equipped with 
lo-inch diffusing globes with 4-inch filters and mounted 
pendant on brackets approximately 330 feet apart. A mounting 
height of 15 feet was suggested, but this could be varied; a 
uniform height from the field was, however, desirable. The 
plans for the lighting of the camp originally included a loo-watt 
lamp in a diffusing globe mounted on a bracket 15 feet above 
the ground at either end of each hangar on the field 
side, these lamps completing the outlining of the field limits. 

Since it was necessary for the signalUng system to con- 
form to the general practice of the Service, it is not discussed 
here. However, the possibility of applying a device such as 
the beacon is immediately obvious. 

In order that aviators might know the direction of the 
wind, for landing purposes, it was recommended that a ten- 
foot weather vane carrying a row of red lamps with the arrow 
head also outlined in red, be mounted on one of the hangars, 
as indicated in the cut on page 290. 

If a larger and more easily observed method was desired, 
and an identifying marking was used out in the field, red 
lights flush with the ground could be provided at eight points 
of the compass and at a radius of several hundred feet from 
the central marker. Each of these red lights was connected 
through a relay and commutator segment to a weather vane, 
which automatically kept one or two of the red signalslighted 
and thus, with the white center mark, indicated the direction 
for landing. 

In order to enable the aviator to know when he was 
approaching and when he had reached a definite level above 
the landing field, it was recommended that two portable 



The National in the World War 



293 



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25-foot bars be mounted horizontally 15 feet above the ground, 
as indicated by Fig. 2. Each bar was equipped with twenty- 
five 5-watt, lo-volt red sign lamps shielded so that they were 
visible from only the one side. The truck carried a i2-volt, 
150-ampere-hour battery. The bars were placed parallel 
on the field and perpendicular to the direction of the wind 
so that landings could be made toward the bars. There was a 
separation of about 200 yards between bars so that the error 
in estimating the 15-foot level by the merging of the bars 
was reduced to a minimum. The height of the bars was made 
adjustable to permit proper alignment where the field was 
not level. A stepladder and a 15-foot pole were also provided 
so that they could be placed on the landing stage and the 
proper height of the bars determined by sighting over the pole. 
To facilitate landings when a number of planes were 
up, it was recommended that the entire portion of the field 
in which the planes or men move about be flood-lighted to a 
moderate intensity. Fig. 3 shows the elevated platforms 
which were placed about 50 feet above the ground on alternate 
hangars, four looo-watt projectors being mounted on each. 
The prevailing winds were lengthwise of the field in either 



294 



The National in the World War 



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locar/on or /='^o~yfcr0/?s 



direction. In order to minimize glare, the projectors on each 
platform were divided into two groups, directed at 45° to 
the edge of the field. Only that half of the projectors pointing 
most nearly in the direction for landing was to be used at 
one time. The projectors had a beam spread of about 15°, such, 
for example, as given by the G. E. L-12 projector with a looo- 
watt flood-lighting lamp. 

For the illumination of a more limited area anywhere 
on the field or the more intense lighting of the landing stage, 
one or more portable incandescent searchlights, such as the 
Edison Storage Battery Searchlight, were provided. The 
34-volt, 750-watt Mazda C headlight lamp was employed 
in a parabolic reflector and connected to a battery of not 
less than 300 ampere-hours for each lamp. Such equipment 
would be most useful mounted on a Ford car, as regularly 
available for fire departments. 

To facilitate work on the engines and planes, it was 
recommended that additional light be supplied to the taxi 
area by projectors placed in groups of two on brackets at 
either end of each hangar as shown in Fig. i. Each unit 
was equipped with a 400-watt Mazda C flood-lighting lamp 



The National in the World War 295 

and had a beam spread of 30° to 50°, such as is obtained with 
the G. E. L-3 projector. The units were directed downward 
at an angle of 30° from the horizontal and with the inner 
edge of the respective beams grazing the hangar walls in 
either direction. 

A 24-inch high-efficiency arc searchlight could be mounted 
on the beacon tower and an attendant be stationed there to 
direct the beam to any part of the field or surroundings in 
the event of an emergency. 

The use of a searchlight on the Ford car made it possible 
to have plenty of light available at any part of the field or 
camp in case of accident. Failure of the main electrical service 
would not make night landing unsafe. 

Technical Publicity Section 

Throughout the war, every effort was made to discourage 
the use of light for non-essential purposes and to assist, through 
the dissemination of sound and accurate advice, in the devel- 
opment of the more important fields of illumination, such as 
industrial lighting of productive intensity, and protective 
lighting. 

A typical example may be mentioned. When the United 
States entered the war, the Technical Publicity Section 
compiled, edited and published a 12-page bulletin on Pro- 
tective Lighting for Industrial Plants in four days. The 
bulletin was thorough, complete and authoritative in spite 
of the fact that it was put out in such haste, and it was the 
only publication of its kind available during the first year 
of the war. 

On the other hand, when calls came in for articles on 
such subjects as sign lighting, for example, not only were 
these articles not supplied, but letters were written to the 
people who requested this service, stating that the publication 
of such material was not thought to be compatible with the 
country's best interests. 

Research Section 

Following is an outline of the Government work accom- 
plished: 

(i) Made small comparison photometer for Ivanhoe-Regent 
Works, by use of which delivery was speeded up and the waste of 



296 The National in the World War 

time and material in making up globes that would ultimately be 
rejected was eliminated. 

(2) Obtained discharge curves on various types and brands 
of batteries, including Burgess Super 6, Colutnbia No. 6, Reserve 
No. 04 Aldis, several types of Willard Storage batteries and fountain 
pen type batteries for use with machine-gun bead-sight lamps. 

(3) Rebuilt, calibrated and repaired instruments for use in 
government work. Quite a number of instruments were loaned to 
the Chemical Warfare Service, U. S. Army. 

(4) Obtained transmission measurements on blue glass globes 
used by the Navy. 

(5) Conducted characteristic tests on pliotron and kenotron 
tubes. Special and freak tubes, which were discovered in the regular 
production, were tested in this Section. 

(6) Carried on experimental work in connection with the 
T. P. S. (ground telegraph) sets. Oscillograms showing performance, 
wave form, etc., of the various circuits were obtained. 

The data obtained through these tests served as a ground 
for the standardization of equipment, which in the war emer- 
gency was essential. 

Testing and Economics Sections 

The Testing Section co-operated with the Government on 
the following work: 

(i) Designed and installed complicated equipment for 
testing vacuum tubes. 

(2) Performed very special tests on many types of lamps 
for Lamp Development Laboratory and Commercial Engineering 
Section in connection with their war service developments. 

It was in this Section that newly developed equipment 
was given actual operating tests to determine whether or 
not it should be manufactured in quantities. Much time and 
money was saved by learning, before large-scale production 
had begun, that certain products would not stand up under 
working conditions. 

The Economics Section co-operated with the Commercial 
Engineering Section on signalling work and with the Testing 
Section on the compilation of data. 



WAR WORK OF CHEMICAL LABORATORY 

The work to which the Chemical Laboratory, in charge of 
Mr. J. G. Wild, was assigned was to investigate and report on 
the effect of various absorbents which might be employed for the 
purpose of removing carbon monoxide from the air. Carbon 
monoxide, though very poisonous, is not used as a toxic gas in 
chemical warfare on account of its low specific gravity. It is 
present, however, in high concentrations in the gases emitted 
from the funnels of ships to the extent that under certain con- 
ditions the men are unable to maintain their positions in the 
fighting tops. Trouble is also experienced with this gas in sub- 
marines. In this case, it occurs in the exhaust gases which at 
the time of submerging are often confined to the vessel. The 
gases from explosives, especially those which are irregular in their 
rate of combustion, contain large quantities of carbon monoxide. 

Owing to the chemical properties of this gas, its elimina- 
tion is most difficult. As was customary in dealing with under- 
takings of this nature, the Government distributed the work 
among several investigators. The principal contribution of 
the Chemical Laboratory to this subject was the discovery 
that when manganese dioxide was mixed with a catalyst, 
such as palladium, it would react with carbon monoxide. 
Prof. Arthur B. Lamb, who was in charge of this subject, 
stated that our work was of great assistance. 

WAR WORK OF STANDARDIZING DEPARTMENT 

The Standardizing Department took an active part in 
war work by designing special lamps and other devices for 
the use of the armies and navies of the United States and of 
the allies. Data for special gun-sight lamps, bomb tracing 
lamps, airplane compass and meter lamps, blinker signal lamps, 
hand lantern lamps, many types of searchlight and headlight 
lamps, pliotron and kenotron vacuum tubes, etc., were pre- 
pared and issued to the factories. The packing of lamps and 
of vacuum tubes was given special attention. Evacuated gas- 
sampling bulbs for use in the trenches, etc., were designed 
by this department with special reference to the rough treat- 
ment which these tubes must withstand. 

Several of the Standardizing Department engineers gave 
their services in an informal way to assist in research and 
development work described in preceding pages of this Part. 




PART III 

WAR RELIEF AND 
EDUCATIONAL WORK 



War Study Clubs; The Sock League; 
American Red Cross Centers within 
The National Lamp Works; The Nela 
Fund for French War Orphans, 
Widows and Soldier-Godsons 



WAR STUDY CLUBS 
And Other Educational Work 

How National Employees Were Informed and 

Educated as to the Reasons Why 

America Was at War 

How important the War Study work of the National 
Lamp Works promised to be, how important it actually was, 
will always be open to argument — like the unanswerable 
question, "Which one of the allies won the war?" 

It depends upon the point of view. 

This much can be said, however: propaganda and public 
opinion were as mighty in the conflict as munitions and men, 
and whoso aided straight thinking is to be judged on equality 
with those who taught straight shooting. 

This war was a conflict of two mighty principles. On 
the one side was an aggressive conviction that certain Ger- 
manic peoples possessed superior qualities and institutions 
which should be imposed by ruthless force upon the world. 
On the other side was a conviction, dormant at first, but 
later equally strong, that freedom is the most precious thing 
in the world; a blessing to be maintained at all costs. 

Many Germans honestly believed that their contemplated 
conquest of the world was for the world's good. At any rate, 
they inculcated this belief into every German infant, nurtured 
it through his childhood and youth, drilled him in the methods 
and skilled him in the tools of war when he reached young 
manhood, and so builded a nation of competent, war-crazed 
fanatics against the day of dreadful opportunity. 

The rest of the civilized world, and especially America, 
accepted its privileges of freedom as a matter of course. We 
rather looked down upon our professional soldiery. Our 
ideals and aspirations were best expressed in terms of business. 
When we saw Cuba maltreated by Spain, we waded in, cor- 
rected the wrong and got out, about as some good-natured 
policeman would separate a pair of fighting schoolboys, 
treating the incident lightly as a part of the day's work. 
The idea that we were especially favored of God, or had any 
particular mission other than to jog along peaceably, raising 



302 The National in the World War 

crops and children, and running businesses and flivvers, did 
not at any time occur to us. 

Then the storm broke, and our readers saw the truth. 
On the one side they saw ranged rabid, skilled and brutal 
fanaticism: on the other, amiable indifference. The first 
problem, and one of the biggest, was to arouse the free peoples 
to their danger, to stir them to fervid action, before the well- 
organized war machine of German kultur could enslave them. 

Do you question the need, the value, the paramount 
importance of this rousing and stirring? 



It was to give impetus to this vital work that the Pub- 
licity Department at Nela was called upon. 

In the first sweep of patriotism, the National organization 
did its part thoroughly and well. Our Service Flag is one of 
which we may well be proud. Our subscription to Liberty 
Loans, to welfare work, our self-denial and conservation and 
war-gardening — these speak openly and truly of an organi- 
zation in which Americanism is solidly ingrained. 

But as the real test approached, as conscription and 
casualty lists and suffering bit deeper and deeper, it was seen 
that at the bottom of the organization— at the bottom of the 
whole nation — was a sediment of indifference, of misunder- 
standing, even of selfishness, which must be stirred. 

The public press was doing what it could, but many 
of our people were not great readers of the editorials in news- 
papers and magazines. It would take a great deal of such 
reading to find a clear and simple, yet complete explanation 
of just why America was in the war. 

What was needed, our executives saw clearly, was a form 
of clean, honest, truthful propaganda through which the 
organization would be taught to think straight and to act 
with conviction. What was needed was a mental and spiritual 
awakening to the grim truth — not a hysterical spasm of blind 
fanaticism. Germany had her mad zealots. We wanted cool 
thinkers. 

The first step, then, was the distribution to the Society 
of Nela, of which the National managers are members, of 
the book "Headquarters Nights," by Vernon Kellogg, a 
college professor of pacifist leanings who became a confirmed 
advocate of this war through his association with German 



The National in the World War 303 

commanders while serving on Hoover's relief commission 
in Belgium and northern France. Of this book Theodore 
Roosevelt said, "It is a convincing . . . exposition of 
the shocking, the unspeakably dreadful moral and intellectual 
perversion of character which makes Germany a menace 
to the whole civilized world." 

The purpose of this distribution was to insure that the 
leading men in the National organization should understand 
why "this war, once begun, must be fought to a finish," as 
Vernon Kellogg, the converted pacifist, declared. Let us 
quote the letter that accompanied the book: 

To The Members of the Society of Nela: 

We doubt if anyone who fully realizes the fact that we are 
living in the time of the greatest struggle that the world has ever 
seen will be willing to be in ignorance of just what is at stake. One 
who is without this knowledge is not in position to determine cor- 
rectly what should be his part. 

Nor is it enough that one learn the facts for himself. He should 
do what he can to influence others to know. 

We have found this little book unusually illuminating and so 
we are sending it to the members of the Society of Nela. 

Terry and Tremaine. 
January i, 1918. 

The next step in the pro-freedom program was the pub- 
lishing of a series of four special booklets, as follows: — 

I. What is Wrong with Germany. 

II. How Germany Brought About the W^orld War. 

III. Democracy versus Pan-Germanism. 

IV. What America is Doing to Win the War. 

These text-books were designed as the motif for study 
clubs which were scheduled to be organized in every factory — 
clubs of not more than 20 people each, under 
group leaders competent to direct the thought 
of the employees into positive American chan- 
nels, to refute the sophistry of pro-German 
propaganda, and to overcome indifference. 
The statement in the group leaders' instruc- 
tions that "winning the war is infinitely more important than 
making lamps " became almost a slogan in the organization. 
Among the illustrations accompanying this chapter, will 
be noticed a picture of one of the booklets just mentioned; also 




304 



The National in the World War 



A I WHAT IS WRONG ll A 
J^ WITH GERMANY J^ 



BOOK. 1 



AY^YJkTJk 



a reproduction of the button worn by members of the War 
Work Clubs and a photograph of one of these factory chibs 
studying the booklets. 
This particular group 
was at the Cleveland 
Miniature Lamp Divi- 
sion, East 45th Street, 
Cleveland. 

Arrangements were 
made for having the 
famous film, "Wake 
Up, America," exhib- 
ited at each factory, 
with a speaker from the 
National Cash Register 
Company to make an 
accompanying address. 

It was while this film 
was on the National 
factory "circuit" that 
the armistice was 
signed. The balance of 
the educational pro- 
gram was therefore 
halted. As a matter of 
record, and to show 
the thoroughness with which the work was planned, this 

program is appended. 

* * * * 

The war educational work of the National Lamp Works 
may be compared with that of munitions manufacturers 
whose shells and materials were largely in process when the 
war ended, or of the hundreds of thousands of troops turned 
back after a mere taste of the Great Adventure, by the col- 
lapse of the German war machine. 

The work started when the need for it became evident: 
had the war lasted six months more, this work would have 
been of grave importance; had it lasted another year, the 
work would have been vital. 

And the fact that this work had hardly more than got 
under way when Its war value ceased, cannot be charged to 
dalliance. Located at the center of the National Lamp organ- 



AYJL.YWYA 

XYAYWYA 



Cover Design of First Educational Booklet 



The National in the World War 305 

ization, the Cleveland General Office was in a better position 
than most folk to judge both the time and method of 
applying the melting-pot method to the organization's col- 
lective thought. The work was timed accurately to our needs, 
and was in force and effective at the time when as a nation we 
touched the apex of our contribution to the cause of freedom. 

Worth while? — we go further and contend that this 
work is even yet worth while. The bestial philosophy known 
as Neo-Darwinism is still rampant in parts of Germany. It 
was this mad theory of "might makes right" that the Pub- 
licity Department was called upon to fight, and did fight. 
We were not concerned with keeping at heat the enthusiasm 
and eagerness of those in whom loyalty and patriotism are 
instinct. Our job was to help keep the thought of the organi- 
zation in something like a straight line of Americanism, to 
balance intelligent conviction against rabid fanaticism. 

What we did towards winning the war wasn't much? 
when the aggregate efforts of the entire country are con- 
sidered. (We are perhaps the only outfit on record not claiming 
to have won it practically single-handed!) But what we did 
do, and can do, to win and hold the organization to American 
ideals is — considerable. 

Outline of War Club Activities for National Factories 

(i) Film, "Wake Up America." To be accompanied by a speaker 
from National Cash Register Co. It is suggested that factory managers 
engage a moving-picture house for the presentation of this film, which re- 
quires two hours to run off. 

Immediately following the picture should be scheduled a brief talk 
outlining complete activities of the War Clubs. This talk should be made by 
factory manager or someone whom he shall choose and instruct. An important 
feature should be to impress on employees that the winning of the war is in- 
finitely more important than making lamps. 

(2) Within the next few days the factory manager should call to- 
gether foremen and forewomen and designate them as group leaders, each 
to be responsible for the organization of a group of not less than ten nor 
more than twenty factory employees, to assure the reading of our booklets 
and attendance of employees at lectures and moving-picture exhibitions. 
It is suggested that the manager assign to each foreman or forelady the 
employees who shall constitute his or her group. 

In some cases managers may wish to choose group leaders from volun- 
teer welfare organizations already formed among our employees, or may wish 
to call employees together and ask for volunteers to act as group leaders. 

(3) As soon as organization is complete, our first booklet, "What Is 
Wrong With Germany," and the Club buttons, should be distributed. 



3o6 The National in the World War 

(4) During the third week may be scheduled the lecture, "Conquest 
and Kultur" (based on a booklet of the same name, issued by the Bureau 
of Public Information). 

The speaker for the occasion may be obtained without expense through 
the local Patriotic Speakers' Bureau. These Bureaus are located in all of 
the larger cities. The Publicity Department will make arrangements for the 
speakers, if desired. 

The lecture may be given at noon in the factory cafeteria. 

(5) Following the lecture, our second booklet, "How Germany 
Brought About The World War," should be distributed. 

During this week group leaders should examine each member of their 
clubs on the twelve questions contained in the back of the book, "What Is 
Wrong With Germany." 

Each club member should be graded on this examination. 

(6) During the fifth week the moving picture, "The Man Without 
A Country, "may be shown at some local motion-picture theatre. The picture 
may be obtained by the local moving-picture exhibitor. If there is a sufficient 
number of National Lamp employees to fill the theatre, it is suggested that 
the theatre be chartered for one evening. Otherwise the theatre may be 
open to the public, reservations having been made for National employees. 

(7) During the sixth week may be scheduled for the noon hour a 
lecture ,"How The War Came to America." This lecture is based on a book 
of same title issued by the Committee on Public Information, and the speaker 
may be procured in the same manner as for the lecture discussed in Item 4. 

(8) During the sixth week may be scheduled the motion picture, 
"The Little American." The arrangements for this film may be similar to 
those for the previous film as explained in Item 6 of this outline. 

(9) At this time the third book of our war series, "Democracy 
versus Pan-Germanism," should be distributed and an examination on 
our second book,"How Germany Brought About the World War," should be 
conducted by group leaders, using the slips which will be provided to keep 
a record of grades made by each club member. 

(10) During the seventh week a noon-hour lecture, "The Nation in 
Arms" may be scheduled. This lecture is made up from a booklet published 
by the Bureau of Public Information. Arrangements may be made as out- 
lined in Item No. 4. 

(11) Sometime during the eighth week arrange for showing the film 
"The Unbeliever," to be shown under the same conditions as outlined for 
the previous films in this series. 

(12) Distribute our fourth war book, "What America is Doing to 
Win the War," and have group leaders conduct an examination on the pre- 
viously distributed book "Democracy versus Pan-Germanism." 

(13) Two weeks later have group leaders conduct an examination on 
fourth book, "What America is Doing to Win the War." 

(14) The reports of four examinations, one on each of these four 
books, should be turned in by group leaders. These reports will show that 
each employee stood excellent, good, fair or poor on each examination. 

To each employee whose total standing is excellent should be awarded 
a diploma with honors. To all who obtain an average of "fair" or "good" 
should be awarded a diploma. 




One ot the Many War-Study Classes Formed within the National 

Lamp Works 




Mr. F. S. Terry (on his 1919 journey in France). With Mr. Terry are shown 

two of the French children to whom the War was such a grim reality, and whose 

misfortunes he and his friends did so much to alleviate. Mr. Terry and Mr. B. G. 

Tremaine, as managers of the National Lamp Works, were the prime 

movers behind the many war activities undertaken by the National 



1" 




"Socks for Soldiers." — Inset shows Mr. B. G. Tremaine, under whose 
direction thousands of pairs of socks were knit. Mr. Tremaine and Mr. F. S. 
Terry, as managers of the National Lamp Works, were the prime movers 
behind the many war activities undertaken by the National. 

Large photo shows Mrs. J. Cochrane, Pitney St., Cleveland, and one 
of her Sock-Knitting Classes. 




Nela Park Red Cross Workers 



THE SOCK LEAGUE 

Not by any means the least among the hardships of 
army life was the long-drawn-out exposure to cold and damp- 
ness, which caused great suffering during the winter campaigns. 
It was in order to alleviate this suffering that the knitting 
of helmets, sweaters, socks and other garments became wide- 
spread in the United States, even before we entered the war. 
In the following pages will be told the story of the Sock 
League formed and financed by Mr. B. G. Tremaine, of the 
National Lamp Works management. 

As early as October, 19 16, Mrs. Isabella Caswell, a 
member of the Imperial Order, Daughters of the British 
Empire, called to see Mr. Tremaine regarding a movement to 
obtain woolen socks for the British soldiers. Plans were 
begun, appeals sent out, materials purchased, and in January, 
19 17, the first lot of socks was on its way to the soldiers. 
Following is an excerpt from Mr. Tremaine's letter presenting 
the need: 

"There is an urgent appeal from suffering 
Europe for comforts in the form of socks, etc., for 
those brave men who are giving their lives in this long 
and disastrous war. 

"I feel sure that there are many who are willing 
and anxious to take part in alleviating their misery, 
and who would become active if they knew what to do. 
Therefore, I am forming a Sock League, and per- 
sonally will pay for and supply yarn and needles to 
these willing workers." 

The Ready So numerous were the responses to this appeal 
Response that great quantities of yarn were purchased 
and stored on racks made specially for this pur- 
pose in the Administration Building. With the idea of "Only 
the Best" for the allies, an excellent quality of wool was 
bought. At first the knitting needles were purchased (at 
twenty cents a set), but after a while it became impracticable 
to buy them. From that time on, through the co-operation 
of Mr. Benbow, Manager of the Cleveland Wire Division, 
thousands of needles were made at the National's 45th Street 
plant and donated to the Sock League. 



3o8 The National IN THE World War 

How the Work To each knitter was given as much yarn as 
Was Handled she requested, together with a set of needles 
and printed instructions. In cases where it 
was inconvenient for the knitters to call for the material, 
special messengers delivered it to them, and whenever nec- 
essary called for the finished socks. The enthusiasm of the 
knitters became most infectious: mothers, wives, sisters and 
friends of the National Lamp Works' department-managers 
and employees became interested, they interested others, 
and thus an endless chain was started, until the Sock League 
could boast a membership of eleven hundred. Miss N. L. 
Monroe and Miss E. A. Wendel assisted Mr. Tremaine in 
handling the many details of this work. It may be said of 
these young ladies that they conducted this activity as a 
serious and determined effort on their part towards helping 
our country in the war. As the socks were received, postcard 
acknowledgments were sent out, and the socks were care- 
fully inspected in Mr. Tremaine's office. They were later 
re-inspected by the relief organizations to which they were 
sent — at first by the Daughters of the British Empire, and 
later by the American Red Cross. If the socks were not up 
to standard, they were returned to the knitters for repair, 
but "grandmother's" knitting as a rule was found to be a 
prize specimen. And, too, grandmother sometimes said she 
could not follow these "new-fangled" instructions — so the 
same style of heel used in the socks her husband wore during 
the Civil War was worn by some of the boys in 1914-1918. 
After the socks were inspected, each pair was pinned together 
and the socks packed for shipment, one hundred pairs to a 
carton. 

The Sock League From January, 1917, till September 19, 
Becomes a Red 19 17, all the socks were sent to the 
Cross Agency Daughters of the British Empire, but by 

the latter date the United States was 
actively in the war, and the knitters were notified that their 
socks would be turned over to our boys, through the American 
Red Cross. 

The personnel of the Sock League varied from the debu- 
tantes who were "knitting instead of dancing this year,"to the 
nuns behind the convent walls. And the ages varied from 
eight to eighty-two. Boys as well as girls were knitting. 



The National in the World War 309 

In addition to National Lamp Works employees and their 
relatives, the League included sewing circles of several churches 
and schools. A number of ladies who were interested in the 
Sock League volunteered to form knitting classes, and through 
the efforts of these earnest teachers thousands of socks were 
knitted. It happened more than once that local branches of 
the Red Cross were temporarily unable to get yarn and their 
workers were supplied from the "warehouse" of the Sock 
League. 

Knitters in The fame of the League was not local — friends 
Many Cities in other cities began to write for material. And, 
literally, that yarn of the Sock League traveled 
as far west as California, and as far east as Massachusetts. 
The League claimed members in forty-one cities and towns, 
and in thirteen states. 

Two members of the League, Miss J. R. Gale and Miss 
L. Behlen, operated knitting machines, hundreds of pairs 
being made on these machines. It should be mentioned that 
the knitting machines did not turn out complete socks, 
however, as it was necessary to add the foot or the cuff by 
hand. 

An interesting bit of knitting news came to Mr. Tremaine 
from Miss Margaret Rogers, daughter of Mr. H. B. Rogers of 
the Edison Lamp Works, who was knitting her third "double 
sock." By following special directions, two socks are knitted 
one within the other. Miss Rogers acquired such speed with this 
method of knitting that she did not think she would ever knit 
the single sock again. The original directions for the double 
sock came from an unknown lady in Australia; instructions 
were sold in this country at fifty cents a copy, the proceeds 
being given to the American Red Cross. 

Some unique ideas were brought out in knitting. One 
lady knitted the letters "U. S. A." into the cuffs of a pair of 
socks. Some ladies would work a row or two of fancy colored 
yarn into the cuffs. This was done so as to insure the socks 
remaining in possession of their rightful owner. Another 
knitter patriotically purled the cuffs in red, white, and blue. 



3IO The National in the World War 

No Age Limit One of the interesting and interested knitters 

for Patriotic was Mrs. Lovilla Williams, eighty-two years 

Knitters of age, who lived at Madison, Lake County, 

Ohio, In spite of her years Mrs. Williams 

knitted twenty-five pairs of socks for the League. One of 

Mrs. Williams' neighbors, Mrs. Frank Klasen, although a 

grandmother, made a record of which any person in the 

prime of life might be proud. Besides her regular work of 

milking six cows twice a day, doing all her own housework and 

much outside farm work, she knitted socks for our boys at the 

truly remarkable rate of a pair in four hours and ten minutes. 

Mrs. M. W. Kirk of Fountain Creek, Tennessee, was 

paralyzed in the right hand, but knitted a pair of socks with 

her left hand. 

Rewards Besides the satisfaction that comes from a 

of Merit knowledge of duty performed, some members 

of the League received Red Cross Merit 
Badges, based on the number of hours of work. There were four 
kinds of badges, one a reward for four hundred hours, one for 
eight hundred, one for sixteen hundred, and one for thirty-two 
hundred. The Red Cross allowed eight hours for one pair of 
socks, in making its awards. Seventy-five members of the Sock 
League became the proud holders of badges, seven out of the 
seventy-five receiving the thirty-two hundred hour-badge. The 
cost of the badges was defrayed by Mr. Tremaine. 

The Produc- The knitters watched with interest the growth 
tion Record of their work from month to month. Their 

maiden effort was in January, 19 17, when six 
pairs of socks were knitted, while their banner month was 
November, 191 8 — "Armistice Month" — when one thousand 
nine hundred and forty-four pairs of socks were turned in. 
A grand total of seventeen thousand three hundred and 
seventy-seven pairs of socks — enough to supply a whole 
combat division in the army — was the tangible product of 
Mr. Tremaine's Sock League. 

Li April, 19 19, when Mr. Tremaine discontinued sending 
out yarn, he had on hand approximately one thousand and 
forty-two pounds, valued at approximately ^3,127. This 
yarn was turned over to the War Relief Headquarters of the 
National Lamp Works, Cleveland, to be knitted into under- 
garments for the Children of the Frontier (see page 318). 



RED CROSS CENTERS 
IN THE NATIONAL 

Monumental Achievements of Our Girls in Sewing, 

Knitting, Bandage-Making and Other Work 

FOR THE Red Cross and Children 

OF THE Frontier 

Just as no history of America's part in the World War would 
be told fully without setting forth the "win-the-war" work 
of the American woman in Red Cross and allied lines, so no 
description of the war work of the National Lamp Works 
would be complete without full credit being given to the girls 
and women in the organization who so unselfishly, and en- 
tirely voluntarily, devoted their time to sewing or knitting, 
cutting and rolling bandages, canteen and other relief activ- 
ities. 

From the very beginning this work was put on a"business" 
basis, real production methods were in effect, and basing these 
on the unflagging interest of the girls, results were attained 
that ever since have been referred to with pride by the leaders 
of the various relief organizations. 

National Girls Produce Ten Percent of Cleveland's 
Red Cross Output 

First in importance was the unselfish willingness on the 
part of the young women to donate their labor; second was 
the application to their work of the principles of organization. 
And this was the combination that enabled the National 
Lamp Works Chapter of the American Red Cross, located at 
East 45th Street, Cleveland, with a membership of about 900 
girls, to produce ten percent of the total Red Cross output 
of the City of Cleveland. This was the combination that 
brought forth from this one chapter during the year 19 18, 
6,029 sweaters, 9,924 pairs of socks, 79,939 gauze dressings, 
8,154 muslin dressings, 3,451 hospital garments, and 246 
refugee garments, beside several thousand miscellaneous 
articles! 

The girls who accomplished this worked five and one- 
half days a week making lamps. A light supper after their 
day's work in the factory was finished, and they came, cheer- 



312 The National IN THE World War 

fully in earnest, to give three hours more to the work of 
aiding "the boys over there." 

The National Lamp Works spent a considerable sum of 
money in helping its girls carry on the work — and the girls 
returned this sum to the Red Cross, in value of production, 
eight and one-half times! 

In January, 1920, when many other groups of relief 
workers had disbanded, the young women of the National 
Lamp Works were turning out nearly one-half of the garments 
which were being sent abroad by the society "Children of the 
Frontier" for the needy children of the war-torn countries. 

These are the highlights of a co-operative endeavor on 
the part of the employees and officials of the National Lamp 
Works to be helpful to their country at a time when help was 
needed. But the details of the story are no less interesting 
and may furnish to other companies, or to relief organizations, 
some material which may be of service, should similar activ- 
ities be required again, either in war or in peace. For the girls 
themselves, as will be shown, and the National Lamp Works 
also, benefited in several ways, from this patriotic work. 

There were scores of girls in the Lamp Works after the 
war who were making their own clothes, girls who less than 
a year before practically never had had a needle in their hands; 
for strange as it may seem, it was found that only a very small 
proportion could do plain sewing, about one in five, as nearly 
as could be determined. Nevertheless their instructors found 
out that nearly every girl could crochet or knit, in spite of 
ignorance of plain sewing. Few there were at first who could 
cut a garment, following a pattern, but later each girl, while 
perhaps not an expert, was able to sew enough to help con- 
siderably in the care or the making of her own garments. 
That was the employees' benefit. 

From the company standpoint, the spirit or morale of 
the girls as a whole was improved greatly. Working side by 
side for months, they became bonded together through the 
spirit of their work to help others. One of the factory managers, 
discussing the time when the need for this work would pass, 
said, "Well, when that time comes, I must find some other 
similar work for the girls to do, some continuation of these 
classes, for I have found that they have built up a spirit 
among the girls of the organization which should never be 
allowed to lessen. I believe the fact that the girls were working 



The National IN THE World War 313 

together in a labor of kindness towards others, has brought 
about results which never could have been attained were they 
working for themselves alone. After this work is over, I hope 
I can find some local charity for which the girls can keep up 
their efforts, both for the good it does the girls themselves, and 
the good it does their morale." 

Thus it will be seen that the Red Cross and Children 
of the Frontier work that was done by National girls showed 
three results — their production helped immeasurably in the 
work of relief during the war, and after; the good they did 
for others was discernibly reflected in benefit to themselves; 
and the spirit of the organization, the National Lamp Works, 
was intensified. 

When the Red Cross work of the National was started, 
nobody foresaw to what proportions it would expand. For- 
tunately, the system under which it was established was one 
which permitted it to grow to the fullest extent with the mini- 
mum of trouble. The cost to the National was measured in 
these terms, as they were expressed early in the endeavor 
by Mr. F. S. Terry, manager of the National organization. 
He said, "I do not know how much money we should spend 
in this work. If we spend a certain sum, and the girls will 
return that four times to the Red Cross in production, I 
will consider the money well spent, and that the girls have 
done their share." 

, Money, and more money, was spent, but the girls doubled 
Mr. Terry's estimate of what would have been a satisfactory 
output, for during the time of greatest need, the year 19 18, 
they returned the money in output eight and one-half times. 

Nela Girls Get Under Way 

The Red Cross organization throughout the United 
States was at work before America entered the war, in 19 17, 
but it was from x'\pril of that year, when our country took 
up arms, that the enormous value of this "home branch" 
of the service really became apparent, finally doing such good 
work that it brought words of highest praise from General 
Pershing himself. It was in September, 19 17, that the National 
Lamp Works, as an organization became active in forming Red 
Cross classes among ^the employees, a large proportion of 
whom are women. 



314 The National in the World War 

The Red Cross work in question was an activity of the 
National Service Department (Mr. A. V. Simis, manager), 
and was put under the direct charge of Miss Rose Streifender, 
who had shown considerable ability in organization work. 

The first classes formed were at Nela Park. Several 
hundred girls were quick to register, and ready to receive 
training in making surgical dressings, for which at that time 
there was urgent need. The gymnasium was divided into 
four "surgical dressing" rooms, made entirely sanitary, and 
instructors were sent out from the teaching center of the Red 
Cross. All of the training was given here, under the direction 
of Mrs. Charles A. Otis. Here seventy-five girls, working 
four hours a week on company time, trained until they were 
qualified as instructors, able to take charge of classes of their 
own. 

From that time on, the work of the Nela Park girls 
was done at "Taylorhurst," a large house used by the East 
Cleveland chapter of the Red Cross. Here the National 
classes, composed of National employees only, and instructed 
by National employees, met three nights a week, the Company 
paying a proportional share of the expenses of keeping Taylor- 
hurst open. The classes averaged forty-five girls a night in 
attendance, and operated as an auxiliary chapter of the 
Red Cross, turning in their output through the East Cleveland 
chapter, but receiving individual credit. 

The greater part of this work was in making surgical 
dressings, for which there was urgent need, and officials of 
the Red Cross Surgical Dressing Division stated that the 
Nela Park girls turned in the best dressings made in the city 
of Cleveland. There was never a case where a dressing made by 
these girls Jailed to pass the inspection officials. 

Later came the call for influenza masks, and these the 
girls turned out as efficiently as they had the surgical dressings. 
Many of the young women, in addition to their work at 
Taylorhurst, did a large amount of knitting, and it was to 
this line of work that nearly all turned after the East Cleve- 
land chapter was closed, about a month after the armistice 
was signed. The Nela Park branch stood high in all of the 
knitting contests that were conducted, two hundred and three 
girls knitting regularly. 

As the work enlarged, the National furnished a light 
supper to the girls before they began their evening work. 




Deaf-Mute Red Cross Workers of the 

Cleveland Mazda Lamp Division's 

Stem Department 




A Parade ot National Lamp War Workers at Last Forty-fifth Street, 

Cleveland 




Red Cross Workers at East 152nd St. Properties, Cleveland 




Red Cross Workers at the Sterling Electric Lamp Division 
Warren, Ohio 



The National IN THE World War 315 

Later on, those who had served seventy-two hours were given 
a banquet at the Winton Hotel, where appreciation of their 
work was expressed by Miss McCune, a Red Cross worker 
from overseas, Mr. Joseph E. Kewley of the Law Department 
of the National, and Mr. Albert V. Simis of the National 
Service Department. It was found that a dinner where the 
girls could all be together and hear the results of the work 
they were doing, or see a few prizes given to the best workers, 
meant much in keeping their spirit at highest pitch. Not 
that they would consciously have let down in their work 
otherwise — they would not have, but an occasional social 
gathering certainly made their work seem easier. 

For the year 19 18 the output of these Nela Park girls was: 

Gauze dressings 62,350 

Muslin dressings 445 

Refugee garments 46 

Sweaters 617 

Socks 291 

Miscellaneous knitted goods 121 

(25% of the knitted goods listed above were produced by 
girls at the company's East 152nd Street plant.) 

45TH Street Red Cross Chapter Becomes Leader 

While this work was going on, there had been developing 
at our 45th Street properties a Red Cross chapter which 
eventually became our largest relief-work center. The 45th 
Street properties consisted of seven manufacturing divisions, 
employing approximately 2,100 girls. 

In October, 19 17, knitting classes were formed in the 
various divisions, meeting after working hours in the various 
rest rooms provided for the girls. 1,700 people signed up for 
the work at the start, and the classes were held five nights 
a week, each girl reporting once a week. By no means all of 
the knitting was done in the rest rooms, however, for the 
girls took home their yarn and on other evenings turned out 
large amounts of work. Red Cross knitting instructors trained 
the girls, and at intervals speakers addressed them on wartime 
subjects and in that way they could understand how much 
real good their work was doing. 

Later, when the knitting was in full swing, Mrs. Homer 
McKeehan, in charge of all Red Cross knitting in Cleveland, 
wrote that the work done by these girls was the best in the 
city of Cleveland. 



3i6 The National in the World War 

So remarkable was the quality and output of knitting, 
that the plan was suggested that surgical dressings work 
also be included. Near the 45th Street plant was a sixteen-room 
frame house owned by the National Lamp Works. Half 
of this house was pressed into service, made sanitary to the 
extreme degree necessary for this class of work, and here 
the girls started on muslin dressings and hospital garments. 
The work expanded so that within a few months it was 
necessary to take the whole house. 

But there seemed no limit to the amount of work the 
girls could turn out, with instructors trained from their 
own ranks, and working in nightly shifts. Long before, the 
attention of the Red Cross officials had been drawn to this cen- 
ter of relief, and it was not strange, therefore, that Mrs. E. S. 
Burke, Jr., chairman of the Cleveland Chapter of the Red 
Cross, asked if the girls would be willing to have a quota 
assigned to them, like those given to the various Red Cross 
chapters throughout the city. This meant that when the call 
for a certain production was made on the city of Cleveland, 
each Red Cross chapter would be assigned its proportion of 
the work, and would be practically in honor bound to see 
that it was accomplished. 

National's Red Cross Headquarters Shows Its Mettle 

The plan was adopted, and in February, 19 18, the Red 
Cross chapter flag was raised and the organization of National 
girls became indeed a part of the Red Cross organization. 

At that time an urgent call for sweaters was received by 
the Cleveland district. They were needed within two months, 
and quotas were given with that time limit on the production. 
The assignment given the National Lamp Works chapter was 
1,000, and while it seemed like an impossibility to turn out 
this number in the time allowed, the end of the two months 
saw not only the 1,000 sweaters asked, but 400 additional. 

This accomplishment paved the way for even heavier 
quotas, but not once did the girls fail to meet their mark. 
In J act it was practically a fixed plan to give the National chapter 
a quota of g.8% of the whole task set the city of Cleveland^ and 
in every case the quota was not only met, but was exceeded, for 
the usual production ran between 10 and 11 per cent of the output 
of the whole city. Taking the knitting alone, the figures taken 



The National IN THE World War 317 

from the official records show that the production of the 
National girls, and the friends they pressed into service, 
amounted to 14 per cent of the city's output. 

During the war, the chapter roll-call showed 900 active 
members. Friends and relatives who showed continued interest 
in helping out in the work were admitted to membership, 
and during the day, while the girls were at their lamp-making 
labors in the regular plants, seven sewing clubs of women 
relatives and friends met at the chapter house. At one time 
there were no less than 800 persons on this list of outside 
workers. 

At this chapter, as later at Nela Park, the company 
provided a warm and substantial meal for those who wished 
to go direct from their regular work to the Red Cross head- 
quarters. 

When the call for gauze dressings was at its height, a room 
was specially fitted up in the 45th Street chapter house for 
this work, and seven surgical dressings classes were formed 
from employees of the 45th Street, 152nd Street, and Nela 
Park plants. These girls, like the earlier workers in this line 
at Nela Park, were specially trained by Red Cross instructors, 
and they continued at work until the call for surgical dressings 
was at an end. 

St. Louis Workers Maintain the Pace 

So successful had been the plan at the Cleveland plants 
of the National that it was decided to try it in other National 
Divisions, and early in 1918 the St. Louis Mazda Lamp 
Division took up the work, concentrating on muslin and 
gauze dressings. The same method of organization was used, 
the girls were trained under the same system and 300 joined 
the classes. Their output kept up to the standard the National 
had set. 

The Red Cross chapter of National girls in Cleveland 
did not confine itself to the lines of endeavor that have so 
far been described. Miss Streifender and Miss Mary A. Corns, 
her assistant, who later was a victim of the influenza epidemic, 
took the course in Civilian Relief, and established a branch 
of that activity in connection with the chapter work. In all, 
175 cases were handled, nearly all of the work naturally 
falling among families where a boy was in France. A general 



3i8 The National IN THE World War 

information bureau was maintained at the chapter house. 
Some of the other activities entered into by the girls are 
listed elsewhere in this text. 



Clothing Children From the Frontier Towns 

After the armistice was signed, but before the Red 
Cross gave up active chapter work, request was made that 
girls help out in making garments for the Children of the 
Frontier, a society which was caring for thousands of unfor- 
tunate children from the devastated areas in France. The 
girls willingly agreed to devote to this purpose all of the 
time that was not taken up by the Red Cross work. Later, 
when the Red Cross drives were over, practically all of the 
time was given to the Children of the Frontier. This activity 
continued into 1920. 

The full change from the Red Cross to the Children 
of the Frontier came in March, 1919, the St. Louis Division 
also joining in the new work. Moreover, additional plants 
were interested, and in March the Illinois Miniature Lamp 
Division (Chicago) joined, while in the following month 
the Minnesota Mazda Lamp Division (Minneapolis) also 
formed its sewing classes. But in making the change the 
Red Cross was not neglected, for in the first six months of 
19 19 more than 8,000 garments were made for that organi- 
zation. In June, however, the Red Cross calls ended. 

In the Children of the Frontier work, each Lamp Divi- 
sion specialized on one type of garment. Chicago and Minne- 
apolis girls did a lighter class, while at St. Louis heavier 
types were made. But in each plant every girl was so trained 
that she could readily make any type assigned, in case of 
emergency, and also that each might have as thorough training 
as possible. 

At the Cleveland headquarters two power buttonhole 
machines and two button machines were installed; on these 
one girl could turn out approximately fifty-five buttonholes 
a minute, or sew on forty buttons. 

All garments made in the outside plants were therefore 
sent to Cleveland, where these operations were completed 



The National in the World War 319 

and the garments then forwarded to New York for shipment 
abroad. In the latter months of 19 19 from twelve to seven- 
teen bags of garments were sent out of Cleveland each week, 
and each bag contained no less than 78 garments. In November 
and December about 60% of the garments sent to Europe 
by the Society for Protecting Children of the Frontier, were 
made by National girls. 

But even through the time devoted to work for the 
Children of the Frontier, knitting did not cease, for this 
society also had great need of knitted goods, especially stock- 
ings and sweaters of various sizes for children under the age 
of sixteen. Not only did the National girls continue in this 
work, but the outside knitters helped also, the number of 
workers totalling 1,137. This list included many persons 
who had been knitting socks of yarn furnished by Mr. B. G. 
Tremaine (see page 307). 

An organization within the National Lamp Works 
chapter of the Red Cross, known as the Red Cross Club, 
did much toward accomplishing the gratifying results already 
mentioned. Membership in this club was purely an honorary 
matter, the requirement at the time of the club's formation 
being the completion of two hundred hours of Red Cross 
work. This requirement of work accomplished was made 
variable, increasing as time went on, so that at the date this 
account was written, a girl must have completed five hundred 
hours to be eligible. The membership as of January, 1920, 
averaged about eighty girls. There was also a branch in the 
St. Louis division, but the requirement in hours there was 
not so high as at Cleveland, for the work had not been in 
progress so long. 

Club rooms were fitted up for the members, who paid 
dues of twenty-five cents a month to cover the cost of enter- 
tainments they gave. Meetings were held every two weeks 
for the purpose of obtaining suggestions for the improvement 
of the work, and at every second meeting the girls were 
addressed by some outside speaker of prominence. 

In helping to meet the heavy quotas that were given, the 
club was of the greatest assistance, as each girl was pledged, 
in addition to giving three and one-half hours a week regu- 
larly to the work, to add additional time enough to make sure 



320 The National in the World War 

that the chapter as a whole met whatever quota was set for it. 

In the summer of 1919, the club members were given 
recognition for their good work by being entertained for a 
week at Nela Camp, where they lived in tents and enjoyed a 
real outdoor vacation. This camp was held at the expense 
of the company, and the girls received their regular pay for the 
time they spent away from their work. 

Some of the accomplishments of the individual workers 
are interesting. Early in the war Miss Mae Cipra received a 
letter from her brother in the service telling her of the val- 
uable work the Red Cross organization was doing for the 
soldiers. As a result Miss Cipra throughout the duration of 
the war spent five nights a week working at the Red Cross 
chapter house, in addition to doing a large amount of outside 
knitting. Miss Alma Heinz, another chapter member, was 
probably the best knitter in the organization. During the 
time hostilities continued, Miss Heinz specialized on knitting 
sweaters, and for the whole period of the war her output 
averaged one sweater every three days. Mrs. A, L. Maddell, 
wife of one of the National employees knit a pair of socks a 
day during the whole period of the war, and after the war 
ended kept up her splendid work for the Children of the 
Frontier. Her yarn requirement was usually a bale every 
three weeks. Mrs. J. L. Dana, also wife of a National employee, 
could knit a sweater in 8>2 hours. The list of girls who worked 
three nights a week during the war was a long one. 

How YOUNGSTOWN GiRLS AlDED THE ReD CrOSS 

Relief activities in the National Plants outside of Cleveland 
took various forms. The Youngstown Mazda Lamp Division, 
at Youngstown, Ohio, took an active interest in Red Cross 
work. In October, 1917, the girls at this plant formed a Red 
Cross class of 150 members to make surgical dressings. The 
class was supervised by Miss Sutherland, Service Secretary, as- 
sisted by twenty-five girls who took a special course from the 
local chapter of the Red Cross. These girls served as teachers 
and inspectors, and through their efforts the surgical dressings 
produced by the class were of the very best workmanship, 
the girls receiving many compliments from the local chapter 
for their work. 




Parade of Miniature Bulb Division's Red Cross Contingent 




Busy on Red Cross Work at the Youngstown Mazda Lamp Plant, 
Youngstown, Ohio 




Miss Alma Heinz One Week's Knitting Output. Made by the 

Champion Knitter of the National's Red Cross workers in Cleveland 

National during the summer Knitting Drive of 191 8 




The "Red Cross Club."— At the Right is the National Lamp Red 
Cross Headquarters House 



The National in the World War 321 

The class remained in active service, putting in two 
hours of evening work once every week until October 14, 1918, 
when it was closed by order of the Health Board, on account 
of the influenza epidemic. When this ban against public 
meetings was lifted, the local chapter of the Red Cross an- 
nounced that it would not need further supplies. 

The record of the girls' production was: 

4 inch X 4 inch Compresses 100,000 

9 inch X 9 inch Compresses 28,000 

Sponges 5,000 

Heel Rests 1,000 

Surgical Pads 1,000 

In addition there was formed a knitting class, with fifty 
members. These girls had a regular schedule for evening 
work, and many did a great amount of knitting at home. 
They produced 100 pairs of socks, 75 sweaters, 100 scarfs 
and helmets, and 25 pairs of wristlets. 

In September, 19 17, the girls of the Youngstown Di- 
vision held a dance, and the proceeds, $81, were turned over 
to the Red Cross. In December a bazaar was organized, 
running for two days. The whole Service Department, in- 
cluding cafeteria and rest rooms, was utilized, being decorated 
and set with booths. The afi^air was a great success, bringing 
in a total of I656, which was donated to the local chapter 
of the Red Cross. 

Practically every girl was a member of the Red Cross, 
paying the |i.oo membership fee. Nevertheless when in 
June, 1 9 17, a special Red Cross campaign was held, the 
girls subscribed an additional amount of $700. The Red Cross 
classes participated in all of the Youngstown patriotic parades. 
In aFourth-of-July parade,the entire unit, about 200 in number, 
was in full Red Cross uniform, and divided into squads, 
which had been coached by competent instructors in for- 
mations and marching. This lamp-factory Red Cross unit 
was awarded first prize for the finest showing in the Red 
Cross division of the entire parade. 

Some of the work at Minnesota Mazda Lamp Division 
has been described, but there were additional ^activities 
that should not be omitted from notice. Whenj[the June, 
19 1 8, Red Cross campaign for funds was on, practically 
every employee of the factory worked one Saturday afternoon, 



322 The National in the World War 

and donated their earnings, $477.63, to the Red Gross. The 
employees' committee, which this Division appointed to 
keep in touch with those who entered the service, has been 
mentioned on page 144. 

With Red Cross Girls at Other National Plants 

At Mahoning Miniature Lamp Division, Warren, Ohio, 
about twenty girls interested themselves in Red Cross work, 
producing 50 sweaters, 8 scarfs, 8 helmets, 4 washcloths, 
7 pairs of wristlets, and 40 pairs of socks. The girls of this 
Division contributed about I250 to various relief organiza- 
tions. At Puritan Refilled Lamp Division, Providence, R. L, 
thirty girls attended the Red Cross surgical dressings class, 
devoting one evening a week to this work; at the sales office 
of the Sterling Electric Lamp Division, Warren, Ohio, the 
girls formed the local surgical-dressings division of the Red 
Cross, a class that finally reached a membership of 200; from 
the sales office of the Banner Electric Division, Youngstown, 
five girls, out of a total of seven, worked in the Red Cross 
class at the Youngstown Mazda Lamp Division, whose work 
has already been described. 



One Year's Relief Work of National Lamp 
Girls in Cleveland 

I918 KNITTED goods 

Sweaters 6,646 

Socks (pairs) 10,215 

Miscellaneous 1,668 

I918 DRESSINGS 

Muslin Dressings 8,599 

Hospital Garments 3,45 1 

Refugee Garments 292 

Gauze Dressings 142,289 



The National in the World War 323 



Sundry War Work of the Red Cross Girls From 
Cleveland Plants of the National 

Collected tinfoil worth $250, 

Lawn fete for Victory Chest netted I487. 

Carried flag for Sousa's band, collecting $1,700 
for the Victory Chest. 

Sold Thrift Stamps to value of 1 1,000 at Wade 
Park Pageant. 

In Third Liberty Loan drive manned booth and 
sold $5,500 in bonds. 

Gave bazaar for Children of Frontier; proceeds 
$1,300. 

Sold Thrift Stamps at Euclid Beach. 

Collected two barrels and two baskets of peach 
stones for gas masks. 

Sent two barrels of clothing to Belgians. 

Attended all Red Cross and Liberty Loan 
parades. 

Established Civilian Relief branch and inves- 
tigated 175 inquiries. 

At Christmas, 191 8, filled 500 gift boxes for 
soldiers from Cleveland who were without relatives. 
The company donated 100 additional boxes. The 
needs of the city were 6,000 boxes, so that the 
National organization furnished 10% of the total. 



NELA FUND 

Nela Fund, for French war orphans, widows and sol- 
diers, was founded by Mr. F. S. Terry in 1917, and was under 
his personal direction. The outstanding feature of Nela Fund, 
and the one which differentiated it from most other insti- 
tutions of relief, was the touch of personal 
interest which it injected between the bene- 
factor and recipient. It made each contributor 
realize that he was assisting in the welfare of 
a human being who stood acutely in need of 
an interested friend; it was able to do 
this because it investigated thoroughly the recipient's needs 
before soliciting a subscription for his or her maintenance. 




324 • The National in the World War 

Nela Fund not only raised and transmitted the funds, 
but also encouraged frequent correspondence between 
the orphan and the donor; furthermore, it provided 
the services of expert translators, who translated from French 
to English or vice versa, the letters thus exchanged. All such 
service was rendered by Nela Fund without cost to the sub- 
scribers. 

The name Nela Fund was adopted merely for conven- 
ience; the Fund had no official connection with the National 
Lamp Works. The success which the Fund enjoyed, how- 
ever, was largely the result of the financial and personal 
interest which managers and employees of the National 
Lamp Works manifested in this unusual and specialized 
method of direct aid to widows, orphans and soldiers. It 
was to the lamp organization that Mr. F. S. Terry looked 
for assistance in the bountiful work he had instituted, and, 
as in all activities of war-time importance, their services 
were of the utmost value in carrying the project through 
to success. 

When France was called upon in 19 14 to defend her 
land, she recognized the seriousness of the problem of pro- 
viding for the multitude of war orphans and widows who 
would be left in utterly stringent circumstances, and the 
French Government immediately took steps to aid these 
innocent victims. But in time of war, men and munitions 
are the crying needs of a nation, and so France was compelled 
to finance her fighting program more liberally than her relief 
program. The enormity of this problem, and the expense 
involved, was such that as late as June, 1917, the French 
Government was allowing but eight francs a month for the 
maintenance of orphans deemed needy, regardless of the 
varying needs of the individual. 

The intervention of the French and American chari- 
table organizations, which sprang up simultaneously with 
the first sign of hostile fire, was a step towards solving France's 
problem of caring for her homeless and destitute. But these 
relief agencies were for the greater part general in scope and 
though their source of income was large, their field of endeavor 
was so extensive that to render aid of more than an imper- 
sonal nature was beyond their power. Further, their gifts, 
though abundant, were in no measure large enough to supply 
all the needs of these thousands upon thousands of innocent 



The National in the World War 325 

victims, no two alike; no two calling for the same measure 
of relief and comfort. 

There can be no variance of opinion as to the class of 
people suffering most acutely in the war. It was the families 
of the middle cultured class, who stood for the best ideals 
of France, and who in many cases had built up comfortable 
incomes for themselves, that were compelled to make the 
greatest sacrifices. Thousands of them had investments in 
the invaded districts — utterly destroyed. With the breadwinner 
killed in battle, and the family income cut off, many a delicate 
mother found herself left with a large family of children and no 
means of supporting them save by manual labor, for which 
she was utterly unfitted. The war, then, in many cases meant 
the breaking up of homes and lost opportunities for the chil- 
dren—the very "flower of France"— who were suddenly 
denied the education which was important to insure their 
success in later life. 

As early as March, 19 16, the attention of Mr. F. S. Terry 
was directed to an orphan, twelve years of age, brought by 
the war into a condition similar to that just suggested. This 
boy had been securing educational advantages and every- 
thing pointed to a prosperous future for him. Then the tragedy 
of war ensued and, like thousands of the best manhood of 
France, his soldier-father fell. There arose a dark cloud on 
the horizon, for suddenly and cruelly the prospects of the 
liberal education which the father had in mind for his son 
were changed to faded possibilities. 

Helping France and Its Orphans 

Mr. Terry saw here a chance to assist both a deserving 
family and a country which was fighting not for itself alone 
but for the freedom of all mankind. The family in question, 
like all others of the better class, deplored charity and would 
have refused financial assistance had it not been given in an 
interested spirit and for the good of France. With the aid of 
a French charitable organization which vouched for its needs, 
Mr. Terry wrote to this orphan and members of his family. 
He learned through letters to the boy's mother of her means 
and needs for keeping and educating her son; he extended 
to her the appreciation of the American people for the hard- 
ships which she and the people of France were bearing so 



326 The National in the World War 

heroically, and he later advised her of the plans and prepara- 
tions which America was making to aid the allies. As these 
letters were circulated and read by others, they tended to 
stimulate the morale of the French and to cement the spirit 
of friendship between the people of the two countries. 

The widow, in reply, wrote of her farnily, telling of her 
husband who had died for France and freedom, what his 
death meant to her and her son, and how her family might 
be held together and educated. She told of the heroic stand 
which France was making for humanity, of conditions in 
the fighting area, and expressed joy at hearing of America's 
feeling toward France. These letters were valuable to their 
readers, both in the United States and France, for they gave 
first-hand the conditions in each country. 

Thus this family, through the gift and interest which 
an American had extended to them, was able to "carry on" 
in a normal way. Each letter from France convinced Mr. 
Terry more and more of the valuable mutual benefits being 
derived from this interested form of relief. Notes from the 
orphan told of his progress at school and of the happy moments 
spent with his mother, who was keeping from his mind as 
best she could the sorrow within her own heart and the heart 
of France. At the very moment when the manhood of France 
was fighting to save the country from the Teutons, the gift 
of the American was helping to build up the mind and body 
of this future citizen who otherwise would have been hand- 
icapped. The picture of a grateful mother and a happy boy 
was felt by Mr. Terry to be a handsome return on his in- 
vestment, and so he invested more. Family upon family was 
added to his list until thirty-four orphans in seventeen fam- 
ilies were receiving a cheer and a boost which otherwise would 
have been impossible. 

From a Widow of France 

The following letter is typical of those written by French 

widows, and shows something of the profound needs of these 

widows and their gratitude for the interest taken in their welfare. 

"I have received through the agency of the Saint Cyrienne 

your very generous gift. I am touched by the fact that you are so 

good as to take an interest in my children. I thank, you very much 

for the material aid which you bring into their lives and to their 

education. Thanks to your generous devotion, my children will 

again find some of the comforts which they, had lost through the 



The National IN THE World War 327 

death of their father. I should love to express better than I do my 
very deep gratitude. Know only that you have been the cause of one 
of the rare joys I have experienced these three years. The changed 
conditions of my life cause me little uneasiness for myself; but I 
felt wretched at the thought that the miseries of the war should 
reach my children, not only in their affections, but in upsetting their 
whole material existence. But your generosity has given me real 
happiness, and I thank you not only for them, but also for myself. 

"My husband, the son of an officer, was a lieutenant of chas- 
seurs on foot at the outbreak of the war. He had been admitted to 
the War College the first time he applied, a thing rather unusual. 
A brilliant officer in time of peace, he evinced in the war admirable 
qualities of heroism. Being wounded on August 24, 1914, he assumed 
command of the company which the captain had to relinquish on 
account of a severe wound. He had the willpower to remain at this 
post for days, although his wounded leg troubled him much. He 
was appointed Captain on the 31st of August. On September 6th 
following, a bullet cut off part of a finger while another went through 
his jaw; yet he refused to be sent to the rear. On September 8, be- 
cause he was exhausted by these various wounds, he was going to 
retire to the rear, when his company and the neighboring one were 
ordered to defend an important position. There was no one else 
except a very young second lieutenant to assume command. Gather- 
ing once more his strength, my husband took the lead, and it was 
during this night of September 8, that a last wound overcame his 
courage. What he did was all the more admirable, because he was 
by no means a fanatic, but a cool nature, reasoning out the conse- 
quences of his deeds. I may add that giving up his life was an im- 
mense sacrifice, for life in our family meant happiness. 

"And that was not the only sorrow that befell my children. 
Their grandfather, my father, was killed at the Dardanelles, he being 
a brigadier-general. He had been a soldier from the day he was old 
enough to join the army. A volunteer of the war of 1870, he had 
since made several campaigns in Tonkin, at Madagascar, etc. It 
was by accomplishing bravely his duty as a chief and by exposing 
himself in order to save the lives of his soldiers, that he was killed 
in June, 191 5. 

"Aside from these losses, the war has wrought its ravages 
about my very fireside by destroying even the mementoes of a 
happy life. I was driven out of St. Mihiel, where my husband was 
garrisoned, by the coming of the Germans. I fled with my little 
Ginette, then three years old. My son was born four months later. 
I learned from refugees of St. Mihiel that the home I occupied had 
been completely burnt. I have since seen, on photographs taken 
from airplanes, that their story was but too true. 

"You see, therefore, that in three years' time, my children 
have witnessed many tears shed about them. I am grateful for the 
renewed faith you have brought them; for the help you give me in 
making their childhood more happy." 



328 The National in the World War 

Society of Nela Mustered Into Action 

In 1 9 17, after promoting this work alone for two years, 
Mr. Terry realized he had reached the apex of his individual 
possibilities for carrying on correspondence. Knowing that 
thousands of widows and orphans might be given personal 
aid and thus be relieved of many heavy burdens, Mr. Terry 
decided to call upon his associates. Consequently, at the 
summer meeting of the Society of Nela at Association Island 
in June, 19 17, he explained in detail the work he had been 
engaged in, and outlined his plans for futhering it. He told 
the history of some of the children whom he had adopted, 
and read letters illustrating how wonderful the benefits were 
and the gratitude of these children and mothers. This was 
sufficient evidence for the Nela members, who immediately sub- 
scribed in "water-bottle money" and I. O. U.'s several thousand 
dollars, and promised their active support in a campaign 
to interest others. This campaign took definite form at the 
Christmas season, and was known as the Christmas Drive 
of 1917. 

So was born the Nela Fund for handling the subscrip- 
tions and acting as a medium between the benefactor and 
the orphan he "adopted." Between the summer conference 
of 1 9 17 and the opening of the Christmas Drive, Mr. N. H. 
Boynton, then manager of the Publicity Department, was 
named by Mr. Terry as active head of the extension campaign. 

The organization of the Fund and the method of soliciting 
and transmitting funds are worthy of note. Headquarters 
were established in Room 2044, 120 Broadway, New York. 
Mr. Robert L. Stevenson was appointed s^ecretary of the Fund 
and Professor J. L. Borgerhoff was engaged as translator. 
It is to be kept in mind that a big factor in the Nela Fund 
relief was the personal correspondence carried on between 
the French families and their American "godparents." It 
is interesting to note in this connection that in the first twenty- 
seven months of its operation over 3500 letters were received 
and translated from English to French and from French to 
English by Nela Fund. 

The needs of orphans varied with age and educational 
requirements, so that the party interested could subscribe 
for the maintenance of children whose expenses for a year's 
keep, either with their mother or in private homes, would 



The National IN THE World War 329 

vary from $^6 to $250. The usual amounts asked were $^6 

to ^40, $50 to $60 or $200 to $250. 

Bringing Cheer to "Soldier-Godsons" 

The cost of maintaining a soldier-godson ranged from |2o 
to I30 a year, while for the re-education of a mutilated soldier 
from $80 to $200 a year was needed, according to the trade he 
was learning. The soldier-godson movement was of decided im- 
portance because the French soldier received but five cents a 
day for his military services, and was in need of many comforts 
which would enable him to bear his trials with lighter heart. 
The following letter from an adopted godson shows the changed 
expression which was made possible by a personal-interest 
contribution from a Nela Fund subscriber: 

"For the present I feel almost happy, for I know that a good 
man is kind enough to take an interest in me. I assure you, my dear 
godfather, that I am proud of the friendship you kindly give me. 
Being entirely without news from my parents and my dear little boy, 
who are all in the invaded part of Belgium, I assure you, my good 
godfather, that I really felt too lonely, and that my lonesomeness 
was the cause of my discouragement, which, in turn, though only 
temporary, affected my health. Now that I am sure of 
having found a good friend, I am entirely different. Your letters 
have cheered me up to such an extent that I am in the best possible 
mood to finish, as I ought to, the task I have voluntarily assumed. 
Thanks to you, my dear godfather, I shall overcome everything 
that comes along, and more still, for I tell you that I am ready for 
any sacrifice." 

The sum subscribed for maintaining an orphan, widow 
or godson could be paid into the Nela Fund in any manner 
desired by the donor, so long as the entire amount was for- 
warded within a year. Unlike the ordinary organization of 
relief, Nela Fund did not deduct a proportion of the sub- 
scription to meet overhead expense. This was borne partly 
by Mr. Terry and partly by contributions made especially 
for that purpose. Another essential characteristic of the Nela 
Fund operation was the promptness with which money was 
forwarded to the beneficiary. When a subscription was accepted 
for an orphan, the mother or guardian was immediately 
notified and told that a semi-annual payment would be 
placed to her credit at some bank named by her, or a French 
clearing house, on a specific date. This was done even though 



23^ The National in the World War 

the amount for the support of the orphan had not been re- 
ceived at the headquarters of Nela Fund. By so doing, no 
burden of anxiety was ever laid upon the recipient. 

Becoming a Godparent 

The reader may wonder how the godparent chose the 
orphan, and what security he had that his gift was doing its 
share for good. Nela Fund co-operated with certain reliable 
French charitable institutions with which Mr. Terry, through 
two years' personal observation and dealings, had established 
relations. These agencies were interested in widows and or- 
phans of the middle class. They had on file pictures and his- 
tories of thousands of deserving unfortunates, which they 
willingly placed at the disposal of Nela Fund. Whenever a 
subscription was entered at the New York office, the picture 
and history of two or more orphans, whose requirements 
were within the amount subscribed, were forwarded to the 
interested party, who made his choice and returned the un- 
accepted history. The donor then began to communicate 
with his godchild, and thus started an interesting and helpful 
correspondence. Corresponding was optional with the giver 
and would be taken care of, upon request, by the Nela Fund. 

Some of the French organizations with which Nela 
Fund worked hand in hand were the Saint Cyrienne, National 
French Association, Fatherless Children of France, Chil- 
dren of the Frontier, La Federation Nationale D'Assistance 
aux Mutiles des Armees de Terre et de Mer, and the Asso- 
ciation Valentin Hauy. These organizations were of the 
highest calibre; a few words concerning their activities may 
be of value. 

The Saint Cyrienne was a friendly association of students 
and former students of the military academy of Saint Cyr. 
At the outbreak of the war its able members were called to 
the colors. On the battlefields many made the supreme sac- 
rifice, and somewhere back of the lines were left families 
which the widows were wholly unprepared to support, unaided. 
The Saint Cyrienne, however, did not forget the widows and 
orphans of its fallen members. It made inquiries into the 
needs and means of each family, gave of its own funds what- 
ever was available, and then strove in other ways to provide 



The National in the World War 331 

that physical and educational nourishment which neither 
the government nor itself was fully able to supply. 

Then there was the National French Association, or- 
ganized for protecting the families of those who died for their 
country. This association aided thousands of widows and 
orphans by soliciting through its many offices the means 
necessary to support and educate them. There were the 
societies of the "Fatherless Children of France" and the 
"Children of the Frontier," which had aims similar to those 
of the National Association; their accomplishments were 
equally noteworthy. 

La Federation Nationale D'Assistance aux Mutiles des 
Armees de Terre et de Mer was a society having for its purpose 
the re-education of mutilated soldiers. This body under the 
active presidency of M. Bartlow, a former Prime Minister of 
France, found means to re-educate thousands of mutilated 
soldiers and to offer them remunerative employment. 

The Association Valentin Hauy concerned itself with the 
welfare of the blinded soldiers. Founded in Paris in 1784, 
by Valentin Hauy, the association was directed principally 
by the blind. In its museum is a wonderful collection of the 
work of those it aided, and of the machines on which they 
worked. 

How THE Nela Fund Was Advertised 

Interest in the Nela Fund was promoted principally 
through booklets, general and personal letters and to a limited 
extent by newspaper articles. Three booklets were published 
concerning the Fund, the titles being: 

1. The Purpose of Nela Fund. 

2. Interested Charity. 

3. Your Debt to France. 

The first two were distributed during the Christmas 
Drive of 1917 and "Your Debt to France," during the 1918 
drive. 

To enlighten National employees upon the things which 
Nela Fund subscriptions were making possible, and to keep 
them informed of developments from time to time, general 
letters were used. These letters were largely educational in 
nature, quoting expressions of gratitude from the French 
widows, orphans and soldier-godsons. Besides their importance 
as conveyors of information, such letters were of value in 



22'2. The National in the World War 

keeping aflame throughout the year the aims and ideals 
of Nela Fund, and served as a reminder that the needs which 
the Fund met were urgent and constant. 

In addition to the National Lamp people, Nela Fund 
had as contributors and sponsors many representative business 
men and investigating bureaus of this country and abroad 
who were glad at all times to give information concerning 
the Fund's organization or policies. In "Your Debt to France" 
appeared such a list; it included Hon. Myron T. Herrick who, 
as American Ambassador to France during the early years 
of the war, was in a position to know the needs of the people 
in the war-torn regions. 

From the 19 17 summer conference to the opening of 
the Christmas Drive, 213 subscriptions were obtained, largely 
through the efforts of National managers and employees. 
This constituted an excellent introduction and working basis 
for the Christmas Drive, and illustrated better than words 
the profound need which Nela Fund was meeting. 

The 1917 Christmas Drive 
December 17 to December 24 

The plans for the 1917 Christmas Drive were well worked 
out before the campaign itself opened. The responsibility for 
success rested on the shoulders of the members of Nela who 
had pledged their unreserved support at the summer con- 
ference. The goal for the Drive was placed at $25,000, which 
amount would provide for approximately one hundred stricken 
families during the year 1918. A quota of $250 was allotted 
to each Nela member as the amount he was to raise. 

"It Pays to Advertise" 

The drive opened with vigor and determination on the 
part of the National managers, who devised and promoted 
their own "sales" campaigns. A few subscribed their entire 
quota personally, but the majority strove to interest others 
over and above making their own subscriptions. Department 
meetings were called, "clubs" were formed, managers and 
employees became so interested as to approach acquaintances 
and strangers with equal zeal. Among the novel advertising 
plans was one concocted by Mr. Fred P. Harris, manager of 



The National in the World War 233 

Purchasing Department. He first secured a photograph and 
history of an attractive orphan, whose story he told to all 
those approached by him in the work of the Fund. Then, to 
arouse the curiosity of people entering his office, Harris had 
a placard printed — "Ask Me What I Know About a French 
Girl." This was prominently displayed and served its purpose 
well. Mr. J. T. Fagan conducted an "apple raffle" in the 
Nela Cafeteria, Mr. R. E. Scott promoted a campaign among 
the members of the Harvard Club of Cleveland, Mr. W. D. 
Frank of Nela Press "sold" to the Ben Franklin Club, while 
Mr. J. P. Goggin was very successful in interesting the Cane 
Glass and Tubing Union. 

Factory employees entered into the spirit of the drive 
with equal determination. The employees of the Puritan 
Refilled Division and the Boston-Economy Lamp Division 
voted unanimously to work two Saturday afternoons, which 
they would otherwise have had open, and to contribute 
the wages thus earned to the Fund. The Oakland factory 
set a Nela Fund Day on which all foremen and operators 
strove for extra production and their entire day's wages were 
contributed to the orphans. These were a few of the many 
methods used in the campaign to interest National employees 
and persons outside of the National in the "grateful invest- 
ment" Nela Fund had to offer. Amounts of subscriptions 
written up were announced from campaign headquarters 
daily, successful plans for securing subscriptions were ex- 
changed and through the newspapers and in many other 
ways interest was fostered in the work of the drive. 

The harvest of subscriptions was gratifying. To families 
across the sea it meant the lightening of heavy hearts, to 
Nela members it was the fulfillment of an accepted pledge, 
to Mr. Terry it was the pleasant realization that the Fund was 
an assured success and to every subscriber it was a matter of 
wholesome satisfaction to know that Christmas Day, 1917, 
was more than ever before a day of practical giving. Sub- 
scription acceptances did not cease with December 24th, 
however, for January, 191 8, brought in contributions totalling 
$3000. When Christmas Drive books were closed, March nth, 
1918, it was announced from headquarters that $34,282.91 
had been pledged. 

As a special Christmas activity, Nela Fund encouraged 
the sending of gifts to orphans and godsons. Due to the shipping 



334 The National in the World War 

Space required for ordnance and military supplies, it was 
suggested that money, rather than packages, be given. Such 
a request was also made in 1918 and 1919- 

Below is listed the number of persons who were being 
cared for in the years 19 17 and 1918 — the big increases in 
1 918 being largely due to the 19 17 Christmas Drive. 

7977 i()i8 

Orphans 72 414 

Widows 1 

Godsons 37 83 

Total 109 499 

In addition to the sums forwarded to orphans, widows 
and soldier-godsons, contributions were also made through 
Nela Fund to the American Service Fund, Paris; Mr. Tre- 
maine's "Sock League" and to miscellaneous activities, such as 
the Association for Supplying Games to Soldiers, and packages 
for soldiers. 

A portion of the amount raised in 19 18 was subscribed 
after the close of the Christmas Drive, for members of Nela 
were at all times on the search for buyers of this wartime 
"investment." During 19 18, a total of 236 new subscriptions 
were accepted. 

The following letters from French children are typical 
of those received by godparents. The first was written by 
a girl of eleven years, the orphan of a French officer and 
eldest of nine children: 

"I know a little English and can write well enough in that 
language to thank you for the big sum you sent to mother for us. 

"My little sister, who is ill, can now have help and I do thank 
you with all my heart for that joy." 

Her brother, a boy of nine years, expressed his appre- 
ciation in these words: 

"With all my heart, thanks! for the money you have sent to 
us. I should like to be as kind as the Americans who help the French 
so much, and I should also like to be an officer so as to be able to go 
to war with them. Long live our Allies!" 

Finally, a third youth of the family, a boy of eight, 
wrote : 

"I thank you in the name of my little brother and sisters for 
the generous gift which Mamma received. When I am grown up, I 
shall go to Nela Park to see you." 



The National IN THE World War 335 

At the 1 91 8 summer conference at Association Island, Nela 
Fund was again a prominent topic of conversation and, 
following the generous example set at the 1917 meeting, 
the National managers once more contributed liberally to 
its support. The sum of $1540 was raised as a contribution 
towards the expenses of the Fund. It was decided to conduct 
a Christmas Drive along lines similar to those on which the 
19 17 campaign was run and, besides securing new pledges, 
to make sure that old subscriptions were renewed. 

1918 Christmas Drive 
November 28 to December 24 

In a letter under date of December 5th, 19 18, Mr. Terry 
emphasized that we in America could ill afford to desert 
the French people at this time, for the sacrifices which they 
made for us, as well as for themselves, had dug deeply into 
the roots of their existence. This was sufficient justification 
for renewing once more the efforts of 19 17. A general letter 
of January 23rd, 19 19, contained the thought that though 
the Nela Fund was no longer a "winning the war" activity, 
yet the conditions and needs of the French were such they 
could not become self-supporting for some time. Until that 
day was at hand it was our duty, as well as our privilege, to 
contribute to the limit of our means for the support and edu- 
cation of the children upon whom rested the regeneration 
of France's industrial and economic life. 

The organization of the 19 18 Drive was practically 
the same as that of 19 17. Each Nela member was asked to 
be responsible for $200 in subscriptions in addition to securing 
a renewal of his 1917 pledges. Members, as before, conducted 
their own campaigns for funds, working diligently to meet 
their quotas. Due to the fighting being over, it was found 
difficult to interest new prospects, but old subscribers were 
readily re-signed. They had become confirmed supporters 
of the work and many of them were influential in securing 
new subscriptions. 

In the 19 1 8 Drive, new subscriptions totalling $14,766.15 
\vere received, besides the renewal of a majority of the 1917 
pledges. The entire sum raised was appropriated for the care 
of orphans and widows, the soldier-godson movement ending 



22^ The National in the World War 

with December 31st. The special Christmas offering amounted 
to I518 which was distributed among 66 orphans, 5 godsons 
and one widow. 

Nela Fund After the War 

Nela Fund "carried on" after war ceased. It was decided 
that so long as a distressing need existed among French 
families it would be unwise to discontinue the efforts which 
had meant so much to them during the war. Further, a majority 
of those who had "adopted" orphans had become so inter- 
ested in their proteges that they had no desire to cancel their 
attentions at this time, or in the very near future. 

In the spring of 19 19 Mr. Terry went abroad and visited 
personally many of the orphans "adopted" through the Nela 
Fund. This trip was of value both in reviewing the field 
which Nela Fund had covered during the war and as a canvass 
of the needs which still existed in France for interested relief 
work. As the need was still found to be urgent, a third Christ- 
mas Drive was held in 19 19. 




PART IV 



MOBILIZING 
OUR DOLLARS 



The National Lamp Works' 

Financial Record in Connection 

With the World War 



MOBILIZING OUR DOLLARS 

THE NATIONAL LAMP WORKS' FINANCIAL 

RECORD IN CONNECTION WITH 

THE WORLD WAR 

"Everyone should invest what he can reasonably afford 
to in Liberty Loan Bonds. We should do this even if we can 
invest our money in something else with a higher rate of return.''' 

The foregoing quotation from Terry and Tremaine's 
General Letter of May 24th, 19 17, written just after the 
First Liberty Loan campaign was announced, is indicative 
of the attitude taken by the National towards the many 
money-raising campaigns conducted by the Government 
throughout the war — except that, as the war progressed, the 
appeals of the management for whole-hearted support, even 
if such support should involve real financial sacrifice to the 
contributor, became more and more urgent. This fact will be 
evident from the quotations given further on in this chapter, 
from General Letters issued on the occasions of the Second, 
Third and Fourth Liberty Loans. 

The employees of the National Lamp organization 
responded nobly to every Government appeal for funds, as 
is abundantly proven by the huge financial totals given below. 
National people would have responded nobly, beyond a doubt, 
even without the encouragement and assistance that they 
received from their leaders. At the same time, it is obvious 
that the totals would have been very much less, had- it not 
been for the organizing genius that was focused on getting 
everyone to do his or her part, and on creating a spirit of 
rivalry among the different Divisions of the organization — 
each striving to outdo the others in the outpouring of its 
money for America and world freedom. 

Figures — to many people at least — are cold, lifeless 
things, and statistics are certainly not "light summer reading." 
But figures become endued with life and interest when they 
pertain to a war, for the winning of a war, when all is said and 
done, is largely a matter of which side can raise the more money. 

War is always a strain on the financial resources of a 
country — but in a life-and-death conflict like the World 
War of 1914-1918 it is more than an ordinary strain — it 
becomes an appalling financial drain. 



340 The National IN THE World War 

How the National and its people mobilized their dollars 
in addition to their personal work and material resources, 
will be told in the present chapter. The subject will be taken 
up under the following headings: 

I. The Liberty Loans — First, Second, Third and Fourth. 
IL War Savings Stamps. 
in. The Red Cross Campaigns. 
IV. The Y. M. C. A. Campaign. 
V. Miscellaneous Nation-Wide Relief Campaigns. 
VI. War Chests. 
VII. United War Work Campaign. 

VIII. Nela Fund, for French War Orphans, Widows and Soldiers. 
IX. "Children of the Frontier." 
X. "Socks for Soldiers." 

XL Financial Aspect of Red Cross Workers' Activity. 
XII. Financial Support of War Gardening. 

XIII. Support of War Activities (Research and Development) 

Undertaken by Home Office Laboratories. 

XIV. Miscellaneous Financial Contributions towards Winning the 

War. 
XV. Summary. 

I. THE LIBERTY LOANS 

The First Liberty Loan 
June I to i^^ igiy 
The first great popular bond issue floated by the United 
States Government was for the sum of two billion dollars, 
and was known as the First Liberty Loan. 
It was the first time that United States 
Gold Bonds were ever offered to the public 
in such small denomination as fifty dollars — 
the "baby bonds," so called. Also, it was 
the first time that Uncle Sam had ever 
resorted to a whirlwind campaign of ad- 
vertising and salesmanship in order to market his securities. 
As we look back on the First Loan, remembering that 
before the war was over our Government raised a total of 
between twenty and thirty billion dollars by the sale of 
Liberty Bonds and War Savings Stamps, it seems almost 
amusing to consider the serious doubts that were entertained 
by many people as to whether we could raise even two billion 
dollars in one campaign. 

Suffice it to say that instead of two billion dollars, 
nearly three billion dollars were subscribed to the First Liberty 
Loan. As over-subscriptions were not accepted, there were 




The National in the World War 341 

many large investors who were disappointed in that their 
subscriptions were not taken. 

The First Liberty Loan Bonds, as originally issued, 
bore interest at the rate of 2^4%, and were tax-free except 
for inheritance taxes. The bonds mature in 1947. The bond- 
selling campaign lasted from June i to 15, 19 17. 

The following quotations are from a General Letter 
dated May 29, 1917, and sent by the Managers of the National 
Lamp Works to all Departments and Divisions: 

"The General Electric Company is taking an interest 
in inducing its employees to purchase these bonds and will 
assist them in financing their purchase where necessary. 
The General Electric Company has, for its own account, 
agreed to purchase $5,000,000 of these bonds. 

"We would like to make the General Electric subscrip- 
tion as large as possible, and would request, therefore, that 
subscriptions be turned in through Mr. See, who, in turn, 
will report the amount to the General Electric Company, 
Schenectady, to be included with the subscriptions from the 
employees of the other branches of the G. E. Company. 

"June 6th has been made the day on which a canvass 
will be made in all departments." 

The various departments took up the appointed task 
energetically, with the following results: 
First Liberty Loan 

Number of Individual Subscribers 33^9 

Amount Subscribed 1278,200 

The Company's Liberty Loan "machinery" was not as 
thoroughly organized for this first bond issue as it was later. 
In consequence, many individuals subscribed through local 
banks rather than through the company. Such subscriptions 
are not included in the above total. On the other hand, many 
employees persuaded their friends, outside of the National, 
to subscribe through them, so that on the whole the fore- 
going total may be considered a fairly accurate representation 
of the amount actually invested by the National employees. 

A word should be said in recognition of the extensive 
and often burdensome work so faithfully performed by the 
employees of the Treasury Department, the greatest war 
activity of which during 19 17 and 19 18 was in connection 
with the Liberty Loans — assembling subscriptions and placing 
with banks, crediting collections from month to month, and 
delivering bonds to subscribers as paid for. Approximately 



342 The National IN THE World War 

seven thousand dollars in expenses were incurred by the 
Treasury Department in handling the four Liberty Loans. 
Employees were given their choice of five different 
plans for making payments: 

(a) the weekly plan (2% per week for 50 weeks); 

(b) the semi-monthly plan (each payment 5% of the 
amount subscribed) ; 

(c) the monthly plan (each payment 10%); 

(d) the Government terms; 

(e) one payment in cash. 

Plans (a), (b), and (c) were much more liberal than the 
Government terms, and gave the subscriber practically ten 
months in which to pay. Under these "easy-payment" plans, 
the company advanced the money to the Government, through 
the banks, and carried the individuals' accounts until they 
were paid up. 

The ten-month schedule of payment applied to the First, 
Second and Third Loans only. When the Fourth Loan came 
along, the time for payment had to be reduced to five months, 
as it began to look as if we might expect new Liberty Loans 
regularly, at about five-month intervals. 

On June 12th Miss Ruth Law, then the foremost aviatrix, 
made an exhibition flight over Cleveland under the auspices 
of Henry L. Doherty & Co. 

Miss Law "took off" from Nela Park and on her flight 
dropped "bombs" advertising the Loan. 

The Second Liberty Loan 
October 21 to 26^ igiy 

In the fall of 1917, "we, the people," were called upon 
to loan three billion dollars more to our Government. The 
Second Liberty Loan, bearing interest at 
the rate of 4%, maturing in 1942, and 
taxable only for inheritance taxes and for 
surtaxes above a certain exemption, went 
"over the top" in a whirlwind campaign of 
only one week. It was over-subscribed by 
$1,617,532,300, but only half of this over- 
subscription was accepted by the Government. 

The following extracts from General Letters issued by 
the National management just prior to the Second Loan 
campaign are of interest: 




The National in the World War 343 

''Keeping Bonds for Employees: Many buyers of Liberty 
Loan Bonds have never before handled bonds and have no 
safe place in which to keep them and will not understand 
how to handle the interest coupons. Where desired, we will 
hold the bonds and look out for these matters for such em- 
ployees. The bonds left with us for safe keeping will be held 
in the safety deposit vault of the Cleveland Trust Company, 
and upon request will be forwarded for delivery to the in- 
dividual." 

^''Liberty Loan Number 2: We are again called upon 
for action — we can call it patriotism if we like — the 
Second Liberty Loan. We do not ourselves term it patriotism 
because our motive is more than our love of country; it is 
to maintain our freedom that we are making sacrifices and 
our soldiers are fighting. It is that we may have what 
we believe to be our inalienable right to live in peace and 
without the necessity of being skilled in the most scientific 
means of destroying others. We wish our progress to be 
the result of constructive work and helpfulness to others 
and not the destruction of others or their subjugation. 

"It is too late for us to discuss the question of whether 
we will fight or take the chance of being subjugated. That 
question has already been decided for us, and we know that 
whatever it may cost in lives and money to win, a greater 
loss will be ours if we fail to win. The situation is too critical 
for one to consider that his part is less than all that he can do. 
There is little danger of our being required to make sacrifices 
as great as those which the people of Belgium, France and 
England have been called upon to make, and yet, in this 
common cause, it would be but just if as much were required 
of us. 

* We hope to have reason, again, for feeling proud of our 
organization because of the way our employees respond to 
this second call for funds with which to carry on this most 
just and necessary fight for liberty." 

The total subscriptions through the National Lamp 
Works were as follows: 

Second Liberty Loan 

Number of Individual Subscribers 2961 

Amount Subscribed ^250,400 



344 



The National in the World War 



Voluntary No attempt has been, or can be, made to 
Solicitation compute the total amount of time put in by 
by National men and women of the National in house- 
Employees to-house canvassing and other "yeoman service" 
in connection with the various war-financing 
campaigns. Some of this work was done Saturday afternoons 
and evenings, but much of it was done on the Company's 
time — a service which was not only permitted, but freely 
encouraged by the management. 

Just as an instance: Eleven men in the Nela Specialties 
and Commercial Development Departments put in 1609 hours 
— the equivalent of 214 working days, on work of this kind. 

Several of the managers were members of City or County 
Sales Committees for the various loans, and made public 
appeals for subscriptions or acted as chairman at meetings 
where such appeals were made. 

The manager of the Nela Operating Department assisted 
in the four Liberty Loans by conveying Liberty Loan speakers 
to their assigned localities for speeches. 



The Third Liberty Loan 
April 6 to May 14^ igi8 

The Third Loan came at a crucial point in the war — 
a time when the allies were being pressed back by the Central 
Powers' Spring Drive on the Western Front. 
The size of the loan, I3, 000,000,000 — which 
was nearly 40% oversubscribed — was in 
proportion to the need. This loan bore in- 
terest at 4>'4%, matured in 1928, and was 
tax-free with the same general class of ex- 
ceptions as noted under the Second Loan, 
above. The pressing importance of the Third Loan was clearly 
brought out in the letter sent out by the National management 
on March 29: 

"The Third Liberty Loan Drive starts April 6th. 
"We shall count on the National organization doing its 
full part, as usual. 

"It does not make any difference how much we have done 
or how difficult it is to do more, each one of us must do his 




"r- 




3rd LIBERTY LOAr 







■pW\04 



3rd Liberty Loan Rally at Nela, April 11, 1918 

Left — Mr. L. P. Sawyer, Chairman. 

Center — Lieut. MacGregor Mcintosh, Speaker. 

Right — Mr. Homer H. McKeehan, Speaker. 




The "Race to Berlin" — A Bond-Raising Stimulus LIsed by the 
Engineering Department 



mppmtk wiKjtm mm uBm bonds' 




mmm m kaiser vmuimm^^ 



OeoDOlUCl 
MDZOOKH ■• 




"Plastering the Kaiser with Liberty Bonds" 

A Campaign Progress Chart used by the Engineering Department in 
the Third Loan Campaign 



The National in the World War 3.. 

part, and undoubtedly In addition to this demand there will 
be many more before the war comes to an end 

rr. A "^° ""''l ^^\'^^ ''^^' '° complain unless he is required 
to do more than the young man who is drafted and compelled 
to give up his position and prospects here and live the trench 

"^f^l i?'^'' ^""^ ''^^ ^'^ ^'^^ ^"d health in addition. 
1 he French people have been required to make real 

"If the Germans should win, we need not continue valuing 
either our hves or our property. We are better off to give 
up everything, including our lives, than to have them win 
Everyone s part is all that he can do, nothing less. Not 
many of us will do our full part. 

sentW latter.'' ""^ '"^"'^ subscriptions, and forms, will be 

T '^^.v'^V''^ ^""^u subscriptions placed through the National 
Lamp Works totalled as follows: 

Third Liberty Loan 

Number of Individual Subscribers - (■ 

Amount Subscribed. ^ ^^^^ 

1446,800 

How Enthu- Much of the success of the several Liberty 
stasm IVas Loan campaigns, so far as the National was 
Aroused concerned, was due to the rivalry fostered 

bv the P Kl- T°",^ ' '^"^"■'"' Departments and Divisions 
by the Publicity Department, under the direction of Mr 

nrinHnfl°r'°"- /\"' T' "°* =^™Paigns were made the 
prmcipal business of this Department up to the time that the 

armistice was signed. 

During the Loan campaigns, a vigorous follow-up cam- 
paign was conducted both by mail and by telegraph to the 
various Divisions, all of which were placed on a quota basis 
Speakers were secured to address meetings of the employees' 
Some of these speakers were from outside of the National 
organization; others, such as J. M. Smith and "Billy" Evans 
were from the organization itself. 
t\.r.Y'lf^ three-cornered contests were staged among the 

Ea" K^d St r^"^",^-^^^^ P-k.> E-'45th St.f and 
ii^ast 152nd St. Large charts posted in each of the three 
cafeterias were used to post the comparative showings from 



346 The National IN THE World War 

day to day, and thus stimulate rivalry. Special charts in the 
Nela cafeteria showed the relative progress of the various 
departments at Nela Park in securing subscriptions to the 
Loans. 

During the Second and Third Loan Campaigns, re- 
spectively, two novel methods were used by the Engineering 
Department to stimulate greater subscriptions within its 
ranks. A "Race to Berlin" — across the Atlantic Ocean — 
was represented by a large painting near the Department 
entrance during the Second Loan Campaign, two Engi- 
neering Department teams competing to see which would 
"reach Berlin first," by securing more subscriptions than the 
other. For the Third Loan Campaign, this painting was 
replaced by one representing the Kaiser's face (see illus- 
trations), the game being to "Plaster the Kaiser's face with 
Liberty Bonds," thereby transforming it into a picture of 
the Goddess of Liberty. 

The Fourth Liberty Loan 
September 28 to October ig, igi8 

"Let's finish the job" was the appeal that won sub- 
scriptions to the fourth and final loan floated by the Gov- 
ernment before the Central Powers surrendered. 
The "Huns" were already on the retreat; 
casualty lists were pouring in every day, telling 
the number of American boys killed and 
wounded; and it is therefore not strange that 
the outpouring of funds came from a greater 
number of individual subscribers than for any previous loan. 
The bond offering was for |6,ooo,ooo,ooo at 4J<4%, 
with all oversubscriptions accepted. Practically $7,000,000,000 
was actually subscribed. The loan matured in 1938, and was 
subject to the same general tax conditions as noted under the 
Second Loan above. 

Terry and Tremaine's General Letter of September 25th 
sounded the keynote: 

"We know that the National organization will do its 
best, as before. It is unnecessary to reiterate the reasons 
why each one of us must do his part. 




The National in the World War 347 

"Just now, when everything seems to be coming our 
way, there is a greater necessity for our helping to pull the 
load to the last ounce of our strength. Everything that we do 
in the right direction will have its influence in bringing the 
war to an early end." 

The National rolled up a total more than 40% greater 
than for any preceding loan, as shown by the following: 

Fourth Liberty Loan 

Number of Individual Subscriptions 7270 

Amount Subscribed $760,850 



The Victory Loan 
April 21 to May j, igig 

The last of the Liberty Loans came several months after 
the armistice was signed. The slogan was "Bring the Boys 
Back Home." We include mention of the Fifth Liberty Loan 
merely for the sake of completeness, as it was 
not a "war activity" strictly speaking, and 
the National kept no consolidated record of 
its employees' subscriptions, handsome as the 
total undoubtedly was. 

Many of the lamp people put in just as long 
hours working for the Victory Loan as they had for the 
previous offerings, and their efforts helped in putting the 
campaign "over the top." Just as one instance we cite the 
work of Mr. Geary, Manager of the Fostoria Incandescent 
Lamp Division. Let him tell his own story: 

"The quota for the City of Fostoria was ^292,000, and 
I had an inspiration to secure pledges for $100,000 of this 
personally, without letting anyone know except the sub- 
scribers; then, when the campaign workers were within 
$100,000 of their goal, let the cat out of the bag and break 
up their party. 

"I succeeded in getting 23 subscriptions of $5000 each, 
in about thirty-six hours, and could not work on this any 
longer because I was Chairman of the Committee to secure 
subscriptions from all of the manufacturing plants in Fostoria, 




348 The National in the World War 

and it would have looked as though I was neglectnig the latter 
job. Otherwise, I could probably have sold about half a dozen 
more I5000 subscriptions. 

"On the third night of the campaign, a big rally was held 
with a band, speakers, etc., and since the workers were stren- 
uously pressing those who had given me their subscriptions, 
I decided not to keep my secret any longer, as it would add 
enthusiasm to the campaign if I announced the twenty-three 
I5000 subscriptions then and there. This was done. 

"As there was only $20,000 left to be subscribed after 
the rally, the next morning Fostoria went over the top." 

II. WAR SAVINGS STAMPS 

In order to encourage systematic saving of money for 
war purposes, and to make it possible for everyone to loan 
to the Government the small sums that are so easily wasted 
on trifles, the War Savings Stamp plan was 
put into effect by the U. S. Treasury Depart- 
ment, commencing as of January i, 1918. 

"Thrift Stamps" were sold at 25 cents 
each, and were pasted on to "Thrift Cards" 
holding sixteen stamps ($4 worth). Each 
"^^^^" Thrift Card, when full, was exchangeable for 

a "War Savings Stamp" (upon payment of an additional 
amount varying frorn 12 cents to 24 cents, depending upon 
the month in which the exchange was made). These War 
Savings Stamps — "W. S. S.," they were commonly called — 
costing the purchaser from I4.12 to I4.24, attained in five 
years a maturity value of $5.00 cash — equivalent to 4.27% 
interest on the money invested. 

Throughout the National Lamp Works, the stamps 
were placed on sale by the Cashiers of all Divisions and De- 
partments, as well as by the Savings and Investment Section 
at Nela Park. At the same time all aggressive efforts at selling 
"Nela Alpha" Savings Stamps were suspended, so that 
employees would not be deterred from putting their savings 
into W. S. S. 

The National Lamp Works went a step further. It in- 
stituted a plan whereby employees of more than five years' 
standing, who were receiving a semiannual bonus of 5% 
on their earnings, were urged to accept this bonus in the 



HAVE 

PLEDGED 

WS.S. 



The National in the World War 349 

form of War Savings Stamps rather than cash. A General 
Letter dated Jan. 10, 1918, relates to this subject: 

^'Paying Supplementary Compensation in War Savings Stamps 

"It is highly important that all managers of departments and 
others encourage the sale ot War Savings Stamps wherever and 

whenever possible One definite means of encouraging the sale 

of War Savings Stamps is to secure the consent of our employees 
who are entitled to the Supplementary Compensation, December 31, 

"Please discuss this matter with each employee. You will 
probably be successful in disposing of a large number of these stamps 
and certificates. 

"An effort should be made to have the entire bonus paid in 
certificates or stamps. 

Terry and Tremaine 

Managers" 

Mr. J. Robert Crouse, former Manager of Sales of the 
National Lamp Works, was appointed Director of Sales for 
the Cuyahoga War Savings Committee. He suspended all of 
his personal business activities in order to give his entire time 
to this formidable patriotic task, which was rendered all the 
more difficult by the fact that the War Savings Drives had 
to be subordinated to the Liberty Loan Drives whenever the 
latter were in progress. The Cuyahoga County quota of W. S S. 
for 19 1 8 was 1 16,000,000. The services of the National were 
placed at Mr. Crouse's disposal, and were helpful to him 
in many instances during the campaign. The employees of 
the National in Cleveland subscribed a total of $90,597 
in War Savings Stamps. 

At the Summer Meeting of the National Managers at 
Association Island, in 19 18, individual W. S. S. pledges 
aggregating several thousand dollars were secured by Mr. 
Crouse from the managers. 

It is interesting to note that Cuyahoga County attained 
91 per cent of its W. S. S. quota — a higher percentage than 
was reached by any other of the counties in which the ten 
largest cities of the United States were located. Cleveland 
also ranked highest in per capita sales. 

Total National Lamp Works W. S. S. Sales {i^iS) 

Since the War Savings Stamps were on sale through 
so many different agencies — postoffices, retail stores, Boy 



350 The National IN THE World War 

Scouts, school children, etc. — it is impossible to compile a 
complete total of purchases by National Lamp people. The 
following minimum figures, however, are at hand, and are 
impressive even in their incompleteness. 

Number of War Savings Stamp Buyers. . . . 5445 

Amount Purchased (at Purchase Value). . . . $141,260 

The St. Louis Mazda employees subscribed $42.45 to 
the John Ring, Jr. State Statue Fund — a fund for the erection 
of a mammoth statue with booth for the sale of Thrift Stamps 
and W. S. S., on Twelfth Street, St. Louis. 

SUMMARY 

Government Securities Purchased Through National 
Lamp Works During the War 

Liberty Loan No. i $ 278,200 

Liberty Loan No. 2 250,400 

Liberty Loan No. 3 446,800 

Liberty Loan No. 4 760,850 

Liberty Loan, Total $1,736,250 

WarSavings Stamps $ 141,260 

Grand Total $1,877,510 

IIL THE RED CROSS CAMPAIGNS 

In June, 1917, the American Red Cross conducted a 
nation-wide drive to raise $100,000,000 with which to carry 

on its work of caring for the sick and wounded, 

/^ WM \. its canteens at the various camps and railroad 

/b|^hb|| stationSj and so forth. In December of the 

Y^^^^™/ same year there was a big Red Cross Membership 

\._^J^^/ Campaign for the purpose of enrolling millions 

of new members in the Red Cross at one dollar 

each, and for securing subscriptions to the Red Cross Magazine. 

In the year^i9i8jcampaigns^of the Red Cross were merged 
with the campaigns of six other large war-relief organiza- 
tions, the combined drive being known as the "United War 
Work Campaign." In Cleveland and many other cities the 
funds were raised in 19 18 through the medium of the city's 
' 'Community War Chest." The only "independent" cam- 
paigns of the Red Cross, therefore, were in 19 17 and it is 
these that are referred to below. 



The National IN THE World War 351 

The First Red Cross Drive 

June 18 to ^5, igiy 

A canvass of the National managers, resulting in pledges 
tor several thousand dollars, was made en route to the man- 
agers' summer meeting at Association Island. 

The record made by the National Lamp Works in this 
campaign was as follows: 

Amount Pledged $17,618.82 

Number of Givers Over 5100 

Number of Givers in Cleveland Departments 3240 

$11,033.60 of the amount donated to the Red Cross 
was subscribed through, and paid over by, the National 
Lamp Works' Treasury Department, Cleveland. 

Mr. F. S. Terry was Captain of Team 26, appointed 
to secure Red Cross subscriptions from business men and 
others in the Cleveland district. This team reported 
$213,874.59, from 20,662 subscribers. The flag for the largest 
number of subscribers of any of the 50 competing teams was 
awarded to Mr. Terry. 

1917 Red Cross Membership Campaign 
December ly to 2^^ ^9^7 

The campaign to secure Red Cross memberships, and 
subscriptions to the Red Cross Magazine, was generally 
conducted by the local Red Cross Chapters in a house-to- 
house canvass without official solicitation. It is estimated 
that the total number of dollar memberships taken out by 
National employees was approximately 6,000. 

The National Service Department canvassed the Cleve- 
land Divisions and obtained 2,552 memberships — 897 from 
Nela Park and 1655 from the other local Divisions. 

For the Red Cross Membership Campaign, Mr. N. H. 
Boynton directed the Advertising and Sales Promotion 
activities in the "Lake Division," consisting of Ohio, Indiana 
and Kentucky. In this work he was one of the principal 
aides of Mr. James R. Garfield, Director of the Lake Division. 
Under Mr. Boynton's supervision 464 full-page advertise- 
ments were financed in the newspapers of the three states. 
The Lake Division ranked first among all the Divisions in 
total number of members secured (2,300,000), and it greatly 
exceeded all other Divisions in percentage of quota realized. 




352 The National IN THE World War 

IV. THE Y. M. C. A. CAMPAIGN 

November 12 to //, igiy 

Greater efforts were made by the Government to build 
up the morale and look after the general well-being of its 
troops in the World War than in any previous conflict. One 

of the first organizations called upon 
for this service was the Young Men's 
Christian Association, owing to the 
fact that it was thoroughly organized 
on a national scale for the purpose of 
ministering to the needs of young men, 
and could readily throw its machinery 
over to war purposes. The "Y Hut" 
soon became a feature of every U. S. military camp, 
and the activities even extended to the armies of our allies. 
The 19 17 Y. M. C. A. campaign had for its object the 
raising of $35,000,000 to carry on the "Y" work here and 
abroad. The campaign was non-partisan, being supported 
by Jews, Catholics and Protestants, as well as by men of 
no religious profession. 

As in all the other war-work campaigns, an untold amount 
of volunteer canvassing was done by individuals in the Na- 
tional Lamp organization. Mr. N. H. Boynton directed the 
advertising of the campaign in Northern Ohio, including 
Cuyahoga County, besides serving on a team captained by 
Mr. J. Robert Crouse. 

Fifty of the 76 Divisions and Departments of the National 
turned in reports showing the amounts donated by their 
employees in the Y. M. C. A. drive. It is estimated that 
100% of the Divisions participated, although only 50 kept 
a permanent record of the amount given. The total from 
the reporting Divisions was as follows: 

Number of Individual Donations 3284 

Amount Donated $8068 

V. MISCELLANEOUS NATION-WIDE RELIEF 
CAMPAIGNS 

As the war proceeded, the various clearing-houses for 
war relief, such as the city War Chests, became better organ- 
ized and there were consequently fewer organizations, perhaps, 



The National in the World War 



353 



appealing directly to the citizens for funds in 191 8 than in 

In 19 17 the relief organizations had not fully realized 
the tremendous saving in expense and effort that could be 
secured by pooling their "sales" efforts. 

An attempt was made to secure figures from the various 
branches of the National as to the amounts donated by 
their people to miscellaneous war-relief agencies, but the 
information secured is only fragmentary, as might be expected 
in view of the fact that no official records of such campaigns 
were kept by the Company. The reader is therefore at liberty 
to multiply the following figures by any factor which he may 
think necessary to make them include the entire National: 



Miscellaneous Contributions Reported 



Nature of Contribution 



No. of 
Divisions 
Reporting 

7 



A^o. of 

persons 

Contributing 

216 



Amounts 



1.25.00 



Knights of Columbus 

"Smileage" (A nation-wide fund for 

providing movies and other clean 

entertainment for soldiers in camp). . 2 188 

Armenian, Belgian and Syrian Relief. . . 2 650 

Salvation Army i ... 

Jewish Relief i 8 

Cleveland War Industries Committee. . Home Office 
Trumbull County Finance Association. Home Office 

Detroit Patriotic Fund Home Office 

Navy League of Canada Home Office 

Cleveland Naval Auxiliary Bank Home Office 

American Allies Co-operative CommitteeHome Office 

Christmas Boxes for Soldiers Home Office 

Salvation Army Home Office 

Not Specified 3 17 



Total ?3,858.85 



415 


00 


190.75 


100 


00 


4 


10 


250 


00 


375 


00 


350 


00 


500 


00 


50 


00 


5 


00 


430 


00 


100 


00 


664 


00 



VI. WAR CHESTS 

In 1918 hundreds of city and county "War Chests" 
sprang up spontaneously over a large portion of the United 
States. Their purpose was to protect the contributing public 
from constant miscellaneous appeals — particularly irrespon- 
sible and questionable appeals — and to stimulate giving by 
assigning "grateful quotas" to the citizens according to their 



354 The National in the World War 

ability to pay, and urging them to "give only once, but give 
enough for a whole year." The War Chests had the added 
advantage of being able to finance and collect contributions 
on the "installment plan." Committees of representative 
citizens handled the funds and decided what percentage 
should be given to the various War Relief agencies, such as 
the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., Salvation Army, etc., etc. In 
order to make wise selections of the relief work to be supported, 
several of the War Chests formed an association, known as 
the "National Investigation Bureau," with headquarters in 
New York. 

The following list shows in what cities War Chest cam- 
paigns were conducted, considering only those places in 
which the National Lamp Works had Divisions or Depart- 
ments: 

Cleveland "Victory Chest" (Campaign May 20- 

^^ 27, 1918). 

Minneapolis "War Chest of Minneapolis and 

Hennepin County" (Campaign 
Dec. 2-7, 191 8). 

Shelby "Richland County War Chest." 

Niles "Trumbull County War Chest." 

Warren "Trumbull County War Chest." 

Youngstown "Mahoning County War Chest." 

Fostoria "Fostoria War Chest." 

The National management heartily endorsed the War 
Chest idea, as is proven by the following extract from a 
General Letter by Mr. F. S. Terry, dated November 9, 1919: 

"We believe in war chests as the most economical and 
efficient way of handling funds for war relief work. This 
relief work should not be considered a charity, for what one 
will do for charity is a matter for individual decision. It is 
more like taxes, but each one is under even more obligation 
to do his part. We are interested in what others do, for what 
they neglect to do must be done by us or by someone else. 
Separate campaigns for the different war relief activities 
not only duplicate work and expense and are uneconomical, 
but they make it more difficult for each one of us to determine 
his fair proportion. The war chest is a protection to all con- 
tributors. Our experience in Cleveland fully justifies our 
belief in this method of handling funds for war relief activ- 
ities. 




The National in the World War 355 

Cleveland "Victory Chest" Campaign 
May 20 to 27, igi8 

Six million dollars was the goal aimed for in the Cleveland 
campaign. It was an overwhelming success, approximately 
eleven million dollars being actually subscribed. 

Business Men's Team No. 16 was captained 
by Mr. F. S. Terry, and reported 1328,578.61. 
Many of the National Lamp Works managers 
in Cleveland turned in their personal subscrip- 
tions through Mr. Terry's team. 
Mr. N. H. Boynton acted as x'\dvertising Manager of 
the Cleveland campaign. 

The employees of the various industrial plants, including 
the Cleveland branches of the National, were asked to give 
to the fund half-a-day's pay per month for seven months. 
The total subscription of the National Lamp Works, including 
that of the employees in the 46 Cleveland departments, 
amounted to 1157,542.30, nearly 4000 employees taking part. 
$30,892.59 of this amount, taken on the installment plan, 
was paid through the Treasury Department at Nela Park, 
to Mr. Myron T. Herrick, Treasurer of the Cleveland War 
Council. 

Minneapolis War Chest Campaign 

December 2 to y, igi8 

419 employees of the Minnesota Mazda Lamp Division 
subscribed $4152.36. 

Richland County W'ar Chest of 191 8 

Eight employees of the Shelby Lamp (Sales) Division 
subscribed $1066.00. 

Trumbull County War Chest of 1918 

Division No. of Subscribers Amt. Subscribed 

Mahoning Miniature 238 % 2,094.00 

Trumbull Mazda 195 1,475.50 

Ohio Division 516 4,050.00 

Peerless (Sales) ,..,.,, 18 t ^900.00 



356 



The National in the World War 



Trumbull County War Chest — Continued 

Division No. of Subscribers Ami. Subscribed 

Colonial (Sales) 7 108.00 

Packard (Sales) 9 285.00 

Sterling (Sales) 11 803.00 

Niles Glass 367 . 4,566.04 

Home Office ... 10,000.00 

Totals 1372 $24,281.54 



FosTORiA War Chest OF 1918 

Division No. of Subscribers Amt. Subscribed 

Fostoria (Sales) (including a com- 
pany subscription) 22 |i>355-39 

Loudon Glass (including a com- 
pany subscription) 215 2,810.47 

Totals 237 $4,165.86 



Mahoning County War Chest of 191 8 

Division No. of Subscribers Amt. Subscribed 

Youngstown Mazda (including a 

company subscription 506 $4,792.50 

Banner (Sales) (including a com- 
pany subscription) 12 1,259.00 

Totals 518 $6,051.50 

Grand Total, All War Chests 

Place • Amt. Subscribed 

Cleveland $1 57,542.30 

Minneapolis 4,152.36 

Richland County 1,066.00 

Trumbull County 24,281.54 

Mahoning County 6,051.50 

Fostoria 4,165.86 

Grand Total $197,259.56 

The vast amount of volunteer canvassing done by National 
employees in the various money-raising drives has already 
been mentioned, and the War Chests were no exception. As 
an instance of these efforts, may be mentioned the spectacular 
result achieved by Mr. H. H. Geary, Manager of the Fostoria 
Incandescent Lamp Division, who had charge of the War 




The National in the World War 357 

Chest solicitation among the factory workers in the city of 
Fostoria. He succeeded in getting pledges from every industrial 
worker in the city, except two — both of them old men above 
seventy, from whom he considered it an imposition to demand 
subscriptions. Later, however, the local Committee got 
even these two to pledge five cents per week, just for the sake 
of making Fostoria a "One Hundred Percent City." 

VII. UNITED WAR WORK CAMPAIGN 

November 11 to iS^ igi8 

National Lamp Works people in the following cities, 
where there were no War Chests, were called upon to subscribe 
to the $170,500,000 War Work Fund: 

St. Louis Chicago 

Central Falls Providence 

Oakland New York 
Detroit 

Seven great co-operating war-work agencies, each of 
them operating under an Executive Order from President 
Wilson, participated in the drive. These were the organizations: 

Young Men's Christian Association 
Young Women's Christian Association 
National Catholic War Council (K. of C.) 
Jewish Welfare Board 
War Camp Community Service 
American Library Association 
Salvation Army 

The long arm of these great agencies extended all the 
way from the 500 clubs operated by the War Camp Community 
Service "over here," to the front line trenches where the 
Y. M. C. A. and Knights of Columbus and Jewish Welfare 
Board distributed chocolate and cigarettes to the tired fighters, 
and where the Salvation Army passed out pies and doughnuts, 
did sewing and mending for the fighters, and manned ambu- 
lances. Through the American Library Association, it fur- 
nished books. It reached into the factories, through the 
Y. W. C. A., to protect the girls who made equipment for 
our troops, and into the shipyards and munition plants. 

The fact that the armistice was signed on the very opening 
day of the United War Work campaign, did not prevent 



i/t 



358 The National IX THE World War 

the National Divisions in the above-mentioned cities from 
giving abimdantly to the fund, as these figures will indicate: 

Total number ot employees subscribing {approx.) aioo 

Total amount of subscriptions reported $17,463.65 

Largest number of employees subscribing from any one Division 

(Oakland) '. 425 

Largest amount subscribed by employees of any one Division 

(St. Louis) $2,895 

VIII. NELA FUND, FOR FRENCH WAR ORPHANS, 
WIDOWS AND SOLDIERS 

The story of Nela Fund has been told in Part III. To 
one who is aware of the manifold comforts which came to 
orphaned children, burdened mothers and suffering French 
soldiers through the kindness of Nela Fund 
subscribers, the statistics set forth below 
cannot be read with any feeling other than 
'^j^l of pride and satisfaction. This is especially 
true because every dollar subscribed by an 
individual was applied in the maintenance 
of an orphan or godson of his own choice, 
with whom he had the expressed privilege of communicating 
directly, or through channels provided by Nela Fund. 

This accounts in large part for the liberal support accorded 
the Fund in the "Christmas Drives" of 1917 and 1918. Mr. 
N. H. Boynton, when asked by Mr. Terry to conduct the 
1918 Christmas Drive, answered him, in part: "No cam- 
paign plan is necessary, other than your suggestion that we 
all apply ourselves to the work and accomplish it in the 
shortest possible time." His words expressed the sentiment 
of every member of Nela an-d of all others who were interested 
in securing funds for this personal-interest work. Below are 
the salient figures for the years 1917 and 1918. 

Year 1917 

259 subscriptions raised in 1917-18 Christmas drive $34,282.91 

(Part of these came in in January and February, 1918) 
213 total subscriptions secured up to Dec. 31, 1917 16,922.50 

These subscriptions were distributed as follows: 
About 48% were for soldier-godsons. 
About 52% were for orphans. 





National Lamp Girls Collected ? 1,700 for the Victory Chest in this Flag. 
Scene: Public Square, Cleveland 




A Noon Meeting at "Ivanhoe" during the Red Cross Campaign of 191 7. 



1 




French Refugee Children, cared for by the "Society tor Protecting 

Children of the Frontier." The girls in the upper picture are weaving 

baskets. National men raised |i 65,000 for this Society, and 

National women made hundreds of garments for it 



The National in the World War 359 

Year 19 18 

144 subscriptions received in 1918-19 Christmas Drive $14,766.15 

(Part of these came in in January and February, 191 9) 
236 total new subscriptions raised up to Dec. 31st, 1918. ... 129,639.93 

These were distributed as follows: 

About 6% were for soldier-godsons. 
About 94% were for orphans. 

Sum of Nela Fund Subscription For Two Years 
1917-1918 

Total number subscriptions 449 

(For certain of these subscriptions, several subscribers clubbed 
together) 

Total Amount Subscriptions 1146,562.43 

IX. "CHILDREN OF THE FRONTIER" 

The motives which impelled the National Lamp organ- 
ization to proffer its services in financing the budget of the 
Society/'Children of the Frontier," for the year 19 19 may be 
summed up in Mr. Terry's General Letter No. 1133, of August 
2ist, 1918. 

"We have offered the services of our organization in 
raising the amount required by the Society, 'Children of the 
Frontier.' 

"We have placed this work in charge of Mr. Boynton, 
who will assign parts of it to our different managers, and who, 
in turn, may further subdivide the work by assigning the 
smaller cities to their salesmen, office employees and others, 
reserving the large cities for themselves. In this way a great 
burden will not be placed on any one. 

"But speaking of burdens, no one will be asked to under- 
take so great a task as is undertaken by every one of our 
soldiers. In winning the war it is necessary to use the united 
force of business organizations. Those in charge must select 
war work for such organizations to undertake. The war will 
not be won by our waiting for things to come to us. 

"Mr. Boynton is preparing printed matter which will 
describe the work of the 'Children of the Frontier' and will 
show by endorsements the esteem in which the work is held. 

"The work that the society,'Children of the Frontier,' 
is engaged in is not the same as the other French orphan 



360 The National in the World War 

work that I have been interested in. The Nela Fund work 
has been to provide the means of keeping children in their 
homes. For this work war contributions are obtained from 
individuals. 

"The Society, 'Children of the Frontier,' takes French 
children who cannot be kept in their homes. Many are from 
the invaded districts and have been in the hands of the Ger- 
mans. They are kept by the Society in large homes and are 
educated and trades taught them and everything else done 
necessary to make them future useful citizens of France. 
It is more an economic work than one of charity. Heretofore, 
most of the money has been raised by Mrs. Joseph Lindon 
Smith, the Field Secretary, and her method has been to give 
talks in the large cities, and in that way she obtained her 
contributions. The establishment of War Chests makes it 
impossible to obtain contributions in the large cities where 
the War Chests are located, and it is necessary, therefore, 
to obtain funds from the War Chests. There are already 
nearly five hundred of them and the burden of any one visiting 
all of them is too great. Then, too, the obtaining of funds 
from War Chests is a selling proposition and can best be han- 
dled by a business organization such as ours. 

"War Chests are desirous of using their money where 
it will do the most good. I feel that we can perform a valuable 
service in bringing to their attention the work of the 'Children 
of the Frontier.' I have had an intimate acquaintance with 
this work extending over a period of more than a year and 
during that time have personally contributed toward the work. 
It was first called to my attention by Mr. C. A. Coffin, Chair- 
man of the Board of Directors of the General Electric Com- 
pany, and it has his highest endorsement. 

"It has been endorsed by the Government of France, 
the American Red Cross, and many others. The more com- 
pletely it is investigated, the more generously it will be sup- 
ported. 

F. S. TERRY." 

The history of the Society for Protecting Frontier Children 
dates from August, 19 14, when Mr. Frederic R. Coudert, 
an American lawyer who was in Paris when war broke out, 
gathered from the roadsides of invaded Alsace over two 
hundr-ed homeless and hungry children. These he brought 



The National in the World War 361 

to Paris and provided with temporary shelter until provision 
could be made for permanent quarters. 

Permanent quarters took the form of farms or "colonies" 
in Southern France, where these frightened and delicate 
waifs, usually underclothed, were given medical care and 
nursed back to health. The Red Cross provided the medical 
attention, volunteer workers instructed the children, and 
philanthropic persons and organizations subscribed the means 
of maintaining the colonies. 

The growth of the society,"Children of the Frontier," 
is a tribute to the founder and the zealous efforts of those 
who gave abundantly of their time and support to the welfare 
of these unfortunate children. From a society of one colony 
it grew to an institution numbering 38 colonies, harboring, 
on January i, 1919, nearly 1800 waifs. In the four and one- 
half years of its operation it had provided shelter and educa- 
tion for 2800 children from the frontier lines of Belgium, 
France and Alsace-Lorraine. 

Plan of It was to assist in this enterprise that the 

Campaign "National," in August, 19 18, offered its serv- 
ices in raising the annual budget, which for 
19 19 amounted to ^300,000. To raise this sum quickly and 
efficiently, it was necessary to approach the various city and 
county war-chest committees, which at this late period of 
the war were rapidly displacing all local campaigns for war 
relief. The $300,000 quota amounted to $72 for each thousand 
population in the war-chest cities. This sum would provide 
for the maintenance and education of one child for a year. 

Approaching To facilitate the work of the National Lamp 
the War Chest men who had to approach the war chest 
Committees comrriittees, an illustrated booklet of in- 

formation and endorsement, "Special Survey 
of the Society for Protecting Frontier Children," was pub- 
lished and distributed to all war chests with a letter of appli- 
cation for a definite appropriation. It was the part of those 
assigned to this work to attend the meeting of the committee 
and to insure that the society's needs were given due consider- 
ation. 

Even though the war ended shortly after the"Nationar' 
had taken over this important work and it was found in- 



362 



The National in the World War 



Belvidere Patriots Associa- 

ciation, 111 $ 500 



creasingly difficult in many small cities to secure the appro- 
priation requested, the campaign more than met its goal. 
A total of 1164,904 was secured through war chests in 59 
towns. This includes subscriptions received to July 10, 1919. 
Below are listed places from which financial assistance was 
forthcoming, with the amount of their contributions. 

Cleveland, O $ 30,000 

Columbus, O 22,700 

Syracuse, N. Y 20,000 

Rochester, N. Y 12,000 

Youngstown, O 10,000 

Beaver Falls, Pa 7,200 

Albany, N. Y 6,000 

Cincinnati, O 5,000 

Lynn, Mass 5,000 

New Bedford, Mass 5,000 

Indianapolis, Ind 3>6oo 

Utica, N. Y JjOOO 

Buffalo, N.Y 2,500 

Dayton, O 2,500 

Toledo, O 2,500 

Pittsfield, Mass 2,500 

Brockton, Mass 2,000 

Springfield, O 2,000 



Akron, O. 

Newark, O 

Tonawanda, N.Y 

Colorado Springs, Colo. . 

Amsterdam, N. Y. 

Auburn, N. Y 

Rome, N. Y 



1,440 
1,200 
1,200 
1,100 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 



Troy, N.Y 1 ,000 

Warren, O 

Virginia, Minn 

Elmira, N. Y 

Waltham, Mass 

Ashtabula. O 



1,000 
720 
600 
600 
<oo 



Corning, N. Y. 

Escanaba Co., Mich 

Kenosha, Wis 

Lancaster, O 

Logan, Hocking Co., O. . . 

McKeesport, Pa 

Newark, N. Y 

Racine, Wis 

Seneca Falls, N, Y 

Westbrook, Me 

Athens, O 

Ilion, N. Y 

Mechanicsville, N. Y 

Troy, N. Y 

Kirkland War Chest, 

Clinton, N. Y 

Melrose, Mass 

Cortland, N. Y 

Lowville, N. Y 

Sheboygan, Wis 

Shortsville, N. Y 

Springfield, Vt 

Wellington, O 

Williamsburg, O 

Batavia, O 

Clifton Springs, N. Y 

Dover, O 

Batavia, 111 



500 
500 
500 
500 
500 
500 
500 
500 
500 
500 
400 

35° 
30a 
300 

250 
250 
200 
200 
200 
200 
200 
150 
150 
144 
100 
100 

50 



Total ^164,904 



In securing the War Chest contributions for the "Children 
of the Frontier,"direct expense to the amount of over |2,ooo 
was incurred by the National organization. 

To the above list should be added the following appro- 
priations which the Society had for its 19 19 operation. 

Refugees Relief Fund $ 1 2,000 

Refugees Relief Fund (special) 5,000 

National Allied Committee 5,000 



The National in the World War 2^3 

Piping Rock Horse Show 7,000 

Private Colonies 60,000 

Adoption Fund 75>ooo 

Refugees Relief Fund 5,000 

$169,000 

War Chest Subscriptions 1 64,904 

Total $333y9°4- 

In addition to the efforts given in securing financial 
aid for the "Children of the Frontier," employees of the 
National Lamp Works, under the supervision of Miss R. S. 
Streifender, donated considerable time to the making of 
garments for the "frontier children.' Reference to this activity 
is made on page 318. Expert personal assistance was also 
rendered the society by Mr. F. S. Terry, who aided in organ- 
izing its accounting in both New York and Paris. 

X. "Socks for Soldiers" 
{See pages joy to j/o) 

17,347 pairs of first-class woolen socks, value during the war at 

least $4.00 per pair $69,388 

XI. Financial Aspect of Red Cross 
Workers' Activity 

This refers to the work done by the girls in the Red 
Cross Unit at 45th Street, Cleveland, and in the National 
plants in other cities, in making garments, surgical dressings, 
etc., for the Red Cross. The story of the work has been told 
on pages 311 to 323. 

Estimated Value of Finished Supplies Made for Donation to Red 

Cross at 45th St., in 1917 and 1918 |i92,ooo 

Estimated Value of Similar Supplies made by employees in other 

National plants 90,000 

Total |282,ooo 

XII. Financial Support of War Gardening 

Expense of Fencing, Plowing, Harrowing, Fertilizing, etc., for 

War Gardens in 191 7 and 191 8 ^3>790-75 

XIII. Support of War Activities (Research and Devel- 
opment) Undertaken by Home Office Laboratories 

This item, representing expense incurred by the National in con- 
nection with the activities described in Part II of this book, 
amounted to over $ 82,000 



364 The National in the World War 

XIV. MISCELLANEOUS CONTRIBUTIONS 
TOWARDS WINNING THE WAR 

It is, of course, impractical to enumerate all of the many 
miscellaneous items of financial outgo in connection with 
the war activities, x-^mong these miscellaneous items were 
the following: 

Payment of four weeks' wages to employees of 6 months' standing, upon 

their entering military service. 
Special watchmen, to safeguard war work being done in the Company's 

plants. 
Overhead Expense of Liberty Loan and other Campaigns. 
War Study Clubs (see page 301). 
The above items, together with dozens of others of a miscellaneous 

nature, amounted to over ^48,100 

XV. SUMMARY 

The following minimum totals, taken from the preceding 
pages of this Part, are here brought together in order to show 
at a glance just what "mobilizing our dollars" meant to the 
National Lamp Works and its people. 

War Investments 

Liberty Bonds (excluding Victory Loan) and War Savings Stamps 

Purchased ^i ,877,5 1 o. 

War Contributions 

First Red Cross Drive $ 17,618.82 

1917 Red Cross Membership Campaign 6,000.00 

1917 Y. M. C. A. Campaign 8,068.00 

Miscellaneous Nation- Wide Relief Campaigns 3,858.85 

War Chests 197,259.56 

United War Work Campaign 17,463.65 

Nela Fund — Subscriptions secured in 1917 and 1918 146,562.43 

Children of the Frontier — Expense of Fund-Raising Campaign. . 2,000.00 

Sock League — Value of Product 69,388.00 

Red Cross Garments and Surgical Dressings, Value of 282,000.00 

War Gardening — Expense of Installing and Operating 3>790-75 

Support of War Research and Development at Home Office 

Laboratories 82,000.00 

Miscellaneous Contributions towards Winning the War 48,100.00 

Total $884,110,06 

If, to the "War Contributions," we add the $1,877,510 
of "War Investments," the total outpouring of money for 
war relief purposes, through the National Lamp Works, is 
seen to be more than two and three-quarters millions of dollars. 




PART V 



VARIED FORMS OF 
WAR SERVICE 



War Gardens; Selective Service Board 

Work; Co-operation With Fuel, Food 

AND Railroad Administrations; Other 

Activities. 



VARIED FORMS OF WAR SERVICE 

Our history of National Lamp Works' activities in the 
war would not be complete without some reference to the 
many miscellaneous forms of war service which cannot be 
classified under any of the preceding chapters. Among these 
hitherto unconsidered activities are the following: 

War Gardens. 

Selective-Service Board Work. 

American Protective League. 

Magazines^ Books and Tobacco for Soldiers. 

Co-operation with Food Administration Program. 

Co-operation with Fuel and Railroad Administration. 

Special Statistical Reports. 

Publicity for War Causes. 

Intensive Production of Lamps for War Industries. 

War Exposition. 

War Garden x'\ctivities 

"Our managers in charge of all vacant land belonging 
to the National will make arrangements to have it planted." 

In so many words, on April 24, 19 17, the management 
of the National Lamp Works summed up its conclusions in 
regard to the war garden activities which the National would 
undertake in harmony with the nation-wide movement to 
alleviate the food shortage in this country and in the countries 
of our allies. 

It was fully understood that this undertaking would 
require the expenditure of a large amount of money, and that 
the money value of the product raised might not be appre- 
ciably greater than the expenditure, but it was realized that 
the question of dollars was not the vital one. As Mr. Terry 
expressed it, "It is not a case of cost or of difficulty — it is 
simply a question now of planting so as to produce the largest 
quantity of food of a kind that is likely to be needed." 

War Gardening Under imperative instructions of this nature, 
Starts in Many war gardening went ahead as rapidly as 
Cities possible. Four and six-tenths acres of ground 

at Nela, bounded by Nela Avenue, Kirk 
Street, Hillside Avenue and Nela Park, were plowed, har- 
rowed, limed, and staked off into over one hundred gardens. 



368 The National in the World War 

each measuring 2S ^7 4° ^^^^- These plots were soon as- 
signed to the employees, men and women, who eagerly sought 
them. Paths provided easy access to any plot. A store- 
house was erected in the center of the garden where tools, 
fertilizer, seeds, etc., could be kept ready for use. 

National Divisions in other cities in various parts of 
the country, likewise utilized such space as was available; 
some who had no space of their own rented land for their 
employees. In all cases the expense of preparing the soil, 
of fencing in the garden, and, in some cases, of providing 
seed was borne by the National. So important was this work 
felt to be that seed for the home gardens of ernployees was 
also provided. 

Responsibility for results was placed upon Mr. A. V. 
Simis, manager of the Service Department, who was assisted 
by Mr. J. R. Colville of the Engineering Department. The 
aim was to co-operate in every way with the gardeners to 
insure effective results. Many of the women, and not a few 
of the men, who undertook gardening had had no previous 
experience. Pamphlets, planting charts, talks by experienced 
gardeners, and consultation facilities were provided. Those 
gardeners who were familiar with the work co-operated with 
the inexperienced. Frequent inspection of the plots provided 
opportunity for personal suggestions. Letters were used to 
notify the gardeners when different crops could safely be 
planted. In this way, the gardens were kept working through- 
out the entire season. 

Prizes for The announcement that prizes would be awarded 
Best Gardens for the best plots stimulated gardeners and added 
interest to the work. By successive planting 
and a careful arrangement of crops, some of the 35-by-40-foot 
gardens produced in excess of fifty dollars worth of vegetables. 
Books on the canning and storage of vegetables were dis- 
tributed to all of our "farmers" and "farmerettes." In most 
cases the benefits of the gardens lasted well into, or through, 
the winter season. 

Although no attempt was made to obtain accurate 
records of the quantities of vegetables produced during the 
1917 gardening season, the interest of the employees in the 
work, the care with which gardens were kept, the evident 
success of the scheme, and the insistent requests of the gar- 



The National in the World War 3^9 

deners for next season's space, furnished ample justification 
for going ahead with the activity throughout the 19 18 season. 
And in the 19 18 season, the experience gained the year before, 
the good growing weather, and the better condition of the 
soil — which in addition to the natural improvement through 
being worl^ed had been improved by a generous supply of 
fertilizer, combined to make really successful gardens. Ac- 
curate records of crops were kept, and these showed, what 
was hardly to be expected, a cash value considerably in excess 
of the cost. 

igi8 Gardens From the Nela garden alone were taken in 
Show Good the one season over a ton of green beans, 
Profit nearly a ton of beets, more than a ton and 

one-half of cabbage, over a ton of carrots, 
750 dozen ears of sweet corn, over 500 quarts of peas, close 
to half a ton of potatoes, over 6 tons of ripe tomatoes, 2 tons 
of green tomatoes, and many less important vegetables in 
large quantities. In every sense the 1918 season was a decided 
success. 

From an historical standpoint, it is regrettable that 
accurate records were not kept of all the war gardens which 
the National operated. At the time, the importance of pro- 
ducing food completely overshadowed all thought of the 
value of records in the minds of the Divisions. For this reason 
it is impossible to give a report of the total amount of vege- 
tables gathered. An idea of the results can be obtained, how- 
ever, from the following record, which is for the Nela garden 
alone during the 19 18 season: 

yegetables Shiatitity 

String Beans 2340 lbs. 

Lima Beans 24 lbs. (Shelled) 

Dry Beans 47 lbs. 

Beets 1 860 lbs. 

Cabbage 334° lbs. 

Carrots 2120 lbs. 

Cauliflower 28 heads 

Celery 250 stalks 

Swiss Chard 230 lbs. 

Sweet Corn 750 dozen 

Cucumbers 1 1 50 

Eggplant 40 

Endive 90 heads 

Kohl Rabi 70 lbs. 



37° The National in the World War 

Vegetables Quantity 

Leaf Lettuce 210 lbs. 

Head Lettuce 55 heads 

Green Onions 280 bunches 

Dry Onions 1 90 lbs. 

Parsnips 1 50 lbs. 

Peppers 930 

Peas 560 quarts 

Pickles 1 100 

Potatoes 865 lbs. 

Pumpkins 44 

Radishes 1600 bunches 

Rutabagas 100 lbs. 

Salsify 118 lbs. 

Spinach 7 lbs. 

Squash 117 lbs. 

Ripe Tomatoes 12,300 lbs. 

Green Tomatoes 4800 lbs. 

Turnips 490 lbs. 

Although the signing of the armistice reduced in some 
measure the importance of war gardening, and removed much 
of the stimulus that had made the hard work a pleasure, 
the interest of the employees in certain Divisions of the 
National was sufficient to cause the continuance of this 
activity in 19 19 and 1920. Aside from the fact that food was 
produced when it was urgently needed^ and aside from all 
considerations of the money value of the crops, there remained 
the element of healthy, enjoyable recreation, all of which con- 
duced towards making the expenditure eminently worth while. 

Selective Service 

The Legal Advisory Boards formed an important cog 
in the machinery of the Selective Service, or "draft." The 
United States was divided up into Selective Service districts, 
and in each of these districts there was a Selective Service 
Board, charged with the responsibility of examining the 
registered men and selecting those who should be inducted 
into military service. Each Selective Service Board was 
assisted by a "Legal Advisory Board," whose duty was to 
assist the registered men in properly filling out the very 
detailed questionnaires which they were required to turn in, 
and upon which their classification largely depended. The 
Advisory Boards were composed of men of high standing 
in their communities, who volunteered their services and 




Bird's-tye View ot the Nela War Gardens 




Close-up View ot One of the Gardens. Looking towards Nela Avenue. 




Protective Lighting at the East Forty-fifth Street Plant 




How the Armistice was celebrated at Nela Park 



The National in the World War 



371 




were granted the authority of administering the oath to the 
registrants. The "full members" of the Legal x-^dvisory Boards 
were lawyers, but much of the work was done by "associate 
members" who were not members of the legal profession. 
Dozens of men from the National Lamp Works patriot- 
ically contributed their services on the Legal Advisory Boards 
and spent evening after evening assisting registered men, 

of all shades and degrees 
of intelligence, in filling 
out the Government ques- 
tionnaire. Many of the 
registrants could not read, 
write or speak English, 
and had to be interviewed 
through interpreters. One 
of the Board Members, 
from the National's Pub- 
licity Department, assist- 
ed a Southern negro who, 
upon being asked the ques- 
tion "Were you born in 
this country?" replied "Laws, no, sah — Ah wasn't bawn in this 
country — Ah was bawn in Tennessee!" 

American Protective League 

The American Protective League was a volunteer organ- 
ization which, in the words of Manager W. D. Frank of 
Nela Press, one of its members, "took an active part in fol- 
lowing up slackers, pro-Germans, deserters and L W. W. 
cranks." In Cleveland alone, the A. P. L. had a membership 
of about six hundred. 

While we have no record of the total number of men 
from the National Lamp organization who worked with the 
A. P. L., the number was considerable, and some of the 
Divisions were particularly active in this work. J. F. Donovan, 
manager of the Equipment Development Department, was 
a member. The Federal Miniature Division, Chicago, fur- 
nished two members. The Buckeye Division furnished one — 
Harry E. Huff. 

The record of the Bryan-Marsh Division, Chicago, 
may be noted in detail, as it was extensive. J. S. Corby, 
Sales Manager, was a captain in the A. P. L. when it was 



y]i The National in the World War 

organized, upon the United States' entry into the war. Later, 
when the League was reorganized, Corby was promoted to 
the rank of Inspector No, i, in charge of the Southwestern 
Division (Chicago District), and had command of 14 captains, 
84 lieutenants and 700 men. A, H. Meyer, General Manager, 
was a lieutenant in the A. P. L., and later relieved Mr. Corby 
on his work as Inspector. A. B. Ewing and J. L. Barnard 
were both members, and Sam Furst was successively operative, 
lieutenant and captain. 

Magazines, Books and Tobacco 

About one thousand books were donated to soldiers 
and sailors through the National Service Department, as the 
result of a canvass of the employees at Nela Park, The Service 
Department also organized the sending of Christmas gifts to 
soldiers, four hundred Christmas packages being filled by Na- 
tional Lamp people in Cleveland in 19 18 as a result of this 
activity. 

Employees of the Statistical Department report sending 
thirty-two magazines to soldiers. This, of course, was a common 
practice among magazine subscribers during the war, and 
presumably hundreds of magazines were contributed by 
National people as a whole — although none but the Statis- 
tical Department went to the extent of recording their gifts 
statistically. 

Men in the Commercial Development Department raised 
$75 for the Belgian Soldiers' Tobacco Fund; another "tobac- 
co fund" collection, among the men of Rhode Island Glass 
Division, netted about one hundred dollars. 

Co-operation With Food Administration Program 

"Food Will Win the War," 

Everyone who was old enough to "know beans" in 19 17 
and 19 18 remembers vividly the "meatless days" and "wheat- 
less days" that the American people were asked to observe, 
in order to conserve food for our soldiers and allies, Herbert 
Hoover, as Food Administrator, secured voluntary pledges 
of co-operation from a large percentage of the housewives 
and restaurant proprietors of the country. As the war pro- 



The National in the World War 



373 



gressed, the food restrictions were of necessity rigidly and 
more rigidly enforced. 

The National Lamp Works, because of the dozen or 
more dining-rooms operated in its various plants, might be 
said to be in the restaurant business on a wholesale scale. 
The dining-room at Nela Park and those in the other Lamp 
Works properties were duly enrolled as members of the U. S. 
Food Administration. Certificates of membership, and sets 
of Food Administration rules, were posted conspicuously 
in our cafeterias, and the "wheatless," "meatless" and "pork- 
less" days were observed as requested. 



Thli 









WdWd'h'"' 



■^Sr.-nu^'' 




», ""' -"-i,r. ' "" ""'""rch;,:""*"' "■•/Tie':'",- 
'> lhe„ "■" 'IHno, „"''■<■' ">e ,c„. 



EAT MORE Fl/H 




■^AJiS^Mz 



THE OCEAN IS FULL OF THEM 



Through the Goodwill Placard Service maintained by 
the Publicity Department, efforts were made to educate 
employees to the necessity for co-operating with the Food 
Administration in their own homes. A series of cards was 
designed, and displayed in card-stands on the cafeteria tables; 
a few of these cards are reproduced in the accompanying 
illustration. 



co-operation with fuel administration and 
Railroad Administration 

Food, fuel and money— these were the three lines along 
which the greatest efforts at saving must be made in time 
of war. How the National helped save money and food has 
already been related. Fuel-saving, as will be manifest from the 



374 The National in the World War 

following paragraphs, also played a big part in our program. 

The "Heatless Mondays" of the early spring of 1918, 
and the "Autoless Sundays" of the same year, were two 
long-to-be-remembered landmarks in the fuel-saving cam- 
paign. In order to conserve coal for bunkering our troop-ships 
as well as for other war purposes, it was forbidden, for several 
Mondays in succession, to heat business offices or factories 
except those engaged on the most urgent forms of munitions 
manufacture. This order of the Fuel Administration affected 
practically all of the National Lamp Works people, many 
of whom put in their time on "Heatless Mondays" in spading 
up their war-gardens. 

The principal reason for having the"Autoless Sundays," 
on which automobile owners east of the Mississippi were 
requested not to drive their cars, was to save gasoline for 
airplanes. It was an odd experience to see the main thorough- 
fares of our cities, as for example Euclid Avenue in Cleveland, 
absolutely devoid of automobiles during some of the finest 
motoring weather. For a few Sundays, the time-honored "horse 
and buggy" enjoyed the popularity of a bygone generation. 
The order against automobile driving was more in the nature 
of a request than a law, but woe betide the motorist who 
transgressed! Not only did he invite public scorn, but he was 
quite likely to attract more tangible objects, such as tacks 
in his tires, and the well-aimed missiles of patriotic small boys. 

Recognizing that millions of tons of fuel are burned 
in generating electricity for electric lighting, and that much 
fuel could be saved by cutting out wastefulness in electric 
illumination, a committee of men prominent in the electrical 
and incandescent lamp industries was appointed by the 
Fuel Administrator. 

The purpose of this committee, of which Mr. John W. 
Lieb was chairman, and Messrs. J. M. Woodward and L. P. 
Sawyer of the National Lamp Works were two of the members, 
was to formulate a program whereby the lighting interests 
could so regulate their business as to co-operate with the Fuel 
Administration. Other executives from the National attended 
several of the committee's meetings. 

Program of Fuel Conservation Adopted 

The work of the committee just mentioned resulted in 
certain recommendations, which were given wide publicity as a 



The National in the World War 375 

war measure. Briefly stated, the recommendations were: 

(a) Use of carbon lamps to be discouraged, except where 
Mazda lamps cannot be used to replace the carbon. Certain 
types of carbon lamps eliminated entirely. All orders for carbon 
lamps to be accompanied by signed statement showing that the 
purchaser fully understands the Fuel Administration's program. 

(b) No more Gem lamps to be consigned to agents' stocks. 
Central Stations to discontinue free renewals of Gem and carbon 
lamps. 

(c) The employment of single large Mazda lamps rather 
than a number of smaller lamps of lower efficiency. (Larger lamps 
produce more light in proportion to the amount of coal consumed.) 

(d) Curtailment of all useless or wasteful lighting; lamps, 
when not in use, always to be turned off. 

(e) The use of Mazda B lamps of 100 watts or larger is 
not recommended, Mazda C lamps being more economical from 
the fuel standpoint. 

The use of electric signs, outline lighting and outdoor 
ornamental and display lighting of all sorts was greatly 
curtailed during the latter part of the war. New York's "Great 
White Way" became only a "shadow" of its former self. 
Don H. Wyre, Chicago manager for the Buckeye Electric 
Division, was connected with the U. S. Fuel Administration 
in Chicago and, during part of 19 18, gave two hours a day 
to the supervision of the "Lightless Night" order. 

Ward Harrison, Engineering Department, was appointed a 
member of the Central Committee for Northeastern Ohio 
of the Conservation Division, U, S. Fuel Administration, as 
Supervising Engineer of Conservation for Mahoning and 
Trumbull Counties. He personally inspected a large number 
of the industrial plants in this district. 

H. T. Spaulding, another of our engineers, served on a 
sub-committee which made a report to the Fuel Adminis- 
tration on Electric Lighting of Coal Mines to Accelerate 
Production. 

Priority Certificates 

The demand for raw material for war purposes became 
so great that the Government issued regulations enumerating 
a large list of materials which were to be used for essential 
purposes only, the "essential purposes" including the direct 
and indirect war needs of the Government and work of national 
or exceptional importance, and an elaborate system was 



376 The National in the World War 

established whereby each industry had to make its application 
tor place on the Preference List. Based on the showing made 
in its application, each industry was given a classification 
stating the comparative order in which its requirements 
of raw materials would be supplied. The incandescent lamp 
industry was placed on this Preference List, but in the lowest 
class, and when the automatic priority to which the lamp 
industry was entitled, as shown by that list, was not sufficient 
to enable us to obtain our needed supplies, it was necessary 
to file individual priority application to obtain specific per- 
mission to purchase a given quantity of the material in ques- 
tion. Our Law Department and Purchasing Department 
filed a large number of these applications for the National 
and Edison Lamp Works, as well as for outside companies, 
such as the Corning Glass Works, Buckeye Clay Pot Company 
and others, upon whom we were dependent for essential 
material. While there were times of stress, when it seemed 
that our supply of certain raw materials would be exhausted 
before new supplies were obtained, there was no case in 
which any of our factories had to close through failure to 
obtain raw materials. 

The brass situation became more acute as the war pro- 
gressed. Brass is the principal material used in lamp bases. 
For a long time we were obtaining our supplies only on indi- 
vidual priority applications, followed by a special permit 
which had to be obtained on top of the priority certificate. 
Later on we were called upon to curtail our use of brass by 
using substitute materials, which were less needed for war 
purposes. We thereupon made elaborate plans for "turning 
old bases into new" — that is to say, collecting the bases 
from old burned-out lamps and making them over into new 
bases. The aid of school-children. Boy Scouts, Red Cross 
depots and other agencies would no doubt have been necessary 
in order to have collected enough old bases to make this 
plan feasible. The signing of the armistice came just in time 
to make it unnecessary to carry out our base-reclaiming 
program. 

In addition to obtaining raw materials for lamp-making, 
through priority certificates, it devolved upon the Law De- 
partment to request necessary transportation facilities from 
the U. S. Railroad Administration, through the medium of 
special permits. 



The National in the World War 377 

Special Statistical Reports 

As a means of mobilizing and conserving the country's 
resources for war purposes, the Government required a mass 
of reports dealing with raw materials, labor, manufacturing 
facilities, etc. At first the Law Department undertook to 
prepare these reports, but shortly surrendered the work to 
the Statistical Department, which being well equipped for it, 
rendered very prompt and efficient service. Reports were 
prepared by our Statistical Department for the Edison Lamp 
Works as well as for the National; assistance was also given 
to the Westinghouse Lamp Company and to the manufac- 
turers of Franklin lamps in the preparation of their reports. 
Among the many reports requested and supplied were: 

American Registration Card. 

Conservation of Paper and Printers' Supplies. 

Glass Committee Elected to Represent Glass Manufacturing 
Industry in Relations with Government. 

Bid for Furnishing Supplies to Medical Department, U. S. 
Armv. 

Report of Fuel Conditions, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Molybdenum Concentrates Report. 

Malleable Tungsten Report. 

Labor Requirements, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Report on Tungsten Ore. 

Report on Molybdenum Ore. 

Monthly Report to Priorities Committee, War Industries 
Board. 

Tungsten Consumption Report for War Industries Board. 

Tungsten Consumption Report for Bureau of Mines, De- 
partment of the Interior. 

Publicity For War Causes 

The large amount of work done by the Publicity Depart- 
ment, Nela Park, in promoting the various money-raising 
and relief campaigns, has been referred to in Parts III 
and IV. It is worth mentioning at this point, however, 
that our publicity efforts for war causes were not confined 
to specific campaigns. Articles of a patriotic nature were pub- 
lished at frequent intervals in the National Mazda Stimulator 
(our monthly magazine for lamp agents), and by the National 
Service Department in the National Lamp News (the magazine 
for our own employees). 

Both magazines, for example, published an article on 
stamping out venereal disease, at the suggestion of the Social 



378 The National in the World War 

Hygiene Division of the War Department Commission on 
Training Camp Activities. 

150,000 copies of the Stimulator, as they went through 
the mails at the rate of 15,000 copies per month in 1918, 
featured the following slogan in large type on the outside 
of each envelope: "THE FIRST BUSINESS OF EVERY 
BUSINESS MAN IS TO HELP WIN THIS WAR." The 
libraries of a great many military training camps were placed 
on the Stimulator mailing list. 

Two large Honor Rolls, giving the names of National 
Lamp men and women in Government service, were published 
by the Stimulator. 

In November, 19 18, in accordance with a request of the 
Paper and Pulp Section, War Industries Board, complete 
arrangements were made by the Stimulator for cutting down 
its paper requirements by 25% for the ensuing year, and a 
voluntary pledge was signed to that effect. 

Hundreds of thousands of sheets of regular correspond- 
ence stationery of the National Lamp Works were imprinted 
with slogans boosting various patriotic drives. 

Protective Lighting 

Not only did the National Lamp Works thoroughly 
equip the exteriors of its own buildings, where advisable, with 
Protective Lighting systems, in order to guard against sabo- 
tists, but its engineers also developed the entire subject of 
Protective Lighting for buildings, bridges, etc., very thor- 
oughly. A 50-page manuscript, prepared largely by Mr. 
Magdsick of the Engineering Department, was published early 
in 19 1 8 by the War Department as Document No. 800 and 
was distributed by the Divisional Militia and the Military 
Intelligence. 

An illustrated lecture on Protective Lighting was worked 
up for the Illuminating Engineering Society and was used 
on a number of occasions by Mr. Edmund Leigh, Chief of 
Plant Protection, Section of Military Intelligence, United 
States Government. 

Lighting to Advertise Financial Drives 

The Cleveland Liberty Loan Committee placed upon the 
Illuminating Engineering Section of our Engineering Depart- 
ment the responsibility for all lighting equipment, arrange- 



The National IN THE World War 379 

ments and stunts in connection with the several Loan cam- 
paigns. Similar demands were met in the War Chest Campaign 
and the Allied War Exposition. With the co-operation of 
Mr. Hanley of the Cleveland General Electric Office, three 
500,000,000 candlepower searchlights were secured for the 
Fourth Liberty Loan. These were mounted on high buildings, 
where they could sweep over a wide area. The Liberty Loan 
Publicity Committee asserted that these searchlights were 
talked of the most of any of their attractions. 

Lighting of Workmen's Cottages 

Mr. E. J. Edwards was chairman of the sub-committee 
on Lighting of Workmen's Cottages of the L E. S., and dis- 
cussed this subject before a meeting of theWar Industries Board 
at Washington. 

Intensive Production of Lamps for War Industries 

The G. E. Review^ in its issue of October, 19 19, pays the 
following tribute to the efforts of the incandescent lamp 
factories in maintaining essential production throughout the 
war period: 

"Of course all of the Company's Lamp W^orks were busy 
turning out their standard products as well as helping wherever 
they could by doing special work for war purposes. In fact, 
this is a most striking example of how the Company's manu- 
facturing activities were all the time helping others to do 
their bit. During the first nine months of 1918 they made 
103,000,000 incandescent lamps of the larger sizes. If we 
include all sizes the production of these nine months amounts 
to 148,000,000 lamps. Who can estimate what this contribution 
did toward helping the whole country speed up its war work? 
The Company was employing more than 16,000 people in 
helping to light the work shops, offices, camps, homes, etc., 
of America during all this period." 

The foregoing statements apply with equal force to the 
efforts of our Ivanhoe Division in maintaining essential 
reflector production and distribution during the war. Thou- 
sands of marine globes were supplied for use on battleships 
and other ships; thousands of steel and glass reflectors were 
furnished for cantonments in the United States, and for the 
American Expeditionary Forces. 



380 The National in the World War 

War Exposition 

In November, 19 18, a great War Exposition was held 
on the lake front and in Central Armory, Cleveland. One of 
its objects was to bring the war cause more strongly to the 
attention of industrial workers, thus stimulating production 
of war material. The signing of the armistice converted the 
War Exposition into a Victory Exposition, and as such it was 
indeed successful, over 575,000 people attending. The Na- 
tional Publicity Department had charge of the feature adver- 
tising of the Exposition. The National management purchased 
several thousand tickets, presenting one to every employee 
who wished to attend. 



Our tale is now ended. The story of Nela's part in the 
greatest military convulsion of all time has been told — so 
far as the mere printed record can tell it. With a new spirit 
of co-operation among the nations — with that spirit of 
harmony which we have always stood for in business — we 
pray and believe that similar sacrifices, a similar outpouring 
of human life and blood, will never again be required. But 
whether the destructive work of war, or the constructive 
work of peace, shall be the future great need of our country, 
the National stands ready, as in I9i7-'i8, to do its best. 



112 131-550 




The Glory of War 



INDEX 



A Page 

Abrams, Harold M 121,147 

Acker, William A 147 

Adams (Fort) 84 

Administration Department 

10,27, ^^4' 1291307 

Ahern, Jerry J 120 

Aisne-Marne . . 18,31,45,47,67,80,83 
Aldis Daylight Signal Units . . 281-286 
Allen, John Stewart .... 15,25,147 

Allen, Louis B 25,147 

Alps 18 

Allsopp, William 22,147 

Alsace-Lorraine . . . 46,54,56,360,361 
American Allies Co-operative Committee 353 
American Encaustic Tiling Co . . . 200 
American Eveready Works . . . .281 

American Legion 145,146 

American Library Association . . . 357 

American Service Fund 233 

Amiens 57,87,91 

Anderson, E. A 108,147 

Anderson, E. M 202 

Anderson, George I47 

Anderton, Herbert L 86,147 

Andrae, Julius & Sons 285 

Annapolis 108,109 

Apremont 55>86 

Argonne . . . 24,41,46,47,52,55-64 

67,68,70,74,75,81,83,87,88,90 

Armenian, Belgium and Syrian Relief . 353 

Armentiers 175,257 

Arras 30,87,91 

Arrinda, A 147 

Ashdown, Gerald J 1 47 

Ashford, Miss Frances Marie . 139,147 

Askue, Russell P 40,145,147 

Association Island . . 328,335,349,351 
Association Valentin Hauy . . . 330,331 
Astoria, L.L . 33,35,98,192,195,197 

Atchley, Shird P 118,147 

Atlantian (S.S.) 64 

Atwell, Master Engineer . . . .199 

Aubigny 70 

Auburn (U. S. S.) iii 

Auditing Department . . . . 35.37 

Aultman, Dwight E 45 

Austin, Frank 147 

Avocourt 21,57 

B 

Baccarat .... 21,30,56,57,63,88 

Baeckler, Walter 67,147 

Bain, Edgar C 99 

Baker, Newton D 259 

Baker, Robert F 21,147 



Page 

Baldauf, Harry E 16,60,147 

Ballicourt 70 

Ballou, Lance C 39ii47 

Banner Electric Division 322 

Bard, Rudolph T 27,147 

Barker, Altamond S 27,147 

Barnard, J. F 372 

Barnebey, O. L 194-196 

Baron Field 125 

Barry, Ovide L 84,147 

Barstow, E. 209 

Bartlett (Camp) 39 

Bartlow, M 331 

Bassens 82 

Bateman, Ernest 198 

Bauder, P. F 281 

Bauman, Philip J 43 

Bayard (Fort) 99 

Beake, Gower L 70,147 

Heals, Gillson W 125,147 

Beatty, Thos. E 68 

Beaume 122 

Beauregarde, Louis 147 

Bechhold, Myron J. .... 32,147 

Beck, Horace W., Jr. . . 17,54,147 

Beckett, Sergeant 188 

Beckman, Elmer H 34,147 

Behlen, Miss F 309 

Bedaka, Andrew 147 

Belford, John 38,147 

Belgium . . 56,65,66,303,323,329,361 

Benbow, B. L 193,307 

Benoit, Dona 148 

Berry, Clarence J 127,148 

Beutel, Frederick 112,148 

Bezzenberger, Dr. F. K. ... 204,208 
Binocular Field Glasses .... 260-268 

Billington, Joseph 148 

Billiter, Lewis 148 

Birster, Charles M I48 

Bittner, Lieut 238 

Black, W. M 277 

Bliss (Fort) 72,92 

Blum, Julius M 206 

Boehning, William C 62,148 

Boggis, H. P 148 

Boiles, Frank H 123,148 

Bois de la Grande Montaigne ... 32 

Bois-la-ville 25 

Bollinger, C. H 208 

Bomb Tracing Lamps 297 

Booker, W. H 283 

Booster Casing .... 183,224,225 

Borgerhoff, Prof. J. F 328 

Borrelli, Ernest 82 



INDEX — Continued 



Page 

Boruff, Glen F 35 

Boston Economy Lamp Division . . 233 

Boston Navy Yard io8 

Boucher, Edward 148 

Boulton, Harold C 25 

Bourbon Woods 30 

Bourdons li 

Bouvier, Albert E 67,148 

Bova, Thomas . 148 

Bown, Lieut 2^3 

Boynton, N. H. . . . 328,345. 350-35^ 

Branch, Frank 148 

Brancourt 71 

Brennan, Edward P 58,148 

Brest 21,28,59,89,104,119 

Brewster, J. F 204 

Brickman, Dr. M. J 206 

Briggs, Walter E 148 

Britton, Wm. M 287 

Broadbent, William H 84,148 

Brooklyn Barracks 123 

Brooks, Enoch Edward . . . 15,73,148 

Brooks, George H 78,148 

Brown, Andrew J 43,148 

Brown, Edward I48 

Brown, L. C 148 

Brown, Norman A I48 

Brown, Roland S 82,148 

Brown, William D 133,148 

Browning, Parker I48 

Brundage, Arthur I48 

Brunner, O. F 146 

Bryan-Marsh Division 

39,41,44,46,52,131.371 
Buckeye Clay Pottery Co. . . . 228,376 
Buckeye Lamp Division . . 46,53,371,375 

Buel, Edward A 125,148 

Bulb and Tubing Department ... 36 

Bulla, Oscar M 148 

Bunnell, CM 281 

Burdette, Donald 38,148 

Burdick, Lewis E 59- 148 

Burgess Battery Co 281,296 

Burke, Mrs. E. S., Jr 314 

Burns, James B 16,73,148 

Burns, John J 119,148 

Burrows, W. R 231 

Busigny 70 

Butler, Clifford L 95,148 



Cadle, Ivor H 121, 148 

Caldwell, J. T 281,287 

Callahan, Ernest L 119,148 

Call Field 126 

Cambrai 30,48,87,91 

Cameron, Lieut 238 

Cameron, Stanley G 98,148 

Camouflage 272,289 

Campbell, D. G 103 

Campbell, E. R 227 



Page 

Canadian Army 18,22,87 

Cannon, John F I48 

Caproni Bombing Plane .... 282,284 

Cardinale, Joseph I48 

Carleton, R. K 200 

Carlson, Albert B 118,148 

Carlton, Miss Anne M 141,148 

Carmania (English S. S.) .... 23 
Carmichael, Major and Mrs. . . . 215 

Carroll Electric Co 288 

Carroll, James I48 

Carsten, Andrew 191 

Carter, George L 83 

Carter, John I48 

Casey, Edward P 120,149 

Castle, Commander 283 

Castrovillari, Cosmo .... 64,149 

Caswell, Sidney 28,42,149 

Caswell, Mrs. Isabelle 307 

Catano, Paul 27,149 

Catatto, Nick 72,149 

Cather, Arthur 188 

Catugno, Antonio I49 

Central Falls Mazda Lamp Division 

59,67,82, 100, loi, 102, 120, 123 
Central Infantry Officers Training School 27 

Chadwick, Theo. G 102,149 

Chalons-sur-Marne 45 

Champagne ........ 133 

Champagne-Marne 69,83 

Chanute Field 132 

Chapman, George J. .... 127,149 

Charleston Navy Yards no 

Chasson, Emil I49 

Chateau-Thierry 

17,24,39,41,72,73,77,83,86 
Cheever, John P. . . 193,196,197,198,201 
Chemical Laboratory 26,34,35,37,165,297 
Chemical Warfare Service 14, 17, 39. S3> 98 
99. ^33' 135. 145. 166, 167, 189, 193- 
195,202, 206, 210, 213,224-226,296 
Chemin-des-Dames . . 39,41,82,86,133 

Chemire 21 

Cheney, M. B 196,201 

Cherbourg 25 

Chiconi, Arthur H 95.149 

Children of the Frontier 

310.313-319.323.331.340,359-364 

Cipra, Miss Mae 320 

Clancy, George Charles . . ■ 15.76,149 

Clark, Clarence '49 

Clark, W. M 184,228 

Clcal, Ray ^49 

Cleveland Carbon Filament Division . 97 
Cleveland Carbon Lamp Division . 115 

Cleveland Mazda Lamp Division . . 80 
Cleveland Miniature Lamp Division 

60,90,115,303 

Cleveland Naval Auxiliary Bank . . 353 
Cleveland Naval Training Station . . 112 



INDEX — -Continued 



Page 

Cleveland Trust Co 343 

Cleveland War Industries Committee . 353 
Cleveland Wire Division 64, 71,73,76-78 

86, 87, 90, 98-104, 118, 119, 121 

193.307 

Coates, Lawrence 149 

Cobb, Dr. Percy W. . . 36,149,261,278 

Coburn, Charles 149 

Cody (Camp) 103 

Coetquidon (Camp) 80,82 

Cogger, T.L. . . . 233,236,237,249 

Colcord, Fred 149 

Cole, D. S 288 

Coleman, Gerald H 38 

Colonial Electric Division . . 113, 3^6 

Colquhoun, Emily M 140,149 

Colt (Camp) 94 

Colthart, Robert L 135 

Columbia Lamp Division . 40,43,54,113 

Columbus Barracks 73,92 

Colville, J. R 367 

Coman, Lucien D., Jr. . . 124,149,278 
Comiskey, Lewis Mark . . 16,52,149 

Commack Field 132 

Commercial Development Dept. 

111,125,344,372 
Commery, Eugene W. . 38,149 

Compton, Ralph 129,149 

Conant, James B. . . . 182,214-218 

Connor, John F 78 

Conte, C 1 49 

Conway, T. C 149 

Cook, Howard M 114,149 

Cook, William W 149 

Coolidge, Dr 247 

Coolidge X-Ray Tube .... 247,252 

Cooper, C. E 202 

Cooper, Marion D. . . . 127,146,149 

Corby, J. S. 371 

Corcoran Victor Co. 285 

Corning Glass Works 376 

Corns, Miss Mary A 318 

Coudert, Frederic R 360 

Coughlin, Robert Temple . . 15,76,149 
Cousineau, Arthur A. . . . 102,149 

Cover, Leo G 99,149,226,227 

Cowan, Guy .... 195,196,218 

Cowley, A. T 198 

Coy, Ralph W 149 

Cramer, Bertrand A 136 

Crane (Camp) 37 

Credit Dept 27,32,122 

Cress, Phil J 149 

Crew, Bert 1 49 

Croix de Guerre 17, 55 

Crossland, Elmer R 123,149 

Crouse, J. Robert .... 349,352 

Crowell, Benedict 166 

Cunningham, Albert 149 

Cunningham, Thomas J 149 

Curth, Ralph 38,149,278 

Custer (Camp) .... 46,53,78,210 



D Page 

Daniels, Josephus 244 

Dana, Junius 140 

Dana, Mrs. J. L 320 

Dardanelles 18,117,327 

Dare, Richard E 64 

Davies, James L 109,149 

Davis, Robert W 108,150 

Davis, W. G 150 

Dawson, Carl H 150 

Day, Dr. A. H 228 

Dearborn, William 150 

Dearing, Duncan M 221 

Debasky, Anthony 150 

Decatur (Camp) 121 

Defense Department (C. W. S.) 133,170-202 

Delco Lighting System 283 

Delta Elec. Co 283,286 

Derry, Ernest Neale 82,150 

De Souge (Camp) 43 

Detroit Miniature Lamp Div. . . .75,94 

Detroit Patriotic Fund 352 

Devaney, Arthur 150 

Devens (Camp) . 43,59,67,78,82,87,101 

"Devil Dogs" 14,122 

Devlin, Robert 150 

Dewey, Bradley .... 174,190-191 

Dideot Camp 02 

Dick (Camp) .... 127,128,131,134 

Dick, Paul 150 

Dieckow, Walter W. . . 63,150 

Diehl, W. 150 

Dipietro, Cormine 26,150 

Distinguished Service Cross . 17,24,69,83 

Dix (Camp) 47,68,78,82 

Doane, Leroy C 16,41,150 

Doane, S. E 166,280 

Dobe, Frank 186,191,195 

Dodge (Camp) 40,57,103 

Doherty, Henry L i8g 

Doll, James Wilbur . . 15,63,150 

Doniphan (Camp) 58,131 

Donovan, J. F. . 33,146,150,226,371 

Doran, Edward L 101,150 

Dorr Field 128 

Dorsey, Frank M. 17, 32, 99, 145, 150, 166 

170, 172, 174-178, 180, 181, 185-191, 193 

210, 214, 224 

Dorsh, William D 128 

Doty, Charles C 46,150 

Douglas (Camp) 93 

Dow Chemical Co. . . 177,179,180,186 

Dows, C. L 287 

Doyle, John M 76,150 

Drew, John F 69 

Dromont, Miss T. A 185 

Dubinsky, John H 150 

Duff, J. Roy .... 33,150,186,187 

Duff, Nicholas V 17,24,150 

Du Gar, Fred W 110,150 

Dunbar, Edward V 150 

Dunbar, J. Watson . . 128,146,150 
Duncan, Robert N 90,150 



INDEX — Continued 



Page 

Dunn, James H 92,150 

Dunnigan, Raymond A 78,150 

Dunwoody Training Station . . . 120 
Duplex Lighting Works . . . 45,46,113 
Durst, Paul H 150 



E 

Eaton, W. M 204, 

Eberts Field 

Eddy, John L 26, 

Edgewood Arsenal (Cleveland) 

34,35,176,177- 
Edgewood Arsenal (Edgewood, Md.) 

34,98,99,176- 
Edison Lamp Works . 281,309,376, 

Edmonds, Fred R 

Edwards, E. J 

Edwards, Edward S 

Egeler, Carl E 107, 

Elden, Clarence A 

Ellington Field . . . . 125,127, 

EUis, Herbert W 31, 

Emery, L. D 

Endress, Clarence H 

Engineering Department 

I4, 15, 21, 22, 26, 27, 29-32, 35-38, 
107-112, 124-130, 165, 279, 280, 
.368,378 

Ensign, Leland R 58, 

Equipment Development Dept. 

22, 26, 29, 23, 37, 109, III, 124, 128, 

- 371 

Etter, Rolland 191, 

Euclid Glass Division 

15-17, 60-64, 66, 72, 74-78, 81, 83,8. 
87, 97, 99, loi, 135, 136 

Eustis (Camp) 

Evans, Arthur F 

Evans, "Billy" 

Evans, George A 

Evans, Roy E 16,23, 

Ewing, A. B 

Exall, John 

Exide Battery .... 284,285, 



209 

54 
150 

■'79 



377 
85 
377 
150 
150 
206 
129 
150 
206 
150 

105 
346 

150 

226 

202 

b85 

45 
96 

345 
150 
150 

370 
Ko 



Fahernthold, Leon T 133 

Fahy, Miss Beatrice A. . . 137,139,150 

Fahy, Raymond 150 

Falge, Robert N. . . . 130,150 

Fatica, John 150 

Fatigo, Mike 150 

Feder, Milton S i 50 

Federal Miniature Lamp Div. . . 53i37i 

Fee, Francis T 96,150 

Felsing, W. A 203 

Felske, Elmer F 90,150 

Ferguson, H. G 47 

Field Glasses 260-268,278 

Filament Laboratory in 

Finnigan, Frank R 83,150 



Page 

Finnigan, Harry 151 

Firm, David 74 

Firman, Harry 151 

Fisher, Fred T 151 

Fisher, Grover L 151 

Flanders 57 > 74 > '33 

Fleming, Dr 231 

Foley, Dennis D 87,151 

Folger, R. C 216 

Ford Motor Co 282,294 

Forman, P. R 287 

Forrer, Sgt 202 

Forrest, Alphonse W 151 

Forrest (Camp) • . 71 

Forsythe, W E 268,278,287 

Foster, Charles 97,151 

Fostoria Incandescent Lamp Division 

43.53.347.356 

Fotte, Carmelo 72,151 

Fournier, Joseph R 120,151 

Frank, Walter D 333 < 37^ 

Frappell 71 

Frear, Perry M 43,151 

Fries (France) 258 

Fremont (Camp) 96 

Freer, Clyde P 123,151 

Frett, Charles 136 

Fricke, Walter C 113,151 

Fried, Monroe J 30,151 

Fuel Administration 288 

Fulks, Lieut 186 

Fullerton, Richard 151 

Funston (Camp) 34,40,43 

Fiirst, Sam 372 



Gage, John H 43,151 

Gair, A 191 

Gaiser, Erick 151 

Gatchel, T. L. ...... 283,286 

Gale, Miss J. R 309 

Gardner, Jesse Sales . . . . 15,58,151 

Garfield, James R 351 

Garrison, Ralph H 131,151 

Garthwait, Charles 227 

Gauchot, Paul C loi 

General Illumination 289 

Geary, H. H 347.356 

"George Washington" (S. S.) . . 244,245 

Gerardmer 102 

Gerlach, Irving H 151 

Gerstner Field 126-131 

Getson, Harry 117,151 

Ghent 88 

Gibbs, Arthur D 17,71,151 

Gilbert, John R 78 

Gilbert, Herschel R 151 

Gilmour, Fred 151 

Giovanucci, Savior ..... 82,151 

Glasser, Jos 38,151 

Glass-lined Shell 226 

Glass Technology Dept. 26,34, 165, 184,228 



INDEX — Continued 



Page 

Glave, Herman 78,151 

Goetz, Joe 151 

Goggin, J. P ^23 

Gohlke, Arthur C 102 

Gordon (Camp) 22,23,25,27,36,41, 62, 63 
66,68,71,74-79,87,98, 136 

Gormly, George C in, 151 

Gorton, Daniel 151 

Gracey, W. G 191,196,216 

Grant (Camp) 41,45,47,52,63,81,96,133 

Graves, G. S 151 

Gray, G. F 285 

Great Lakes Training School 

107, 108,111, 1 14, 1 1 7-1 2 1 

Greble (Fort) 84 

Green, William 204,207 

Greene (Camp) .... 52,68,77,136 

Greenleaf (Camp) 37,101,102 

Gregory, Fred S 17,56,151 

Greisen, Anthony S 57' 151 

Grieves (France) 59 

Griffin, Patrick 69,151 

Griffing, Ray B 29 

Griffiths, Ernest J 72,151 

Griswold, Thomas, Jr 209 

Grooms, William 151 

Grossberg, Maurice 151 

Gunderson, Loring E. .'.... 221 

Gun Sights 287,296 

Guntner, Frank G 133,151 

Guntner, Jay A 133,151 

Gustafson, Evald 87,151 

H 

Haefeli, E. J 33,151,197 

Hagan, John H 151 

Hagensen, Theodore 95,151 

Hall, Walter 44,151 

Halvorson, C. A. B 282,287 

Hamel, Louis A 101,152 

Harney, Joseph V 62,152 

Hamilton (Fort) 29 

Hammell, Clarence H. . . . 15,61,152 

Hammond, John Hays, Jr 246 

Hampton Roads 113,119 

Hamrick, Paul R 152 

Hancock (Camp) 36,37 

Handel, Albert 67,152 

Handrigan, Joseph L 67,152 

Hankison, George E 122,152 

Hannemann, Joseph J 52,152 

Hanneman, William F 41 

Hardin, Lorraine G. . . . ' . 125 

Harlowe, Ivan 209,212 

Harmon, Orville A. ..... . 96 

Harris, Fred P 332 

Harris, Walter L 152 

Harris, William 152 

Harrison, Benjamin (Fort) 

31,40,43,72,86,92,98,115,131 



Page 

Harrison, M. M 218 

Harrison, Ward 375 

Hartley, Wilham E 188 

Hartman, Edward Franklin 15,94,152 

Hartman, Roger F 17,86,152 

Harvard Club of Cleveland . 233 

Harwood, John W 134,152 

Hastings-on-Hudson Laboratory . 177,204 
Hathaway, George E. . 22,152,278 

Hauth, L. H 202 

Hawkes Philip T 120 

Hawkins, L. A 233,251 

Hawley, L. F 198 

Hayman, George B 17,59,152 

Hayward, W. M 213 

Hazelhurst Field 125,129 

Heinz, Miss Alma 320 

Henderson, Wayne G 37,152 

Hennecke, Robert C 53,152 

Hennessey, John F 152 

Hering, Edward .... 186,196,201 

Herkner, Walter F 115,152 

Herman, Charles 118,152 

Herpst, Charles H 223 

Herrick, De Witt C 109,146,152 

Herrick, Myron T 33^,355 

Herrmann, Henry 32,152 

Hertzog, Thomas 152 

Hild, Frederick W. 121,146,152 

Hill (Camp) 38 

Hill, Selden G 103,152 

Hilling, William G 17,73,152 

Hilton, J 152 

Himeon, Everett W 67,152 

Hindenburg Line 70 

Hirschauer, A. H 208 

Hitch, Horace M. ...... 36,152 

Hitchcock, Datzel Frederick 15,112,119,152 

Hobson, Edward 212 

Hoerlein, Benjamin H 53,152 

Hoffman, George A 186 

Hoh, Albert F 93 

Holabird (Camp) 97,98 

Holm, Chas. L 29,152 

Holmes, Wayne Moore .... 124,152 

Holt, Paul A 79,152 

Horr, Edward N 29,152 

Houston, Sam (Fort) 94 

Howatt, Earl 152 

Huff, Harry E 371 

Hughes, Dale C. . 35,146,152,172,188-190 

Hulbert, Thornel 152 

Hull, Edwin J 98,152 

Hults, A. E 282 

Hultyman, William J 63 

Humel, C. A 196 

Humphrey (Camp) 92 

Hunsicker, Walter D 113,152 

Hunt (Fort) 85 

Huntoon, M. C 210 

Hyde, Edward P. . . 260,268,278 



INDEX — CONTINUKD 



I 

I bele, Walter C 152,172,188 

Illinois Miniature Lamp Division 

80,96, 103,120, 133,318 
Ingram, Joseph Raymond . 15,63,100,152 
Ivanhoe-Regent Works 

40,44,46,114,275,286,379 

J 

Jackson Barracks 84 

Jackson (Camp) 

26,38,43,63,81,82,92,93,95,98,99 

Janidlo, Steve i35>i53 

Jay (Fort) 54 

Jefferson Barracks .... 95,103,104 

Jeffries, Paul J 153 

Jenkins, Samuel 65 

Jensen, Holgard V 153 

Jessup (Camp) 3^,97 

Jewell, Theodore S 38,153 

Jewish Relief 353-357 

Johnson, Harry M. . . 129,153,278 

Johnson, Hugo 64,153 

Johnson, Orval E 153 

Johnson, Oscar E 89,153 

Johnson, Roy 153 

Johnson, Wilber M 31, '53 

Johnston (Camp) 54 

Jones, Benjamin 94,153 

Jones, Charles H 7', '53 

Jones, Granville W 153 

Jones, Harry J. (Camp) .... 81 

Jones, Robert 7'ii53 

Jones, William D 62,153 

Jordan, J. L 202 

Judd, Francis Lee 15,60,153 

Just, Theodore A 81 

K 

Karsten, Andrew 200 

Kathe, Fred C 26 

Kavanaugh, William J 37, 153 

Kaye, Elmer A 81,153 

Kaye, Roy P 83,153 

Kean, Private . . . . . . . -191 

Kearney (Fort) 85 

Kearney, Frank Joseph . . 16,71,153' 

Kearny (Camp) 41 

Keenan, W. Carroll 21,153 

Keese, Private 191,196 

Keiser, Elmer G 83,153 

Keiser, Guy 1 53 

Keister, Baird 153 

Keister, Lowell M., Jr 37, '53 

Kelley, James A 153,208 

Kelley, William B -153 

Kelly, D. V 209 

Kelly Field 101,124-136 

Kelly, T. P 208 

Kelly, Walter A 66,153 

Kenotron Tubes . 231,232,241,296,297 
Kent, Lee C 129,153 



Page 

Kenyon, Bradford H 68,153 

Kesler, Charles C 89,153 

Ketch, James M 128,153 

Kewley, Joseph E .... 143,315 

Keys, M. H 146 

Key West Naval Station 108 

Khoury, Nicholas 153 

Kilroy, Edward A i J3 

King, Henry 153 

King, James S., Jr 216 

King, Walker, Jr. . 35,153,172,188,189 
Kirk, Mrs. M. W. . . .' . 310 

Kirkpatrick, Corwin T 28 

Kirwan, William J 120,153 

Klasen, Mrs. Frank 310 

Klepel, Yaro 209 

Klock, Chas. M 77 

Knallay, William 153 

Knealy, Willis M 153 

Knights of Columbus 353'357 

Knotty-Ash (Camp) (England) 67,75,84,92 

Knox (Camp) 44,58 

Kois, Steven 153 

Komick, John 26,153 

Koons, David F 99, '53 

Kopecky, Frank R 39,^53 

Korrumpf, F 209 

Krafft, Sgt 196 

Kremm, Arthur S 98,153 

Krizen, John A 79,153 

Kubiski, John J 153 

L 

Lacasse, Arthur W 117,154 

Lafayette Escadrille 18,133 

Lafean, R. G 199 

Lamb, Arthur B. 297 

Lamb, L. C 202 

Lamp Development Laboratory 27, 29,33-35 

106, 122, 170, 172, 188, 224, 272,285,296 

Lamp Equipment Division I4, 63, 77, 78, 92 

95,97.98,102,103,133,134,135 

Landing Lights for Airplanes 281 

Lane, William 78,154 

Langmuir, Dr. Irving .... 233,247 

Larave 74 

Large Lamp Sales Department . 22,108,127 
Larkman, Rowland E., Jr. . 80,154 

La Rue, Joseph R 120 

Larremore, Floyd M 77,154 

Larsen, L. W. .... 191,194,201 

Las Casas (Camp) 54 

Lassiter, William 45 

La Suze (France) 21 

Laubenstein, W. J 196 

Laufketter, Fred C 53,^54 

La Valbonne (Camp) 75 

Law Department . . . 109,315,376,377 

Lawrence (Camp) 121 

Lawton, L 154 

Lea, Herbert S 79,154 

Leach, O. M 154 



INDEX- — Continued 



Page 

League Island (Phila.) 123 

Learoyd, P 202 

"Leathernecks" 122 

Leavenworth (Fort) . . 23,31,53,95,124 

Ledeger, Martin 254 

Lee (Camp) 26, 30, 41, 70, 78, 79, 85, 88, 96 

Le Havre 21,23,45 

Lehmann, Erwin E 38,154 

Leighton, Roy L 136,154 

Lemaire, Joseph 85,154 

Lemon, Leroy 146 

Le Mans .... 21,41,62,86,87,97 

Lemr, Charles 102,154 

Lenney, James 154 

Leonard, Arthur 154 

Levitt, William T 98,154 

Lewis (Camp) .... 60,79,96,134 

Lewis, Dr. W. K 170,176 

Lewis Machine-Gun 287 

Liberty Loans 340-348 

Lieb, John W 374 

Lighting Curtailment 288 

Lightner, Clyde 154 

Lillibridge, H. D 201 

Lincoln, R. D 154 

Lindblom, Sven 84,154 

Lindgren, George H 92 

Lindsay, James C 100,154 

Linerode, Charles C 35,154 

Linn, G. 1 210 

Lintz, Noble Calven . . . 16,75,154 

Lippman, F. D 154 

Littell, Lieut 238 

Little, William T 221 

Littlefield, Raymond B .... 85 

Logan (Camp) 28,57 

Lopcombe (Camp) 128 

Lorenz, Dr 268 

Lorraine 27,28,59 

Loucks, Roxy 1 54 

Loudon Glass Division 63,69, 78, 89, loo, 356 

Loveland, W. W 146 

Loveless, Carl 154 

Loyal Service Medal 53 

Lucas, Leo 154 

Luckiesh, M. . : 272-278 

Lunberg, John 15^^ 

Luneville Sector 63 

Lynch, George H 119,154 

Lynch, P. C 175 

Lynn Works of G. E. Co. . 282,284 

Lyons, John J 101,154 

Lyons, Lester W 54.154 

Lyster, Col 21 y 



M 

MacRae, Capt. Duncan 18^,224,226 

Maddell, Mrs A. L 320 

Madigan, Thomas 154 

Madison, Elisha P 95.154 

Maganini, Arthur i c^ 



Magdsick, H. H 378 

Mahoney, Charles 154 

Mahoney, James 154 

Mahoning Miniature Lamp Div. . 322,355 
Mailly de (Camp) . . . 44,45,95 

Mall, Frank 154 

Marbache Sector .... 27,28,43,80 

Marchogliese, Vitaliono 154 

Marine Flying Field 136 

Markovitz, Private 191 

Marks, D. P 154 

Marne 45,67,82 

Marren, Thomas F. . • 96 

Marshall, Floyd C 154 

Marshall, Herman H. P. 58,154 

Marshall, W. D 204,206 

Martin, Earl T 80,154 

Martin, Ward F 87,154 

Martine, J. Leon 154 

Masonbrink, Herbert C. . . 17,74,154 

Mastronardi, John 154 

Mattern, Walter R 155 

Mattis, Harry 128,155 

Mayer, Frank 155 

Mayhew, William 155 

McAdams, Wm. H. . 185,218,222 

McArthur (Camp) . 27,40,79,95,125 

McCandless Co., H. W 281 

McCartney, Jack 155 

McClellan (Camp) .... 43,44,64 

McCoy, Wm 201 

McCurdy, Philip R 186 

McDaniels, A. S 221 

McDermott, Robert J 97.155 

McDowell (Fort) 103.135 

McElhaney, Harry H 15^ 

McFarland, Edward J 155 

McGivern, John A 221 

McGrath, William C 40,155 

McHenry (Fort) 98 

Mclntyre, W. J 210 

McKay, W 281 

McKeehan, Mrs. Homer H. 316 

McKeown, F 155 

McQuigg, J. R 145 

McShane, M 15J 

Meade (Camp) 

23, 25, 29, 48, 64, 67, 69, 73, 86, 265 

Mears, Michael M 104 

Meigs (Camp) 100 

Mendenhall, C. E. 

260, 268, 271, 272, 280, 282, 283, 284, 288 

Mendelsohn, E. A 210 

Merrick, Joseph S. . .17,69,155 

Merrick, Walter F 78,155 

Merrill, G. S 285 

Merritt (Camp) 

23, 24, 27, 47, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 82 

Metz 59,62 

Metz, J. . 155 

Metzger, Francis C. . . ._ . . 78,155 
Metzger, R. ........ 155 



INDEX — Continued 



Page 
Meuse-Argonne 

•8,25.30, 31, 43, 45>52,57,59>62, 67,133 

Meyer, A. H 372 

Meyer (Fort) 93 

Meyer, Victor (German Chemist) 203 

Meyers, Carl 135 

Michelson, S. Emil 79' '55 

Midland Section (Dev. Div.) 177,179,180 

Miller, Herbert G 119 

Miller, H. M 196 

Miller, Ormsby D 155 

Miller, Walter M 155 

Milliken, Major 260,268,276,277 

Milliken, Robert C 63 

Mills (Camp) . 63,66,77,81,96,97,128 

Miniature Bulb Division 78,85,90,118 

Miniature Lamp Manufacturing Dept. 

121,281 

Mineola Field 124,136 

Minncuci, Sylvester 64,155 

Minnesota Mazda Lamp Division 

57, 62, 95, 99, 103, 139, 144, 318, 321 

Mitchell Field 136 

Mitrovitch, Jos. M 79 

Moffit, Thomas 132 

Molhain 71 

Molloy, Joseph A 30,155 

Molloy, Thomas J 57, '55 

Molloy, Richard A 87,155 

Monaco, Giovani Del 155 

Monahan, Andrew 79, '55 

Monargis 21 

Mdndi, S 155 

Monroe (Fort) 44,45,83 

Monroe, Miss N. L 308 

Mont (France) 71 

Montagano, Arthur 155 

Montdidier-Noyon 18 

Montierchaume 122 

Moore, J. K 2x4,222 

Moore, Miss Laura E 138,155 

Moran, Marvin L 46 

Moredock, Albert R.' . . . 113,155 

Morgenstern, Herbert J. . . 34,155 

Morris, Dewey 155 

Morrison (Camp) 125,128 

Morrison, Carrol B 155 

Morrison, William E 115,155 

Moss, Septie 155 

Motto, Charles J 155 

Muir, Leland J 155 

Mullarkey, Michael T 99, '55 

Municipal Pier — Chicago 108,111,114,119,121 

Murphy, Francis J 97 

Murphy, Howard H 85,155 

Murphy, Patrick 66,155 

Murray, John C 46,155 

Murtaugh, James 155 

Mustard Gas 175-180 

Myer (Fort) 31,41,52 

Myers, George W 62,155 

Mylechraine, Ralph 90,155 



N Page 

Nash, Ralph C 40,155 

National Carbon Co. 170-174, 190-192, 281 
National Service Department 174,368,372 

Nauroy 70 

Naval Aviation Depot 137 

Navy League of Canada .... 353 
Naval Steam Engineering School 112 

Nela Fund . 323-336,340,358,360,364 
Nela Lamp Division 88, 90, 102, 121, 137, 249 
Nela Operating Department 14,21,25,26,30 
31,36,38, III, 124,126, 127,174,344 

Nela Press 27,30,333,371 

Nela Specialties Division . 42,114,344 

Nesbitt, Alfred 1 56 

Newneister, R 156 

Newport (Naval base) .118,120 

Newton, A. G 287 

New York Federal Miniature Lamp Div. 43 

Niagara (Fort) 43 

Nibeck, George M 17,61,156 

Nichols (Camp) 85,94 

Nichols, Roldon 65,66 

Nick, Worbert ....... 156 

Nickerson, A. W. 227 

Niehus, Oswald H 64,156 

Nieuport 175 

Nigre, Michael 103 

Niles Glass Division I4, 62, 64,68, 70, 72, 73 
78, 79, 83, 85, 95, 101-104, 120, 134, 356 

Nixon, Crawford G 29,156 

Norfolk — Naval Training Sta. . . 121,123 

Normand, Grover H 103 

Norris, George E 99,156 

North Sea 18 

Norton, Glenn E 97,156 

Norton, Guy P 46 

Nottage, Chas. T '33>'56 

Noyon 21 

Noyers Sector 75 

Nungesser, Ralph A 111,156 

Nusker, Rudolph L 32 

Nystrom, Gunner B 37 



o 

Oakland Mazda Lamp Division 60, 64, 68, 84 

96, loi, 103, 104, 120, 134, 136, 232 

O'Callaghan, J. A. . . 191,193,195-197 

Ocasek, Charles J 103 

O'Dea, Richard 156 

O'Donnell, Michael .... 16,21,156 
Offense Section, Development Division 

53, 176-182, 203, 205, 207-209, 216 
Oglethorpe (Fort) . . . 35,71,95,101 

O'Grady, Chas. F 100,156 

Ohio Division 14, 56, 58, 62, 79, 94, 95, 97, 

98, 102, 103, 117, 118, 123, 133,355 

Oise-Aisne 18,31,47,54,59,90 

Oise-Somme 54 

Olson, Harold A 107,156 

Omaha (Fort) '33, '36 

O'Rourke, Henry P 97 



INDEX — Continued 



Page 

Orton, Edward 287 

Ostiguy, Wilfred 156 

Oxly Field (France) 127 

Owen, Fred B 84,156 



Packard Lamp Division .... 356 

Paine, Russell A. 62,156 

Palermo, Joseph 63,156 

Pannes (France) 88 

Pantonlis, Gret 156 

Paolella, Pietro 64 

Papenfuse, Chas. A 156 

Paris Island 122,123 

Parker, Leslie Wiilard . 16,119,156 

Park Field 125 

Parmalee, Luther 156 

Parshall, Ray W 122,156 

Pas Fini Sector 67 

Paterson, Lorenzo W 118,156 

Pearson, Joseph 156 

Peerless Lamp Division . .40,114,287,355 
PefFer, Harry Edward . 16,68,156 

Pelham Bay Park . 107, 108, i u , 1 19, 121 

Pelton, Lawrence P 95) 156 

Penfield, Richard 186,204,216 

Pentz, F. K 201 

Pequignot, Adolph 66 

Perry (Camp) 41,68,121 

Perry, Raymond 46,156 

Pershing, John J. 18,66, 126, 170, 184,314 

Persiani, Antonio 156 

Persons (Camp) 37 

Petas, Nick 156 

Peters, Walter Le Roy . .133,156 

Petosky, Nick 81,156 

Pettit, Marvin 156 

Philadelphia Navy Yard iii, 113, 118, 119 

Phillips, Chester 156 

Pierce (Fort) 93 

Pierce, Harold E. . . ." . .103,156 

Pierce, Major 202 

Pike (Camp) . . .21,39,40,47,72,76-78 

Pindell, William H., Jr 41,156 

Pion, Romeo F 156 

Pipkin, Marvin 34,191,194 

Pipper, Arnold L 94 

Pitney Glass Division . . . 57,98,110 

Plant Engineering Dept 109 

Pliotron Tubes . . 232,241,280,296,297 

Plummer, G. A 217,223 

Polk (Camp) 52 

Pont-a-Mousson 28 

Porter, G. H 208 

Porter, W'ilbur N 111,156 

Post Field 126,131 

Potteiger, Hurley 70,156 

Potter, Joseph 102,156 

Powers, Aiman 156 

Price, Le Roy F 36,156 

Price, Wayne F 62,156 

Prince, Harold E 121,156 



Page 
Princess Pat Regiment . . 91,253-258 

Pritchard, P. J. 234, 237, 238, 249, 2<;i ,258 

Proser, A 202 

Protective Lighting 288 

Providence Base Works 

68,82,97, 100, 117,118 

Prunckunog, L 157 

Publicity Dept. 

22, 40, 305, 306, 328, 345, 373,379 

Punnett, Elton B 220 

Pupke, William H 122,157 

Purchasing Department . . . 333,376 
Puritan Refilled Lamp Division 

55,86,103,119,322,333 

Purser, Raymond E 79 > 157 

Putka, Joe 157 



Quantico 122,123 

Queant Drocourt 30 

Quinlan, Herbert E ^M>^S7 

Quinn, Raymond 157 

R 

Racey, Jack C 71,157 

Randall, J. E 172 

Randolph, W. G 200 

Raritan (Camp) 36 

Rayl, Robert W 157 

Real, Frank 157 

Realty Department 37 

Receiving Tubes 241-243 

Rector, T. M. . . 190,191,193,195,202 
Red Cross I4, 89, 138,247,308,311-323, 340 

350.351. 35^. .1^1.. 163, 364. 376 

Red Cross Unit Badge 310 

Reed, William J 81,157 

Regulator Tubes 239,245 

Reider, Kenneth G 35.157 

Reisinger, James C 157 

Rensel, John V 103,157 

Research Laboratory (C. W. S.) 

177, 181, 197,201,202,226 
Research Laboratory, Nela, 22, 36, 38, 124 

129, 165, 259, 260, 268, 272, 276-278 
Research Laboratory, Schenectady 

■^33' 234,236-239, 244, 246, 250, 251 
Reserve Barracks (Newport) . 118 

Reserve Training Camp (Newport) . 114 
Returned Lamp Inspection Dept. 24, 25, 38 
Rhode Island Glass Division 

69, 84, 85, 95,100,117,119,120,372 
"Ribbon" Filament 165,269-271 

Ribeauville 71 

Rice, John 38,157 

Rice, W. W 196,198,202 

Rich Field 125 

Richardson, Bruce N 105 

Rick, Joseph J 47.157 

Riendeau, Henry 157 

Rine, S. H 209 



INDEX — Continued 



Page 

Ringler, C. C 209 

Riser, Andrew J 15-7 

Hitter, Forest L 101,157 

Roberts, W. H 233,234,249 

Robinson (Camp) 81 

Rodgers, Duke i(;y 

Roffee, Arthur P., Jr 11 7 

Rockwell Field 125 

Rogers, H. B 309 

Rogers, Miss Margaret 309 

RoUason, G. L 204 

Rollason, G. M 191 

Romorantin 126 

Ronan, N. T ijy 

Roosevelt, Theodore 303 

Rosborough, William McL 17,47,157 

Rose, D. W 198 

Rose, W. H 47 

Ross, Gabriel J 157 

Ross, William 17,27,157 

Rossington, Laurence . . . 22,157 

Rossington, Wallace 22,157 

Roth, Herman A 157 

Royce, G. L 209,214 

Rummell, Edward 157 

Ruppert, Geo. H 221 

Russell (Fort) 83 

Russell, Marvin H 119,157 

Russell, John 157 

Rust, Louis J 157 

Ryan, James E 79,157 

Ryan, John E 157 



Sack, Edwin L 

St. Aignan 23,75 

Saint Cyrienne 326, 

St. Die Sector 

St. Eloi 

St. John, H. M 

St. Louis Mazda Lamp Div. 

58, 79. 93-96, 103, 139, 317-319, 

St. Maixent 

St. Mihiel 19, 21, 24-31, 39, 41, 43, 45, 52 

57, 59, 62, 67, 68, 71-75, 80, 83, 88 

104,133,327 

St. Nazaire 

St. Phillips (Fort) 

St. Quentin 

St. Souplet 

Saizerais Sector 

Salisbury, Private 

Salvation Army 353, 

Sambol, Frank 

Samsel, Carl 

Samples, Geo. E. 

Sanborn, Norman P 108, 

San Diego (U. S. S.) 

Sankey, T. Harold 21, 

Santangelo, Domenico .... 100, 

Santoro, Emilio 

Savage, Charles Elmer 



57 

77 

330 

64 

255 
216 

350 
127 

,56 

,93 

44 
85 
48 
70 
25 
196 

357 
•57 
157 
157 
157 
107 

157 
157 
157 
157 



Page 

Savage, Francis J 27,158 

Savings and Investment Section 348 

Savo, George 109,158 

Sawyer, L. P ^J^ 

Scalley, William F 158 

Schaefer, William W '31 ,158 

Scharch, E. J 158 

Scharringhausen, Clyde W. . . 43,158 

Scheldt- Ypres jo 

Schiene, Anthony 158 

Schmidt, William 114 

Schmoll, N 158 

Schofield Barracks 102 

Schroeder, William E 27,158 

Schuler, Fritz 158 

Schwartz, John 202 

Scott Field 134 

Scott (Fort) 84 

Scott, R. E 233 

Sealey, G. L 158 

Seaton, Kinzie 210 

Seaton, Max 210 

Seichprey 55 

Seiznes 25 

Selfridge Field 124 

Selkirk, R. E 197 

Serbia 18 

Sertell, Aloysius 158 

Sevier (Camp). 38,63,72,102,125,127 

Sevigny 25 

Shelby (Camp) 28 

Shelby Lamp Division 39,47, 53- 13' , 354 

Sheppard, Fred 1 27 

Sheridan (Camp) . 21, 30, 31, 36, 42, 46, 56 

65, 67, 70, 76, 78, 80, 87, 88 

Sherman (Camp) 21, 22, 26, 31, 34, 36, 38 

40,46,60,63-65,67,68, 71-73, 75-79 

83, 86, 87, 90, 92, 93, 97, 99, 104, 135 

Shimonek, Edward R 134,158 

Shorger, A. W 221 

Sibert Lloyd . - 78 

Sibert, W. L 217 

Signal Officers Training School 23 

Sill (Fort) . . . 28,81,86,126,129,131 

Silvarolo, Joe 78 

Silver, J. R., Jr. . . 190,193,195,204,207 

Simis, A. V 214,215 

Sincero, Vincenzo 82,158 

Sinvic (Camp) 23 

Skebe, M 158 

Skiff, W. M 280 

Slaughter, Lieut. Col 238 

Sligen, George D 36,158 

Sloan, R. M 158 

Slocum (Fort) 84, 100, 131 

Slough (Camp) 92 

"Smileage" 353 

Smith, Albert 100,158 

Smith, Dr. A. W 210,212,221 

Smith, Alonzo 158 

Smith, Beryl S 103,158 



INDEX — Continued 



Smith, C G 158,213 

Smith, George F 26,158 

Smith, George H 35. '58 

Smith, Mrs Joseph Linden . . . 360 

Smith, J. M 345 

Smith, L. E 146 

Smith, Lee 1 214,217 

Smith, W. H 282 

Smith, Otto 158 

Smith, Robert H 99,158 

Smith, Roy W 158 

Smith, Sidney C 95.158 

Smith, T. C. . 197 

Smith, Uhl M 87,158 

Smoots, Philip P '75,158 

Smyth, Frederick 113 

Snee, Bernard 158 

Snelhng (Fort) 44 

SnoufFer, John C 78,158 

Society of Nela . .302,303,328,332-335 
Sock League . . . 307-311.334.340.364 

Soder, Edward 158 

Soissons-Noyon 54,86 

"Soldier-Godsons" . . 329.335-336.359 

Somme/^^^^"^'"'^ 5'*' 59 

\Offensive 54.258 

Sommedieu 59.64 

Sotzen, Howard 53,158,204 

Sousa's Band 32J 

Spaulding, H. T 375 

Spink, Charles H 120 

Sponsler, Courson W 37.158 

SprouU, John R 158 

Staggers, Elery 158 

Staley, Vinton L 186 

Stambler, David 17.55.158 

Standardizing Department . 29,34,38,297 

Stark, Lawrence W 79,158 

Starkey, George L in 

Starn, Wayne E 98,158 

State Pier — New London, Conn. 108 

Statistical Dept. . 27,36,124,128,372,377 

Steam Lift Furnace 201 

Stebbins, Mr. and Mrs. H. S. ... 218 

Steel Conservation 288 

Steele, G. W 277 

Steen, Louis F 86 

Steinhurst, William F. . . . 17,69,158 

Stephen, Steve . 158 

Sterling Electric Lamp Division 47,322,356 

Stevens Institute 105,112,119 

Stevenson, Robert L 328 

Stewart, W. H 56 

Stock, John J 96,158 

Strang, John J ij8 

Streifender, Miss Rose . . .314,318,363 

Streng, E. C 158 

Stryker, E. du B., Jr 26,146 

Stuart (Camp) . . 29,37,62,78,85 

Student .'\rmy Training Corps . 26,37, 102 

Sturrock, Walter 17,126,158 

Sullivan, Arthur 131,158 



Sullivan, Chester M 136,159 

Sullivan, James Edward 16,62,159 

Summerall (Camp) 94 

Summerall, C. P 85 

Summerhayes, G. E 45 

Sunbeam Incandescent Lamp Division 41, 54 

Sutherland, Miss 320 

Swartz, Ray Leland . . . 16,55,159 

Sweetland, A. A 159 

Sweed, Harry 159 

Swenson, Albert L 135 

Sykes, Wesley P. 121,159 

Syracuse Recruit Camp 34 



T 

Tait, Howard J 44,159 

Talbott, Ira 26,159 

Tate, Lieut 280,283,285 

Taylor, Zachary (Camp) . 

29. 37. 40, 43. 58, 78, 79. 81, 83, 98, loi 

Teeple, C. A 199 

TefFt, Lincoln J 27,159 

Tenney, Chas. T 102 

Terry, Albert S 130 

Terry, F. S. I42, 166, 172, 228, 238, 250, 303 

^313,323-336, 351, 354, 355, 358-363 

Terry, Kenneth 159 

Teschke, Emil 95.159 

Theberge, Napoleon 159 

Test, D. T 193 

Thann Sector 59 

Thiaucourt . 26,27,46,56,59,62,80 

Thirty-fifth Street Pier (Brooklyn) . 113 

Thom, Victor 159 

Thomas (Fort) 85,127 

Thomas, Ralph B 34 

Thompson, Samuel C 72 

Thompson, Private 191 

Thornburg, Clarence W\ . . . 134,159 

Thornton, Lloyd M 159 

Thorp, Gerald 210 

Thrift Stamps 323,348 

Thurber, Harry 159 

Titus, William K 79,159 

T.NT 183 

Toul .... 25,39,41,45,55,86,133 

Tours 122,128 

Townsend, Hollis L 126,159 

Tragesser, Joseph C 95.^59 

Transmitting Tubes . . 241,243-245 

Transportation Department . . . 112 
Treasury Department .... 342,351 
Tremaine, B. G. . 142,166, 172, 238, 250 

303.307-31.1, 334, 339, 346, 349 
Trench Signal and Special Lights . . 285 

Trimble, William H 103,159 

Trisko, Geo. F 1 59 

Trittipo Walter E 40,159 

Trotter, James 159 

Troyon Sector . . . .27,28,57,67,80 
Trumbull County Finance Association 353 



INDEX — Continued 



Page 
Trumbull Mazda Lamp Div. 63, 73, 79, 355 

Tucker, Edward J 119,159 

Tudor, C. H 209 

Turner, John 130,159 

Tyler, Leslie P 36 



u 

Uhl, N. P 191,201 

United States Naval Academy (Annapolis) 108 
United War Work Campaign , 357 

Upson, R. H 285 

Upton (Camp) 

27, 43, 47, 64, 67, 68, 82, 86, 87, 93, 100 
Urqhuart, Henry 253-259 



V 

Vacuum Tubes . 164,228-246,251,297 

Valdahon (Camp) 4-; 

Valenciennes ^o 

Van Arnam, W. D 199,212 

Vancoulers 25 

Vancouver Barracks 134, 136 

Vanderwerf, Howard W. 112,146,159 

Van Houten, C. W 209 

Vanness, Joseph L 63,159 

Van Sickler, Donald 159 

Varnam, Joseph E 77,159 

Vaughan, David 159 

Vaux 70 

Vecchione, Joe 85 

Venable, Chas. S 204 

Verdun 

41,44,56,59,61,63,74,83, 88, 90, 102 

Vernon, Vinton B 108, 159 

Vertical Treaters 201 

Vesle 82 

Victory Chest 3^3-355 

Vililo, Patrick 127,159 

Vise, Joseph A 136,159 

Voccola, Ernest 159 

Von Bank, Ray J 103,159 

Vosges Sector 58,59,88 

w 

Wadsworth (Camp) . . 26,62,68,103 

Wadsworth, Chas 210 

Wagner, Charles 159 

Walker, Carl C 30,154 

Wallace, Dallas 159 

Wallace, William A 41,160 

Walsh, John A 37,160 

Walsh, John M 102,160 

Walsh, William R 62,160 

Walters, Robert J 74,160 

Wanamaker, Eugene .118,160 

War Camp Community Service. 357 

War Chests 

340, 350, 352-357, 360, 362-364,379 



War Gardens .... 340,364,367-370 
War Relief Headquarters .... 310 

Warren, Walter L 32,160 

War Savings Stamps 340,348-350,364 

War Study Clubs . . . 301-307,364 

Washburn, E. E 202 

Washington Barracks 92 

Washington (Fort) 85 

Washington, George (Transport) 89 

Watt, W. H 198,201,202 

Wayne (Fort) 128,135 

Weaver, Alfred J 160 

Webb, H. Leslie ...... 90,160 

Weber, L. V 196,201 

Wedge Furnace ' . . 200 

Wedge, Utley 200 

Weeks, Walter H 160 

Weir, Thomas L. 36,160 

Welds Division 82 

Welton, Joseph A 34ii6o 

Wendel, Miss E. A 308 

Weniger, W 261,278 

Wennerstrom, Albert E. . 129,160 

Wentworth, Percy 160 

Wentz, Frank 160 

Wesserling . 102 

Westbrook, L. R 188 

Westinghouse Lamp Co 377 

West Meuse 32 

Wetherill (Fort) ........ 84 

Wheeler (Camp) 93,101 

Whipple, Howard 160 

White, Arthur J 93ii6o 

Whiteman, Harmon Edward . 16,64,160 

Whiting, Bradford 38,160 

Whitmer J. G 201 

Whitney, A. W 228 

WickofF, A. G 210 

Wilbur, S. P 283 

Wilcox, W. A 160 

Wilcox, W. G. . 214,215,218,222 

Wild, J. G 297 

Wiley, W. M 288 

Wilkins, R. A 204 

Wilkinson, Paul 160 

Williams, Frank C 17,99,160 

Williams, George Washington ... 83 

Williams, John 160 

Williams, Mrs. Lovilla 310 

Williams, Robert J 79,160 

Williamson, J. G 201 

Willien, L. J. 204 

Willis (Camp) 30 

Wilson, James H 92,160 

Wilson, Woodrow 28,244 

Windenberg, Earle L 160 

Winn, W. L 221 

Winnell Downe (Camp) . . . .67,75 

Wirth, Roy T 111,160 

Wishon, Frank J 160 

Wolfe, Harry J 104, 160 

Wolfe, Michael 217 



INDEX — Continued 

Page 

WolfFord, Luke P 86,160 Youngblood, J. C 160 

Wood, Douglass 44,160 Young, Major 220 

Wood, Joseph 160 Youngstown Mazda Lamp Di v. 

Woodman, Courtney 160 67,79,87,93,99,123,320,321,356 

Woods, Wallace W 160 Ypres 70,167,175,179,256 

Woodward, J. M 374 Ypres-Lys .... 18,30,46,70,88 

Worley, L. P 160 Yvre La Polin 25 

Worthing, Dr 268,285 Y. W. C. A 357 

Wright, B. B 186,203 

Wright, Donald B 88,160 

Wyre, Don H 375 7 



X 



Zantiny, Wm. G 206 



X-Ray Tubes . . 164,228,246-259 Zeisler, Jake 160 

Zeller, Raymond H 114,160 



Y 



Ziegler, Gus 160 



Y. M. C. A. . . 40,223,340,352,357,364 Ziegler, John H 83,160 

Yoakam, Wilbert 79, 160 Zima, Frank J 103 



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